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Ivorybilled Woodpecker - ?
The fossil record shows that many kinds of organisms that
were once common no longer
l exist.
i
A fossil is the remains or traces (e.g. tracks, dung, nest, etc.) of
an organism that is no longer alive and usually applies to
remains that are over 10,000 years old.
The fossil record is not a complete
p record because:
Fossilization is a rare event. Very few, if any, individuals of
most species ever leave remains that become fossilized.
Species with hard body parts are best preserved shells,
shells
plates, bones fossilize well - soft bodied organisms are not
well represented in the fossil record
Erosion, weathering, metamorphic processes destroy fossils
and have made the fossil record more incomplete - older time
pperiods are less well represented
p than newer time periods
p
The process of fossilization requires special conditions
Sedimentary Rocks
formed by
deposition
p and
solidification of
sediments are the
onlyy fossil-bearingg
rocks
Igneous
g rock is
formerly molten
rock
Metamorphic rock
has been heated
beyond the point
where fossils would
be destroyed.
Other special conditions:
600 myo
The geologic time periods were described by the kinds of organisms that lived
within each period. The fossils of some organisms are commonat many sites
worldwide in a very limited number of geological strata these are index
fossils. Index fossils in rocks at different geographic locations are likely to be
of about the same age.
18
Using: Nt = N0*ert
after
f one half-life:
h lf lif
Nt 1 rt 1
= =e 2
N0 2
1
( )
rt 1
ln = ln e 2
2
1
ln = rt 12 The numerator is a constant and the
2 denominator is measurable. Plug this
ln ( 12 )
term into the first equation for r and
r= rearrange to get
t 12
N N0
ln t * t1/ 2 ln * t1/ 2
t= N0 OR Nt
t=
1
ln ln ( 2 )
2
14C Dating:
14C decays to 14N with life of 5700 years
14C/12C ratios constant in living things. (about 1.3 * 10-12)
N 10
ln 0 * t1/ 2 ln *5700 yr
Nt
t= 1
= 19,021 yr
t=
ln ( 2 ) ln ( 2 )
14C dating is useful for dating organic material less than 80,000
80 000 years old
K/Ar dating can be used for dating igneous rock above or below
a fossil.
f il This
Thi can bracket
b k theh age off the
h fossil
f il
e.g 40K decays to 40Ar
1 3 * 109 years
t = 1.3
Sum of decay product and remaining undecayed atoms gives
total amount before decay began (N0 = sum(40Ar+ 40K), Nt = 40K)
In the case of K/Ar dating an estimate of the original amount of
40K in the rock can be made by adding the amount present now to
40
Ar 1
ln 1 + 40
* * t1/ 2 Use this modified
t=
0 112
K 0.112 f
formula
l for
f K/Ar
K/A
ln(2) dating 21
K - Ar datingg is useful for datingg igneous
g rock from 1/2 to 10 byo
y
22
What causes extinctions?
Extinctions of single species
or small groups of species
are sporadic and occur at a
rate that is called
background extinction
rate.