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Faculty of Chemical and

Energy Engineering
0SD567890

LAB REPORT SKPU 2711


THERMODYNAMICS AND MATERIAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
2016/2017 02

EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT 1: MARCET BOILER


LECTURER DR. NORHANA MOHAMED RASHID
SECTION 04
GROUP NO 2
GROUP MEMBERS 1. CHA CHONG YEE
2. CHOO EE WEN
3. SATEES A/L KRISHNAN
4. KHAIRUL AZWAN MOHD HAMZAN
DATE OF EXPERIMENT 11 / 04 /17
DATE OF REPORT
18 / 04 / 17
SUBMISSION

CRITERIA SCORE TOTAL REMARKS


MARKS
FORMATTING /10
ABSTRACT /10
INTRODUCTION /10
LITERATURE /10
REVIEW/THEORY
METHODOLOGY /10
RESULTS /10
DISCUSSION /30
CONCLUSION /10

1 Contents
1.0 Contents..........2
2.0 Abstract...............................................................................................3
3.0 Introduction.........................................................................................3
4.0 Theory.................................................................................................4
5.0 Methodology.......................................................................................5
6.0 Results.................................................................................................7
7.0 Discussion.........................................................................................11
8.0 Conclusion........................................................................................12
9.0 References.........................................................................................13
10.0 Appendices......................................................................................13

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2 Abstract

This experiment is conducted to find out the relationship between pressure and
temperature for saturated steam. The filler plug water is open to fill water into the boiler and the
valve overflow is open to let water out when the boiler is full. The plug is close and heater switch
is turn on. Overflow valve is open while heating process. When the temperature reach around
97C to 100C, the temperature of every 0.5 bar pressure increasing is recorded until the pressure
is 5 bar. Lastly, switch off the heater and record the fall of temperature decrease for each 0.5 bar
pressure. The graph of pressure versus temperature for the process heating and cooling is plotted
and it shows that pressure is directly proportional to temperature. That means when the
temperature in the Marcet boiler increase, the pressure will increase as well and vice versa.

3 Introduction
Background of experiment
Market boiler is useful in industry field such as food producing industry. All of them need
to use boiler to heat the water in a large quantity. The Marcet boiler is use to demonstration of
the basic principle in Thermodynamics studies which is the boiling phenomenon. Initially, the
discovery of this phenomenon is founded by Rudolf Clausius, a German physicist that was a
thermodynamics power icon. Marcet boiler is also a device that is used for the understanding of
the basic properties of saturated steam to superheated steam. It consists of cylinders surrounded
with isolated substance in its electrically heated boiler which is used to heat up water and to
measure both the temperature and pressure. Marcet boiler also contains thermometer, barometer
and safety valve. The saturation pressure curve can be determined at pressure within 10 bar.
This experiment was carry out to find out the relationship between pressure and
temperature for saturated steam in Marcet boiler. Experiment is carry out in Thermodynamic &
Material engineering laboratory and supervises by Mr. Ariff Othman & Miss Nur Suriani Mamat
at 6th March 2014.

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Objective
The aim of this experiment is to studies the relationship between pressure and
temperature for saturated steam. The experiment is done to demonstrate the vapour pressure
curve by recording the reading of temperature when pressure increases. The respective values of
pressure and temperature are able on the digital indicators as the unit comes with pressure and
temperature transducers. Drawing the graph of pressure against temperature allows the
experiment to draw conclusions of the relationship between pressure and temperature.

Scope of experiment
Temperature reading for every 0.5 bar pressure increasing is recorded until the pressure is
5.0 bar and the fall of temperature reading for every 0.5 bar pressure decreasing are recorded as
well. The atmospheric pressure is in unit bar while temperature is in unit degree Celsius.

4.0 Theory

Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and temperature
of saturated steam in equilibrium. When heat energy is added within water, the increase in the
number of molecules to escape from the surface until equilibrium state is reached. The state of
equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the
pressure, the easier the molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to
achieve the state of equilibrium (boiling point). It shown that when the pressure increases, the
temperature also increases where the relationship of pressure and temperature is directly
proportional. The equilibrium temperature occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated
temperature and for an equilibrium pressure is called saturated pressure.

Thermodynamic properties of a pure substance can be determined by two of the


following characteristics: T, P, H, S, V etc. Data characteristics can be obtained either from
experiments or equations, or using certain. Between two thermodynamic properties that are
easily measured T and P. Relations between these properties can be expressed in the form of
graphs or equations.

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ClausiusClapeyron equation one has published the following:
sat
T ( V gV f )
[ ] dT
dP
=
( H gH f )
where:
Vf = volume of water
Vg = volume of steam
Hf = enthalpy of water
Hg = enthalpy of steam
Hfg = Hg Hf = Heat dormant of vaporization

Dormant for the heat value of water can be obtained from the equation.

5.0 Methodology

1 Water was filled into the boiler by opening the water filling plug. Valve overflow was
make sure opened and let the water flowing out from there when the boiler was full.
Closed the filler plug back when the boiler was full.

2 Water which filled into the boiler is then heated while the valve overflow is opened.

3 Valve overflow is closed when the temperature reached about 97 C to 100 C.

4 The temperature of every 0.5 bar pressure increasing is recorded until the pressure is
reached 5 bar.

5 Heating switch was off and temperature decreasing for every 0.5 bar pressure decreased
was recorded in table 1.

1 Drain Valve
2 Heater
3 Overflow
4 Filler opening
5 Safety valve
6 Temperature Sensor
7 Manometer
8 Boiler with insulating jacket
9 Temperature gauge
10 Heater switch

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11 Master switch

Figure 1: Marcet boiler

6.0 Results

Table 1: Results of Tests


Steam Temperature
Gauge Absolute Measured
Decreasing Calculated
Pressure Increasing Slope
Pressure Pressure Mean Slope TVg/Hfg
bar bar Pressure dT/dP

0.0 1.0 100.0 103.7 101.85 0.0764 0.0747


0.5 1.5 108.5 114.5 111.50 0.0645 0.0636

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1.0 2.0 116.0 120.0 118.00 0.0475 0.0483
1.5 2.5 123.5 126.5 125.00 0.0427 0.0433
2.0 3.0 129.0 133.5 131.25 0.0367 0.0374
2.5 3.5 134.0 138.5 136.25 0.0339 0.0344
3.0 4.0 138.5 143.1 140.80 0.0305 0.0311
3.5 4.5 142.8 147.2 145.00 0.0286 0.0291
4.0 5.0 146.5 151.5 149.00 0.0265 0.0270
4.5 5.5 150.2 152.8 151.50 0.0249 0.0256
5.0 6.0 153.3 157.1 155.20 0.0235 0.0240

Example of Calculations

1. Absolute Pressure=P atm +P gauge

Atmospheric Pressure = 1.0 bar


Pgauge = 0 bar

Pabs = 0.0 + 1.0 = 1.0 bar

Increasing Temperature+ Decreasing Temperature


2. Mean Temperature=
2

Mean Temperature = (100.0 + 103.7)/2 = 101.85

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sat
T ( V gV f )
3. ClausiusClapeyron Equation,
dT
dP [ ] =
( H g H f )

Where,
Vf = Water (liquid) specific volume.

Vg = Steam specific volume

Hf = Enthalpy of water.

Hg = Enthalpy of steam

* Since the value for V f << 1, hence V f is neglected in the calculation

* Value for vg and hfg can be referred from Table 2

Measured Slope dT/dP (Using the Mean Temperature)

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101.85 x 1.694 m
Measured Slope = 2258 = 0.0764 kJ

Calculated Slope TVg/Hfg (Using the Temperature from Table 2)

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99.6 x 1.694 m
Calculated Slope = 2258 = 0.0747 kJ

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Pressure versus Temperature
7.00

Process of Heating
6.00 Linear (Process of Heating) Linear (Process of Heating)

f(x) f(x)
= 0.09x - 8.78
= 0.09x - 8.71
5.00

4.00
Pressure
Process of Cooling Linear (Process of Cooling) Linear (Process of Cooling)
3.00

2.00

1.00
Linear (Process of Cooling)
0.00
90.00 100.00 110.00 120.00 130.00 140.00 150.00 160.00 170.00

Temperature

Figure 2: Graph P versus T (Heating and Cooling Process)

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P versus T (Table 2)
7.00

6.00

f(x) = 0.08x - 7.96


5.00

P versus T (Table 2)
4.00
Linear (P versus T (Table 2))

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00

Figure 3: Graph P versus T (From Table 2)

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7.0 Discussion

All the relevant results are presented in the form of graph. The graph shows the relation
between absolute pressure and the saturated steam temperature for heating and cooling process.
For the heating process we can see from the graph it produces a curvy line. It shows that absolute
pressure increasing about to be linear as increasing of temperature.

For the cooling process we can see from the graph it also produces a curvy line. As in the
graph for the heating process the saturated steam, temperature decreased as pressure decrease. At
the beginning of the cooling process, the temperature still increase even after the heating switch
was turned off.

Before the experiment was conducted, initial pressure is zero while temperature of water
is at room temperature. As the heating process was conducted, the pressure increased
proportional to the increased of the temperature. This is due to pressure and temperature which
depend on each other.

In the graph, the shape of the graph that is curving that we have for cooling process is
almost equal to the shape of the graph for the heating process because the decreasing rate of
temperature during the cooling process is about to same as increasing rate of temperature during
the heating process. But cooling process needed more time as water cool slower than the time
needed to heat it up. Heat losses needed more time, this can be seen clearly in both graphs which
show the smaller difference in decreasing is during cooling process than the heating one.

At the initial of the experiment, the Marcet Boiler should be cleaned because it can cause
the water inside the boiler mixed with the impurities inside the boiler so that the result wont be
affected by the impurities.Water was heated while the overflow valve opened to make sure that

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there is no air inside the boiler which can affect the pressure reading. The air inside the boiler
will form a pressure to the surface of the water. Hence, more heat energy needed to change the
water from the liquid phase into steam phase. Water molecules are hard to release from it surface.
This mixed pressure will affect the saturated steam temperature.

Then, it is necessary to remove air from the boiler as this could affect the accuracy of the
experimental results. When there was air trapped inside the boiler, it will affect the pressure
readings. Based on the graph, the relationship between pressure and temperature is directly
proportional and there is a slightly deviation between the experimental slope and the theoretical
slope at the beginning.

Some of the errors that might occur during the experiment are measurements or reading
accuracy for the pressure and temperature reading and calculation (decimal points were not being
constant when calculating every data). Other than that, there are error that can affect the accuracy
of the result such as parallax error, systematic error, and water which has mixed with the
impurities. Precautionary steps should be taken in order to minimize the error in order to get a
more accurate result.

8.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, relation between pressure and saturated steam temperature, is dependent


each other. This can be seen from the graph of pressure against temperature that directly
proportional to each other. The graph plotted (P versus T) is a curve, even though the slopes of
the graph are slightly different from the theoretical value. The difference between the actual and
theoretical data is due to error that occurred during the experiment as discussed in the discussion
part before. Besides, this experiment can be assumed success as the data that we have is quite
same as in the steam table. This experiment is related to the application of boilers such as water
boiling, gasified system, power plant and cooking utilities.

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In order to improve this experiments result, air must be completely removed from the
valve by closing the overflow valve when the temperature around 97c to 100c, to avoid any
inaccuracy of the readings. The readings of temperature also should be recorded after the
pressure was stable. Switch on the heater to boil the water carefully. Lastly, the reading of the
pressure gauge should be read carefully where the position of the eyes must be perpendicular to
the reading to avoid parallax errors.

9.0 References

1. Cengel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 7 th ed. McGraw Hill,
New York
2. Wylen G.V., R. Sonntag, and Borgnakke C., Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th ed., John
Wiley, New York.
3. Marcet Boiler Experiment. (2012). Retrieved July 7, 2013, from
http://www.scribd.com/doc/93324504/Marcet-Boiler
4. Clausius Clapeyron Relation. (2013). Retrieved December 8, 2013 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation

10.0 Appendices

Figure 4: Marcet Boiler

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