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DISCUSSION
From the bacterial resistant to antibiotics and marine microorganisms for future natural
antibiotics, the researchers would like to isolate microorganisms from sea sand and sea water. On
this chapter, the statement of the problem in the study are answered and thereby explained how
the results are related in improving future natural antibiotics.
This study adds to the growing evidence that the E.coli is highest than staphylococcus
aureus is the lowest based to the measurement of the turbidity.
According to De Oliveira and Pinhata (2008), although there have been recent studies
aiming to describe the pattern of distribution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in freshwater,
estuarine water, water distribution systems and sewage, there are few studies in the marine
environment and coastal zone. And in a study conducted by these authors in the city of So
Vicente, located in Santos Lowland (Baixada Santista), So Paulo, Enterococcus spp. were
isolated in 94.2% of the samples of sea water and sand. Of these, 51.9% were resistant to some
antimicrobials, predominantly erythromycin and streptomycin.
This same study shows that other studies have demonstrated that beach sand can act as a
reservoir and/or vector for a variety of diseases and that, although it is a fundamental part of
recreational activities in the coastal environment, it has been largely neglected from the point of
view of public health (De Oliveira and Pinhata, 2008).
The seas and oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface and considered a
valuable source for microorganisms and bioactive secondary metabolites
(T.I. Orlova, V.G. Bulgakova, A.N. Polin, 2015)
The main source of antibiotics in aquatic environments comes from the discharge of
wastewater, disposal of waste and aquaculture (Ding and He, 2010), and the increased levels of
antimicrobial resistance among bacterial strains isolated from polluted aquatic environments,
particularly in developing countries, which may be an indicative of overuse or misuse of
antimicrobial agents in these environments (Souza et al., 2000).
References
DING, C.; HE, J. Effect of antibiotics in the environment on microbial populations. Applied
microbiology and biotechnology, v. 87, n. 3, p. 925-41, jul. 2010.
T.I. Orlova, V.G. Bulgakova, A.N. Polin [Secondary metabolites from marine microorganisms.
I. Secondary metabolites from marine actinomycetes]
E. coli Staphylococcus
Control 1 1.282 0.632
Ave Trial 1 1.038 0.768
Control2 0.652 0.666
Ave Trial 2 0.961 1.238
APPENDIX B
Turbidity - Ecoli
1.755molL^(-1) 1.628molL^(-1) 1.510molL^(-1)
Control1 1.462 1.288 1.095
Trial 1 1.2557 1.0503 0.8089
Control2 0.902 0.648 0.407
Trial 2 1.2201 0.9601 0.7019
APPENDIXC
STATISTICAL RESULTS
A. ANOVA
B. ANOVA
Source of P-
Variation SS df MS F value F crit
Between 0.4260 0.2130 2.6939 0.121 4.2564
Groups 93 2 46 26 09 95
0.7117 0.0790
Within Groups 55 9 84
1.1378
Total 48 11