Deductive Geometry Reasons (Web)

Vinci & his team
Ultimate Revision Handbook HKDSE Maths (Compulsory)

Deductive Geometry
HKDSE Maths (Compulsory) (

)

Ultimate Revision Handbook

()
Deductive Geometry

Includes more than 80 reasons essential for HKDSE Maths (Compulsory) deductive geometry
(
() )
Content Page
1. Angles of Triangle ( ) 2
2. Angles and lines () 2
3. Polygons () 3
4. Straight lines () 3
5. Parallel lines () 4
6. Isosceles triangles () 5
7. Equilateral triangle () 5
8. Right-angled triangle () 6
9. Congruent triangles () 6
10. Similar triangles () 8
11. Quadrilaterals () 9
12. Proofs of parallelogram () 11
13. Mid-point theorem () 12
14. Intercept theorem () 12

)
15. Relationships between sides and angles of triangle ( 13
16. Points of concurrence in triangle ( ) 14
17. Chords of a circle () 15
18. Angles in a circle () 17
19. Relationships among Arcs, Chords & Angles ( ) 19
20. Cyclic Quadrilateral () 21
21. Tests for Concyclic Points () 22
22. Properties of Tangents of a circle () 23
23. Angle in alternate segment () 24
NOT FOR SALE P.1

Copyright by Vinci Mak
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Deductive Geometry
)

1. Angles of Triangle (
1.1 In any triangle,

A + B + C = 180
Reason :
[ sum of ] / [ ]
1.2 In any triangle,

ABC + BAC = ACD
Reason :
[ext. of ] / [ ]
)

2. Angles and lines (
2.1 If AO, BO, CO and DO intersect at O, then
AOBOCO DO O
a + b + c + d = 360
Reason :
[ s at a pt.] / []
2.2 If AB and CD intersect at O, then
AB CD O
a=b & x=y
Reason :
[vert. opp. s] / []
NOT FOR SALE P.2

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3. Polygons (
3.1 Sum of interior angles of a n-sided
polygon (n)
= (n 2) 180
Reason :
[ sum of polygon] / []
3.2 Sum of exterior angles of convex polygon

= 360
Reason :
[ext. of polygon] / []
)

4. Straight lines (
4.1 If AOB is a straight line, then
AOB
a + b = 180
Reason :
[adj. s on st. line] / []
4.2 If a + b = 180 , then
a + b = 180
is a straight line.
AOB
Reason :
[adj. s supp.] / []
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5. Parallel lines (
5.1 If PQ // RS, then ( PQ // RS)
(a) a = b
Reason :
[corr. s, PQ // RS] / [PQ // RS]
(b) b = c
Reason :
[alt. s, PQ // RS] / [PQ // RS]
(c) b + d = 180
Reason :
[int. s, PQ // RS] / [PQ // RS]
5.2 PQ // RS if either
PQ // RS
(a) a = b
Reason :
[corr. s eq.] / []
(b) b = c
Reason :
[alt. s eq.] / []
(c) b + d = 180
Reason :
[int. s supp.] / []
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6. Isosceles triangles (
6.1 If AB = AC, then
AB = AC
B = C
Reason :
[base s, isos. ] / [ ]
6.2 If B = C , then
B = C
AB = AC
Reason :
[side opp.. eq. s] / []
6.3 ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB =
AC if
ABC AB = AC
B = C
Reason :
[base s eq.] / []
)

7. Equilateral triangle (
7. If AB = BC = CA, then A
AB = BC = CA
A = B = C = 60
Reason :
[Property of equi. ] / [ ] B C
NOT FOR SALE P.5

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8. Right-angled triangle (
8.1 If C = 90 , then
C = 90
a 2 + b2 = c 2
Reason :
[Pyth. theorem] / []
8.2 If a 2 + b 2 = c 2 , then
a 2 + b 2 = c 2
C = 90 / ABC is a right-angled .
Reason :
[Converse of Pyth. theorem]
[]
)

9. Congruent triangles (
9.1 If ABC XYZ , then
AB = XY
BC = YZ
AC = XZ
Reason :
[corr. sides, s] / [ ]
A = X
B = Y
C = Z
Reason :
[corr. s, s] / [ ]
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9.2 ABC XYZ if

AB = XY
BC = YZ
CA = ZX
Reason : [S.S.S.]
9.3 ABC XYZ if

B = Y
C = Z
BC = YZ
Reason : [A.S.A.]
9.4 ABC XYZ if

B = Y
C = Z
BA = YX
Reason : [A.A.S.]
9.5 ABC XYZ if

A = X
BA = YX
AC = XZ
Reason : [S.A.S.]
9.6 ABC XYZ if

ABC XYZ
BA = YX
AC = XZ
C = Z = 90
Reason : [R.H.S.]
NOT FOR SALE P.7

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10. Similar triangles (
10.1 ABC ~ XYZ if
A = X
B = Y
C = Z
Reason : [A.A.A.] / []
10.2 ABC ~ XYZ if
AB BC CA
= =
XY YZ ZX
Reason :
[3 sides prop.] / []
10.3 ABC ~ XYZ if
AB CA
= & A = X
XY ZX
Reason : [ratio of 2 sides, inc. ]

[]
10.4 If ABC ~ XYZ , then

AB BC CA
= =
XY YZ ZX
Reason :
[corr. sides, ~ s] / [ ~ ]
A = X
B = Y
C = Z
Reason :
[corr. s, ~ s] / [ ~ ]
NOT FOR SALE P.8

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11. Quadrilaterals (
11.1 Trapezium
A quadrilateral having 1 pair of parallel sides

Properties :
1. A + D = 180
2. B + C = 180
Reason :
[Property of trapezium] / []
11.2 Parallelogram
A quadrilateral having 2 pairs of parallel sides

1. AB // DC
2. AD // BC
Reason :
[Property of //gram] / []
Properties :

11.2A If ABCD is a parallelogram, then

1. AB = CD
2. AD = BC
Reason :
[opp. sides of //gram] / []
11.2B If ABCD is a parallelogram, then

1. A = C
2. B = D
Reason :
[opp. s of //gram] / []
11.2C If ABCD is a parallelogram, then

1. AO = OC
2. BO = OD
Reason :
[diags. of //gram] / []
NOT FOR SALE P.9

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11.3 Rhombus
A parallelogram having 4 equal sides
4
Properties :
1. All properties of //gram
1.
2. Diagonals bisect each interior angle
2.
3. Diagonals to each other
3.
Reason :
[Property of rhombus] / []
11.4 Rectangle
A parallelogram having 4 right angles
4
Properties :
1.
2. Diagonals are equal in length.
2.
Reason :
[Property of rectangle] / []
11.5 Square
A parallelogram having 4 right angles & 4
equal sides
44
Properties :
1.
2. Diagonals are equal in length.
2.
3. Diagonals to each other
3.
4. Angle between diagonal and side = 45
4. 45
Reason : [Property of square] / [ ]
NOT FOR SALE P.10
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11.6 Kite
A quadrilateral having 2 pairs of adjacent equal
sides
2
Properties :
Diagonals to each other

Reason :
[Property of kite] / []
)

12. Proofs of parallelogram (
12.1 ABCD is a parallelogram if
ABCD
1. AB = DC
2. AD = BC
Reason : [opp. sides eq.] / []
ABCD
1. A = C
2. B = D
Reason : [opp. s eq.] / []
ABCD
1. AO = OC
2. BO = OD
Reason :
[diags. bisect each other] / []
ABCD
1. AB = DC
2. AB // DC
Reason :
[opp. sides eq. and //] / [ ]
NOT FOR SALE P.11

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13. Mid-point theorem (
13.1 If AM = MB and AN = NC, then
AM = MBAN = NC
1. MN // BC
1
2. MN = BC
2
Reason : [Mid-pt. thm.] / []
1
13.2 If MN // BC and MN = BC , then
2
1
MN // BC MN = BC
2
1. AM = MB
2. AN = NC
Reason :
[Converse of mid-pt. thm.] / []
)

14. Intercept theorem (
14.1 If AB // CD // EF, then
AB // CD // EF
BD AC
=
DF CE
Reason : [Intercept thm.] / []

BD AC BD AC
14.2 If = , then / =
DF CE DF CE
AB // CD // EF
Reason :
[Converse of intercept thm.] / []
NOT FOR SALE P.12

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Deductive Geometry
15. Relationships between sides and angles of triangle

)
(
15.1. Triangle inequality
In any triangle
a+b>c
a+c>b
b+c>a
Reason :
[Triangle inequality] / []
15.2. Greater angle, greater side

A. If A > B > C , then
A > B > C
a>b>c
Reason :
[Greater , greater side] / [ ]
B. If a > b > c, then

a > b > c
A > B > C
Reason :
[Greater side, greater ] / [ ]
NOT FOR SALE P.13

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Deductive Geometry
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16. Points of concurrence in triangle (
16.1 Centroid A
If point G is the centroid of the triangle, then
G
G
CD = DB C
Reason : D
[Centroid of ] / [ ] B
16.2 Incentre
A
If point I is the incentre of the triangle, then
I
I
CAD = BAD C
Reason : D
[Incentre of ] / [ ] B
16.3 Orthocentre A
If point R is the orthocentre of the triangle,
then R
R
C
AD CB
D
Reason : B
[Orthocentre of ] / [ ]
16.4 Circumcentre
A
If point C is the circumcentre of the triangle,
then
C
C
D
CE DB & DE = EB
E
Reason : B
[Circumcentre of ] / [ ]
NOT FOR SALE P.14

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17. Chords of a circle (
17.1. A perpendicular line from the centre of a
circle to a chord bisects the chord.

If ON AB, then AN = NB.
ON ABAN = NB
Reason :
[ from centre to chord bisects chord]
[]
17.2. The line joining the centre of a circle

and the mid-point of a chord is perpendicular
to the chord.

If AM = MB, then OM AB.
AM = MBOM AB
Reason :
[line joining centre and mid-pt. of chord
chord] / []
17.3 The centre of a circle lies on the

perpendicular bisector of a chord.

Reason :
[ bisector of chord passes through centre]
[]
NOT FOR SALE P.15

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17.4 If two chords of a circle are equal in

length, then they are equidistant from the
centre.

If AB = CD, then OM = ON.

AB = CDOM = ON
Reason :
[eq. chords equidistant from centre]
[]
17.5 If two chords of a circle are equidistant

from the centre, then their lengths are
equal.

If OM = ON, then AB = CD.

OM = ONAB = CD
Reason :
[chords equidistant from centre eq.]
[]
Vinci

(Maths)(Physics)
(Applied Maths) A
A
NOT FOR SALE P.16

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18. Angles in a circle (
18.1 The angle at the centre of a circle
subtended by an arc is twice the angle at the
circumference subtended by the same arc.

x = 2y.
Reason :
ce
[ at centre twice at ]
[]
Vinci

NOT FOR SALE P.17

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18.2 If AB is a diameter and P is any point on

the circumference except A and B, then
AB P A B

APB = 90 .
Reason :
[ in semi-circle] / []
18.3 If APB = 90 , then AB is a diameter.

APB = 90 AB
Reason :
[Converse of in semi-circle]
[]
18.4 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

x=y
Reason : [ s in the same segment] / []
NOT FOR SALE P.18

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19. Relationships among Arcs, Chords & Angles (
19.1 Equal angles at the centre of a circle (or
equal circles) stand on equal arcs and equal
chords.

If a = b, then / a = b

1. AB = CD
[eq. s, eq. arcs] / []
2. AB = CD
[eq. s, eq. chords] / []
19.2 Equal chords on a circle stand on equal

arcs and equal angles.

If AB = CD, then / AB = CD
a=b
[eq. chords, eq. s] / []

AB = CD
[eq. chords, eq. arcs] / []
19.3 Equal arcs in a circle (or equal circles)

subtend equal angles at the centre.

If AB = CD , then / AB = CD
a=b
[eq. arcs, eq. s] / []
AB = CD
[eq. arcs, eq. chords] / []
NOT FOR SALE P.19

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19.4 In a circle (or equal circles), the lengths of

arcs are proportional to the sizes of angles at
the centre subtended by the arcs.

AB : BC = m : n
Reason :
[arcs prop. to s at centre]
[]
19.5 In a circle (or equal circles), the lengths of

arcs are proportional to the sizes of angles at
the circumference.

AB : BC = x : y
Reason :
[arcs prop. to s at ce]
[]
Vinci

2010 1A4B3C
2010 (Nov) IGCSE Maths 1 Edexcel A*
2 Cambridge A
NOT FOR SALE P.20

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20. Cyclic Quadrilateral (
20.1 The opposite angles of a cyclic
quadrilateral are supplementary.

x + y = 180
Reason :
[opp. s, cyclic quad.]
[]
20.2 For a cyclic quadrilateral, an exterior

angle is equal to its interior opposite angle.

a=b
Reason :
[ext. s, cyclic quad.]
[]
Vinci

F.1 - F.3 Maths
F.1 - F.2 Integrated Science
F.3 Physics & Chemistry
HKDSE Maths (Compulsory, M1, M2)
GCSE Maths
GCSE Physics
IGCSE Maths
IGCSE Physics
NOT FOR SALE P.21

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21. Tests for Concyclic Points (
21.1 If p = q, then A, B, Q and P are concyclic.
p = q ABC D
Reason :
[Converse of s in the same segment]
[]
21.2 If A + C = 180 or B + D = 180 ,

then A, B, C and D are concyclic.
A + C = 180 ABC D

Reason:
[opp. s supp.] / []
21.3 If p = q, then A, B, C and D are concyclic.

p = q ABC D
Reason :
[ext. = int. opp. ]
[]
NOT FOR SALE P.22

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22. Properties of Tangents of a circle (
22.1 If PQ is a tangent to the circle at T, then
PQ T
OT PQ.
Reason :
[tangent radius] / [ ]
Conversely, if OT PQ, then PQ is a tangent

to the circle at T.
OT PQ PQ T

Reason :
[converse of tangent radius]
[ ]
22.2 Perpendicular to a tangent at its point of

contact passes through the centre of the circle.

22.3 If TP and TQ are two tangents to a circle

at P and Q respectively, then
T P
Q TP TQ
(a) TP = TQ;
(b) TOP = TOQ;
(c) PTO = QTO.
Reason :
[tangents from ext. pt.] / [tangent properties]
[] / []
NOT FOR SALE P.23

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23. Angle in alternate segment (
23.1 If PQ is a tangent to the circle at A, then
PQ A AC
x=y
Reason :
[ in alt. segment] / []
23.2 If x = y, then PQ is the tangent to the

circle at A.
x = y PQ A
Reason :
[Converse of in alt. segment]
[]
:

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Vinci & his team

Ultimate Revision Handbook HKDSE Maths (Compulsory)

HKDSE Maths (Compulsory) (

Ultimate Revision Handbook

NOT FOR SALE P.1

ABC + BAC = ACD

a=b & x=y

NOT FOR SALE P.2

NOT FOR SALE P.3

NOT FOR SALE P.4

NOT FOR SALE P.5

NOT FOR SALE P.6

9.2 ABC XYZ if

9.3 ABC XYZ if

9.4 ABC XYZ if

9.5 ABC XYZ if

9.6 ABC XYZ if

NOT FOR SALE P.7

10.2 ABC ~ XYZ if

10.3 ABC ~ XYZ if

Reason : [ratio of 2 sides, inc. ]

10.4 If ABC ~ XYZ , then

NOT FOR SALE P.8

NOT FOR SALE P.9

NOT FOR SALE P.11

Reason : [Intercept thm.] / []

NOT FOR SALE P.12

15. Relationships between sides and angles of triangle

15.2. Greater angle, greater side

B. If a > b > c, then

NOT FOR SALE P.13

NOT FOR SALE P.14

17.2. The line joining the centre of a circle

17.3 The centre of a circle lies on the

NOT FOR SALE P.15

17.4 If two chords of a circle are equal in

If AB = CD, then OM = ON.

17.5 If two chords of a circle are equidistant

If OM = ON, then AB = CD.

NOT FOR SALE P.16

NOT FOR SALE P.17

18.2 If AB is a diameter and P is any point on

18.3 If APB = 90 , then AB is a diameter.

18.4 Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

NOT FOR SALE P.18

19.2 Equal chords on a circle stand on equal

19.3 Equal arcs in a circle (or equal circles)

NOT FOR SALE P.19

19.4 In a circle (or equal circles), the lengths of

19.5 In a circle (or equal circles), the lengths of

NOT FOR SALE P.20

20.2 For a cyclic quadrilateral, an exterior

NOT FOR SALE P.21

21.2 If A + C = 180 or B + D = 180 ,

21.3 If p = q, then A, B, C and D are concyclic.

NOT FOR SALE P.22

Conversely, if OT PQ, then PQ is a tangent

22.2 Perpendicular to a tangent at its point of

22.3 If TP and TQ are two tangents to a circle

NOT FOR SALE P.23

23.2 If x = y, then PQ is the tangent to the

NOT FOR SALE P.24

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