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Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-2-
(IP) range from NP to IP=18.0% (average value 9.0%), whereas the values of natural water
content (w) range from w=19.60% to 41.0% (average value 33.5%).
Layer II: According to the laboratory tests results it is found that the values of unconfined
compressive strength of the formation ranges from quc=14.3MPa to quc=44.5MPa (average
value quc=28.0MPa), whereas the average value of the point load index strength is equal to
s50=1.73MPa and s50=1.79MPa parallel and vertically to the direction of drilling, respectively.
Based on the rock mass classification of the Geological Study, the geological strength index
of gneiss varies from GSI=27-37, whereas mi=9.
In table 3-4 the depth at which each formation is encountered in the evaluated boreholes
is presented.
Table 3-4: Encountered formations in the evaluated boreholes of the embankment
Depth of encountered formations (from-to) (m)
Borehole
Layer Layer I Layer
ALsg ALcm gn
M8 0.00-48.00 - 48.00-55.00
0.00-20.00 &
M12 20.00-22.50 -
22.50-46.00
0.00-18.45 &
M16 18.45-29.20 -
29.20-50.00
0.00-16.45 &
A2 16.45-25.00 26.30-33.00
25.00-26.30
25.30-50.00
G-48 0.00-25.30 - (marble and
gneiss)
0.00-11.00 &
G-50 11.00-20.20 -
20.20-25.00
GN-1 0.00-18.70 - 18.70-30.00
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-3-
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-4-
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-5-
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-6-
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-7-
The proposed design values for a) compressibility index, Cc, b) initial void
ratio, eo, and c) coefficient of consolidation, Cv, are the average values from
laboratory test results (from Page 2 of Table3-6_StatistAnalysis_Soil
MechanicalProperties_ Page1LayerI_Page2LayerII).
GG1201
93+560
3 2
2 Embankment material 12.20m 3
=20.0kN/m
'=35
c'=5kPa
Es=50.0MPa
1.00m Leveling/
improvement layer
4.00m
G.W.L.
Layer Ib: SM, SP, SC (ALsg)
11.00 =19.7kN/m
'=32
c'=0.0kPa
Es=14.0MPa
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-8-
Seismicity Data
According to Eurocode 8 the examined embankment passes through seismic Zone Z1.
The design ground acceleration, gR, on type A ground for seismic Zone Z1 is equal to
gR/g=0.16. This value is further increased for the other types of ground, by multiplying it with
soil parameter S>1.0 (Eurocode 8). According to the Final Geological Study Seismicity
Study due to the proximity of the project to an active seismotectonic fault, even if it is not
characterized as seismically active, the design seismic action is taken increased by 25%-
according to the Greek Code for Seismic Resistant Structures (EAK 2000)." Therefore the
design ground acceleration on type ground A is increased and taken equal to gR /g=0.20.
According to Table 3.1 of Eurocode 8 (Part 1) (EN 1998-1:2004), the soil formations
encountered along the examined embankment are classified in the following ground types
(Table 4-9):
Table 3-9. Ground types according to Eurocode 8 (Part 1)
GROUND TYPE
EARTHWORK FORMATION DESCRIPTION GROUND TYPE DESCRIPTION
(EUROCODE 8)
Sand and gravels
Deposits of loose-to-medium cohesion-
a (loose) (Alluvial D
less soil (NSPT<15)
deposits - ALsg)
Sand and gravels
(medium density) Deposits of dense or medium dense sand
b C
(Alluvial deposits and gravel (NSPT=15-50)
Embankment - ALsg)
from CH. Deposits of very dense or medium dense
Sand and gravels
92+610 to CH. sand or gravel, characterized by a gradual
c (dense) (Alluvial B
93+870 increase of mechanical properties with
deposits - ALsg)
depth (NSPT>50)
Silt and clay
Deposits of predominantly soft-to-firm
(Alluvial deposits- D
cohesive soil (NSPT<15, cu<70kPa)
ALcm)
Rock or other rock-like geological
Gneiss (gn) A
formation
Accompanying files
3-1. RECAPITULATIVE TABLE OF RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS - SOIL
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Filename: 3-1_Table 3-1_LabTests_SoilPhysicalProperties_All_Samples.pdf
3-2. RECAPITULATIVE TABLE OF RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS - SOIL
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Filename: 3-2_Table 3-2_LabTests_SoilMechanicalProperties_All_Samples.pdf
3-3. RECAPITULATIVE TABLE OF RESULTS OF LABORATORY TESTS - ROCK
MECHANICS
Filename: 3-3_Table 3-3_LabTests_RockMechanics_All_Samples.pdf
3-5. RECAPITULATIVE TABLE OF RESULTS OF STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF
LABORATORY TESTS - SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Filename:
3-5_Table3-5_StatistAnalysis_SoilPhysicalProperties_Page1LayerI_Page2LayerII.pdf
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-9-
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)
-10-
List of symbols
c: cohesion
Cc : compressibility index
cu: undrained shear strength
Cv: coefficient of consolidation
Es: compressibility modulus
eo: initial void ratio
: bulk density
: angle of internal friction
Relevant Reference
Begemann, H. (1974). General report for central and western Europe. Proc. of the
European Symp. on Penetration Testing (ESOPT), Stockholm, Sweden, 5-7 June 1974,
29-39.
Bowles, J.E. (1996). Foundation analysis and design. McGraw-Hill Ed. 1207p.
EN 1998-5:2005 Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance Part 5:
Foundations, Retaining Structures and Geotechnical Aspects and Greek National
Annex to 1998-5:2005 Eurocode 8.
Menzenbach, E. (1959). Die Anwendbarkeit von Sonden zur Prfung der
Festigkeitseigenschaften des Baugrundes." Forschungsberichte des Landes Nordrhein
Westfalen. No. 173, Westdeutscher Verlag, Koln.
Papadopoulos, B.P., and Anagnostopoulos, A.G. (1987). Groundwater effects on
settlements estimation. Proc., 9th European Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering, Dublin, 31 August 4 September 1987, Vol. 2, 725-729.
Scheidig, A. (1934). Der Lss und seine geotechnischen Eigenschaften. Leipzig, as
mentioned in: Loizos, .. (1977). Soil Mechanics Foundation. Part I: The foundation
soil. Athens (in Greek).
Sowers, G.B., Sowers, G.F. (1979). Introductory soil mechanics and foundations:
Geotechnical Engineering, Macmillan Ed.
Tassios, T.P., and Anagnostopoulos, A.G. (1974). Penetration testing in Greece. State of
the Art Report. Proc. of the European Symp. on Penetration Testing (ESOPT),
Stockholm, Sweden, 5-7 June 1974, Vol.1, 65-68.
Valalas, D. (1996). Soil mechanics. Kiriakidis Ed., 323p (in Greek).
Geotechnical Design of Embankment: Slope Stability Analyses and Settlement Calculations (Xenaki,
Doulis and Athanasopoulos)