RunningHead:HOWTHELACKOFACCESSTOHEALTHCAREAFFECTSSOCIETIES1

HowDoestheLackofAccesstoHealthCare

AffectLeastDevelopingCountriesandTheirSocieties?

DessiryV.Eugenio

GlobalConnections

Instructor:GregoryFalls

December2016
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 2

Abstract

Povertyisanimmenseandcontinualproblemthroughouttheworld.Impoverished

peoplearethemostpronetobecomingillduetopreventableortransmittablediseasesespecially

indevelopingcountries.Multiplefactorsaffectwhyaccesstohealthcareinleastdeveloping

countriesissuchanobstacle.Frequently,toovercomethesefactorsmanyfamiliessacrificetheir

economicsecurityandwithouteconomicsecurityitsdifficultforpopulationstothriveina

community.Itisprominentthatactionsaretakentoincreaseaccesstohealthtothosewho

cannoteasilyreceiveit.Ifhealthcarewasmoreaccessibletogrowingpopulations,poverty

levelswilllowerandthenegativesocial,economical,andpoliticaleffectsfromitwillslowly

diminish.Overall,thispaperservestoeducatereadersofthecorrelationbetweenthelackof

accesstohealthcareindevelopingcountriesandtheeffectsithasontheirsocieties.Ifmore

peopleareeducatedonthetopic,thananunderstandingwillbedeveloped.Itscrucialto

understandthatonceadevelopingcountryfindssolutionstobroadentheaccesstohealthcare

withrespectstoaffordabilityanddistribution,andthenindividualswillbeabletocontributeto

theirfamiliesandcommunities.Thus,thesepopulationscanworktowithdrawfromthelabelof

beingadevelopingcountry.

HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 3

TableofContents

Abstract 2

TableofContents 3

Introduction 4

Limitations 5

Methodology 6

LiteratureReview 6

Discussion 8

HighlyPricedMedicines 8

LimitedHumanResources 9

GeographicBarriers 10

CulturalBeliefs/LackofEducation 10

LackofNationalCommitment 11

Conclusion 11

References 13
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 4

Introduction

Mostillnessessuchasinfectiousdiseasespresentsomeextentofpossibletreatmentorare

avoidablealltogether.Theinabilitytoaccesssuchminimaltreatmentresultsinimmenselossof

lifefrompreventablediseases.Inadditiontodeath,thoseactuallyfortunateenoughtoreceive

limitedtreatmentsstillgainthefinancialburdensofpayingforhighlypricedmedicinesand

overcominggeographicbarrierstoreachmedicalcarewhilealsobeingabletocontributetotheir

familiesandcommunities.Highlypricedmedicaltreatmentsandfewphysicians,combined

withgeographicalbarriersinlessdevelopedcountriesoftenresultinpressureonfamiliesto

provideresourcesandcarefortheirmemberscausingnegativesocialandeconomiceffects.

Overonethirdoftheworldpopulationdoesnothaveaccesstoessentialmedicinesvital

tohealth,accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO).Thestatisticsforcontinentssuch

asAfricaandAsiahoweverclimbtoaboutonehalfoftheirinhabitantshavinglittleortono

accesstohealthcare.AsianandAfricancountriesarerenownfortheirhighpovertylevelsand

thisdisparitycanbeseenintheirlackofaccesstohealthcare.InAfricaforexample,lessthan8

percentoftheirpopulationiscoveredbymedicalinsurance.Thepoorareunabletohavereliable

accesstomedicaltreatmentsbecausepublicsectorsfailtoprovideittothem.

Geographicbarriersplayahugeroleinlimitingaccesstohealthcareformostcitizensin

AfricaandIndia.Healthworkerssuchasphysicians,nurses,pharmacists,andpharmacy

techniciansareininadequatesupplyinsuchlessdevelopedcountries,thuscorrelatingwiththe

geographicbarriersthatmanypeoplemustovercomeinordertoreachthem.Ruralareasin
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 5

countriessuchasIndiaandSouthAmericaarecomposedofmountainousterrain,whichmustbe

crossedinordertoreachcertainfacilities.Moneyandtimearenecessarytoaccommodatethese

circumstances.Impoverishedpeopledonothavethefinancestopayforhealthcarenorthetime

totakeoutoftheirlowpayingjobsinordertoreceivetreatments.Thecycleofcorrelation

betweenmoney,time,andaccesstohealthcareiscontinual.

Factorssuchashighlypricedtreatments,geographicbarriers,andlimitedhuman

resourcesmakeitinevitableforthesepoorsocietiestobeadverselyinfluencedsociallyand

economically.Unfortunately,otherexistingcomponentssuchasvariousculturalbeliefsandlack

ofeducationcontributetowhyaccesstohealthcareinleastdevelopingcountriesistroublesome.

Asahumanright,itisimportanttounderstandthenecessityforuniversalaccesstobasicmedical

treatment.

Limitations

LimitedResources

TheauthorheavilydependedontheInternetandschooldatabasesforresearchthus,limitingthe

amountofresearchcoveredonthetopic.Theauthoraspiredtoaccesstruedocumentariesor

autobiographiespertainingtolivesofrealpeoplelivinginaleastdevelopedcountry,whommay

havestruggledtoaccessbasichealthcareandhowitmayhaveaffectedthem.

ProfessionalExperience

Variouslimitationsarepresentedintheprojectduetotheexperienceoftheauthor.Theauthoris

notaffiliatedwithaprofessioninthemedicalfieldtherefore,shedoesnothaveprevious

experiencewiththehealthcaresystemsofanycountryorregionnorhassheinteractedwithreal

lifeindividualsgoingthroughthestrugglesofaccessingnecessarymedicaltreatments.
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 6

PersonalBias

Theauthorhaspreviouslyinteractedwithindividualspersistingindevelopedcountrieswho

struggleaccesstohealthcareandhasseentheeffectsonthoseindividuals.Therefore,sheis

inclinedtoviewtheeffectstobemoreunfavorableinleastdevelopingcountrieswithcontrastto

developingcountries,whomwhicharebetteroffwithregardstopolitical,economical,

educational,andhealthcaresystems.

Methodology

Theapproachtakentoconstructtheessayrequiredbothquantitativeandqualitativedata.

Bothtechniqueswerenecessarytoshowhorrificnumbersandreallifesituationfacedby

populationsbynotreceivingaccesstohealthcare.

Itsfairlyeasytoacquirequantitativedatawithregardstofindingappropriatestatisticsof

variouscountriesresidinginmainlyAfricaandpartsofAsiawithrespectstopoverty,facilities,

etc.Databasesandsearchenginesallowedtheauthortofinddefinitenumberssupportedbyvast

studieswithindifferentregions.Moreinformationprovidedbyonlineresourceswere

quantitativedataratherthanqualitative.Thus,quantitativedataisusefulintermsofproviding

validationpointstotheresearch.

Toacquirequalitativedata,theauthorresearchedvideosthroughonlinewebsitessuchas

TedTalksandYouTube.Thismadeitpossibletofindmoreopinionsandstoriesonthetopicat

hand.Duetolimitationsofatimeframe,theauthorwasunabletofindprofessionallyfilmed

documentariesfollowingthelivesofindividualslivingthroughthecircumstancesofpovertyand

beingunabletoaccesshealthcare.

LiteratureReview
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 7

Theresourcesusedinthispaperistoprovidedetailedsupportforthetopicsofthe

research:highlypricedmedicines,limitedhumanresources,geographicbarriers,cultural

beliefs/lackofeducationandlackofnationalcommitment.Thesetopicswereusedtofocuson

howthelackofaccesstohealthcareinLDCsaffecttheirsocietieswithrespectstotheirsocial

lives,economics/finances,andpolitics.

Accordingtothebook,PrescriptionforHealthyDevelopment:IncreasingAccessto

Medicines,internationalcommunitiesshouldtakeintoaccountthegoalsoftheUNMillennium

Projectwhenincreasingaccesstomedicines,especiallyindevelopingcountries.Dimensionsof

thebookcoverdiseasesandhowtheyredistinctivelycorrelatedwithpoverty.Additionally,the

UNMillenniumProjectpartneredwithTaskForce5WorkingGrouponAccesstoEssential

Medicineinhopestoincreasetheavailability,affordability,anduseofmedicine.

TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)providedstatisticsthosethreemillionchildrenin

Africanundertheageoffivedieeachyearduetopreventablediseases.ThisWHOarticle

providesadequatesupportinthesensethatthelackofeducationwiththerespectstoillness

preventioninAfricancountriesareincorrect.Reliablehealthcareisthemostcosteffectiveand

achievabletacticinsustainingimprovementsinhealthcareglobally.Viablepointsweremade

regardinghowthisisthetimetoencouragesuchgoalsduetoactivelygrowinginterest

internationalissuesandapeakoftechnologyadvancementsinhealthcareandmedicine.

DatabasessuchasProQuestprovidedinformationpertainingtodevelopedcountriesand

theirhealthcaresystems.Thisprovidedthecontrastthatevenbetteroffcitizensindeveloped

countriesstillstruggletoaccesslifepreservingmedicaltreatments.Theneedforimprovements

inaccessinghealthcareinallcountriesisnecessaryandnotonlylimitedtolesserdeveloped
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 8

countries.TheGaledatabaseprovidedanarticleabouthowdrugpricesarekeptsohigh,limiting

theaccesstomedicationandhealthcarefromthepoorespeciallyinleastdevelopingcountries.

MajorcommondiseasessuchasHIVandAIDscaneasilybepreventedbutkillabout17,000

peopledaily.95%oftheworld'spopulationof40millionpeoplecarryingHIV/AIDsisin

LDCs.Thisarticlealsoencouragestheproductionoflowgenericversionsofmedicationsto

helpinefforttopreventthesediseasesintheleastway.

Discussion

LDCsareafactionofthewordsmostimpoverishedcountriesthattheUnitedNations

hasdescribedtobeleastdevelopedwhomacquirealowgrossnationalincome,fragilehuman

assets,andanintensedegreeofeconomicvulnerability(Kstle,n.d.).AccordingtotheWorld

HealthOrganization(WHO),accessisdefinedashavingmedicationavailableandaffordableat

privateandpublichealthlocationswithinonehourswalkfromthehomeofthepopulation.

Generally,impoverishedpeoplearecertainlyincapableofreceivinghealthcareduetotheir

circumstances.Povertyisthemainsourceforillhealthandactsastheroadblocktoaccessing

medicationswhennecessary.Consecutively,illhealthisthecauseofpoverty(Poverty,2014).

Manyfactorsofpovertynegativelyaffectindividualsthus,overallcontributingtothedownfall

ofcommunities.

HighlyPricedMedicines

Theleadingcauseastowhyitssodifficulttoaccesstreatmentsisduetohighlypriced

medicines.Theoverwhelminghardshipofpovertymeansthatthemostbasicmedicationsand

simplesttreatmentsarenotaffordable.Unfortunately,everydayimpoverishedpeopleinLDCs

perilthelittleeconomicsecuritythattheyhaveinordertobuynecessarymedicines.Tradeoffs
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 9

ofhousing,food,andeveneducationforachildarefrequentlybargainedforvitalmedications.

Itsunderstandablethatsomemedicationsareinevitablymoreexpensivethanothers,butthe

majorityofthetime,mostessentialmedicationsareunfairlypriced(Leach,Paluzzi,&Munderi,

2005).Thelowestpricespeoplepayforthemostgenericmedicinesvaryfrom2.5timesto6.5

timesasinternationalreferencespricesorIRPs(Gurtoo,Williams,2015).Opportunitycostsof

thetimeofthepatient,transportationcosts,andexpensesalongthewayareallindirectcosts

addingtofinancialburdensofthoseseekingaccesstomedicaltreatments(Petersetal.,n.d.).

LimitedHumanResources

Today,thereareabout7.2millionhealthcareworkersintheworldtoday.Accordingto

aWHOreport,bytheyear2035thenumberswilldroptremendously,causingsevere

implicationsforthehealthofbillionsofpeople(WHO,n.d.).Ashealthcareworkersbeginto

retireorleavetheindustryforbetterpayingjobs,notenoughyoungerpeoplearebeingtrained

andenteringamedicalprofessionatthesamerate.HighgrowingpopulationsinLDCscontinue

torisewithdemandsofpreventablediseases.ManycountrieswithinpartsofAsiaandAfricaare

wellbelowthethresholdof23skilledhealthprofessionalsper10,000people.Forexample,

AfricancountriessuchasKenya,Chad,Rwanda,Uganda,Ethiopia,Angola,Guinea,Niger,and

adonemoreallonlyhave1physicianper10,000people(Naicker,PlangeRhule,Tutt,

Eastwood,n.d.).InsubSaharanAfrica,thereisonlyabout168medicalschoolsinthe47

countrieswithinthisregion11ofthe47countriesdontevenhavemedicalschoolwithinthem

and24ofthe47countriesonlyhaveonemedicalschool(WHO,n.d.)Becauseofthese

shortages,manyfamiliestakethetimetotravelmilesjusttoseekaid,frequentlythesehealth

careworkersareonlytrainedbasicmedicalaidandprofessionalphysiciansarefoundinfurther
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 10

locations.Thetimetakenoutofoneindividualsdaycanresultinaffectingnumerousmembers

oftheirfamily.Forexample,insomecasesafathermaygetillandneedtogettreatment,he

thenusesonetoafewdaysoffworktogoandreceiveaid.Onedaycanimmenselyimpacta

familyslife;absencesfromworkingaretimenotputintoearningmoneyneededtoputfoodon

thetable.Whenapopulationgetsillorsicktheyareunabletoattendtheirjobsintheir

communitiesthusnegativelyaffectingtheireconomy.Consequently,otherfamilymemberssuch

asthechildrenmayhavetostoptheireducationjusttogetajobthemselvestohelpsupportfor

thefamily.

GeographicBarriers

Additionally,geographicbarriersamplifytheinabilityformanytoseekatrainedhealth

careprovider.Decentroadfortransportationarerareindevelopingcountriesespeciallyintheir

ruralareas.Goodroadsarenecessaryforindividualstoreachahealthcarefacilityortoget

distributionsofnecessarydrugs(Petersetal.,n.d.).Unfortunately,forpeoplewhoexperience

25%oftheglobaldiseaseburden,only1.3%oftheworldshealthcareworkerscareforthem

andthisisduetothelackofhumanresourcesandthedifficultiesofreachingaidbecauseof

geographicbarriers(Naicker,PlangeRhule,Tutt,Eastwood,n.d.).Dismally,rarelocationsin

developingcountriesaredifficulttoreachduetomountainousterraininIndiaandSouth

AmericancountriesanddesertplateausandgrasslandsinAfrica.Familiesrepeatedlyhaveto

makethedecisionofsacrificingtimeandfinancesinordertoreachahealthcareworker,which

affectstheminthefuturesociallyandeconomically.

CulturalBeliefs/LackofEducation
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 11

ThelackofeducationinLDCsregardingtobasicmedicalcareandtheirbodiessupports

thereasonsastowhypreventablediseasesarebecominginevitabletotheirpopulations.Many

alsohavetheirownstrong,culturalbeliefswhenitcomestotreatmentsandhealingthattheyare

notactuallytakingtheappropriatemeasurestorecuperate.Forexample,peopleindeveloping

countriessuchasHaitihavetheverystrongbeliefinGodspowerandhisabilitytoheal.

Haitiansturntohomeremediesforhelpalthoughwhenitsclearthatmedicalattentionbya

professionalisneeded,theywillacquireit.Unfortunately,insomecaseshomeremediesarenot

usedappropriatelyandmayaddtomoredamagetotheirbodieswhileseekingprofessionalhelp

madeendupmorecostly(Haitian,2014).Thebeliefthatnaturalillnessisadiseaseofthe

Lordisalsocontinuallyseenwithinvariousculturesandreligions.Thesegroupsoftenbelieve

thattheyareillasapunishmentandrefusetoreceivetreatment,asitwillmaketheirfaitworstin

theeyesoftheLord.AdditionallywithregardstopreventablediseasessuchasHIV/AID,

AfricancountriesarefalselyeducatedthatinordertoeliminateHIV/AIDS,sexualintercourse

withavirginorchildisnecessary(ADictionary,2009).Lackofeducationuponmedicineis

prominentinthenegativeeffectsofnotreceivingthenecessaryhealthcarevitaltosurvivalinthe

societiesofLDCs.

LackofNationalCommitment

Itseasytoblamethegovernmentofdevelopingcountriesforfailingtoprovidetheir

populationswiththeessentialmedicationsneededforsurvival.Pressurestomakehealthcarea

priorityfromthenationalleveltothelocallevelisanextensivebarriertoincreasingaccess.The

lackofaccesstohealthcareaffectsLDCsandtheirsocietiesnegativelywithregardstopolitics.

Populationsaregettingweakerandmoreillduetothelackofpoliticalwillbypolicymakerswith
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 12

respectstoaccessingmedicines.Additionally,theinternationalcommunityhasfallenshortof

providingsomesortoffinancingtodevelopingcountries(Theproblem,n.d.).Thelackof

accesstohealthcareduetopoliticalcircumstancestransferstothepopulations,whominturn,

duetoillness,cannotcontributetotheircommunitiesadequately.

Conclusion

Astheworldismoreexposedtotechnologicaladvancements,theneedformedical

professionalscanstarttodecrease.WithdevelopingcountriesespeciallyinAfrica,theyare

morepronetonotreceivinghealthcareinthefutureduetothefactthattheirpopulationis

impoverishedandwillbeunabletobenefitfromfuturetechnologicaladvancementinmedicine.

Solutionsmustbecreatedtocombatunaffordabletreatmentsandthecreationofmorecloser

facilitiesandhealthcareworkersismoreaccessible.Improperlyeducatedpopulationsmustbe

advisedaboutprecautionstotakeinordertopreventdiseasestheyaremorepronetohaving.

Ifdevelopingcountriescanprovidemoreaccesstohealthcaretotheirgrowing

populations,diseasescanbecontrolledalongwithfatalities.Individualswillbecomehealthierto

beaviablecitizenwhoisabletocontributetotheirfamiliesandcommunityeconomically.

Furthermore,increasingcontributionstothecommunitywillslowdownthegrowingrateof

povertyindevelopingcountriesleadingtoamorestableandhealthysociety.
HOW THE LACK OF ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AFFECTS SOCIETIES 13

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