Wireless Communication: Unit 3- Wireless Network Architectureand Operation UNIT-3 Wireless Network Architecture and Operation Learning Objectives: Upon completion ofthis unit, the student should be ableto + Understand the cellular concept andexplain the advantages of frequency reuse. + Krowa ypicalceilular cluster and explain the meaning offrequency reuse number. + Discuss how the capacity ofa cellular system may be expanded. + Explain the difjerence between cell splicing and sectoring + Discuss the use of backhaul networks for cellular system. + Explain the concept of mobility management and discuss the operations itsuppores, + Discuss the concepts of power management and network security. 3.1TheCellularConcept {a). Introduction: + AT&Tand Bell Labs offered frst mobile telephone service. + Use high power BS Txs with elevated antenna provide a larger coverage area. + ‘Typically 250 watt FM transmitter used paged a mobile when there was an incoming call for the mobile. +The limitation of this system is limited users, no frequency reuse. cell congestion, high power requirement. + Improvement: The main objective of cellular concept is to allocate more usersin a limited allocated spectrum: The basic system characteristics are © Areadivided into Cells, each served by base station with lower power transmitter covers a few hundred metersin somecities. (© Each cell gets portion of total number of channels, neighboring cells assigned. different groups of channels in order to reduce the interference. © Multiple lower-power base stations that service mobile users within their coverage areaand handoff users toneighboring base stationsas users move. (0). The cellularAdvantage. ——SOSCSC~*~S~ higher Channel reuse > higher Capacity and + Lower power requirements for mobiles © Undesirable factors: Additional base stations, More frequent handofls and Greater chance of hot spots’ (iv). Cellular Hierarchy: [tis ereated in the cellular system based on the cell size, as shown in the below table, All type uses different radio link propagation & different technical cell design concept SLNo. [Gil Type | Cell diameter Operating Environment 1 |Pomtocele | =10 mis Personal Area network(PAN) 2 |Pieovells | =100mat Indoor environment 2 |Microcells | 100-1000mt: Outdoor to indoor and pedestrian 4 | Mactocells | >1000mtsto FewKms | Vehicular and high antenna environment 5 [Megacelis | Global coverage ‘Vehicular and high antenna en vironment Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 PagesWiceloss Communication: Unit $- Wireless Networ Architecture and Operation 3.2, CELL FUNDAMENTALS. (@ntroduetion: A Cells asmal geographic area within which each cellular base station Is allocated a group of radio channels. tobe used. One more look at an old viewgraph - The difference between the Sireular, the hexagonal cell shape, and one (of many) possible actual Set! shayes is 41 reular) ‘oF em shape. coll shape. ectual coll shapes As mentioned. cell shanes differ from the ideal (circular) shane. Propagate equally tn all directions ° The Footprint: The actual radio coverage of a cell and is determined from field ‘measurements or propagation prediction models. © Although Real footprint is formless in nature, a regular cell shape is needed for systematic system design, ©. Why circle cannot be usedl to represent the coverage area of a base station? because adjacent circles cannot be overlaid upon a map without leaving gaps or cresting verlapping regions. © Thus, when considering gecmetric shapes which cover an entire region without overlap and with equal area, there are three sensible choices: a square; an equilateral triangle; and a hexagon. (W).Why Hexagonal model? Figure 22 Use of hexagons ta represent cellular coverage © Acall must he designed to serve the weakest mobiles within the Footprint, and these are typically located at the edge of the cell For a given distance between the center of a polygon and its farthest perimeter polnts, he hexagon fus the oryest arewof the three. ‘+ By asingthe hexagon geometry, the fewest number of cellscan cover a geographic region ©The hexagan closely appraximates a circular radiation pattern which would occur For an Ommni-directional base station antenna and free space propagation. Prof SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICSTA S27 PagetWireless Communcation: Unit - Wireless Network Architecture and Operation (Hi). Reuse Number: © To gain the maximum reuse ofthe frequencies for a celular system, cells are arranged in clusters. ‘= To determine the minimum size clister that con be used itis necessary to calculate the Interference levels generated by the co-channel cells. © The reuse distance has been determined that relates cluster size N, cell radius Rand the reuse distance D. ©The frequency reuse distance can be calculated by: D=R(N)2 = Where Recell radius and N=rease pattern, + Values of N can only take on numbers aulated from the following expression: N=I24 4)+ wheret and j are integers. © Conclusion: IFN decreased. then reuse distance D decrease, but Capacity C, Network cost, Complenity, Handbff and Interference increase, iv) Relationship between cluster size (N) and reuse distance (D). Example 1: the cell ‘or mobile system cluster stze of 7, determine the frequency reuse distance if is five kilometers: Repeat the calculation for the cluster sizeof 4. Solution: ‘Typical AMPS system uses a Cluster size of N=7, The reuse distance for cellis Skm. Bet Alen Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Pages© Use tie expression N= P+ +/?, onecan shows that possible value for Nix 7. As shown in {ig 4-4, the hexagons (cells) are arranged with one hexagon in the centre of a cluster ‘and six other hexagons surrounding the middie hexagon, Adjacent clisters repeat the previous pattern The reuse distance is found from the following equation: (a) for N=7, wht D=R (81) =5(3°7)! = 5(21}7 = 5(4.5823) =22.913km, (2), For N=4, D = 5(3*4)}!2= 5(12]!2 = 5(3.464) = 17.32km. Hence a smaller cluster size results in smaller re-use distance, (v). Cellular Interference Issues (8/0) ‘© More complex calculation con yield the S/I ratio for a particular cluster size, N, ‘+ S/lratio gives an indication of the quality ofthe received signal ‘© Using simple mathematical modet for $l ratio calculations involving unidirectional cells yield the results tabulated in the table Below for several common values of N ‘+ Table below shows Signal tointerference (6/1) ratio for various cluster sizes, Cluster Size, N S/lratio 2 11308 + 1300s 7 1878 2 [ aaaaR ‘© Smaller cluster sizes will yield a lager possible subscriber ‘+ From above table, the trade-offis a lowered §/1 ratio and the corresponding decrease ia the racie link quality © The AMPS system cid-not yield usable voice quality racio links unless an S/l ratio exceeding 184 B was availabie ‘© This value of 5/1 was only possible for a cluster of size 7 and up. Therefore, the typical AMPS system was deployed with a cluster size of N=7. 3.3 CAPACITY EXPANSION TECHNIQUES (Jan-15,July-14, Dec-12, May 10-10M) © Celluiar capacity isa number ofusers ina cel ‘© The approaches to capacity expansion are either architecturally or technologically enabled, They are 1. Celt splitting Cell sectoring Overlaid Cells Channel attocation Other capacity expansion schemes © Lee's Microcell Technology 5. Smart Antenna Technology ©. Migration to Digital Technology Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICSTA S27 Pages41. Cellsplitting ©The process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller cells. (each with its own bas# station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter power) ‘= Cell splitting preserves the geometry of the architecture and therefore simply scales the geometry ofthe architecure © The increased number of cells would increase the number of clusters which in turn ‘would increase the number of channels reused, and capacity New Cells Fig: 34 Increase capacities by cel splitting ‘© Figure 3.4 shown assume that Cell A has become saturated and is unable to support its trafficload. Using cell splitting, sicnew simaller cells with approximately one-quarter the area of the larger cells ate Inserted lato the system around A in such a way as w be haliway between two co channel cells. These smaller cells will use the same channels as the corresponding pair of larget co channel cell ‘© Inorder that the overall system frequency reuse plan be preserved, the transmit power of these cells must be reduced by a factor of approximately 16 or 1268. ‘© As the splitting process moves toward completion the number of chanaels in the small cells will increase until eventually all the channels in the area are used by the lower: power group of cells anc the origina Cells A has had its power reduced ancl also joins the new smaller duster. ‘= As trafic increases in other areas of the system this process may be repeated over again, eventually the entire system will be resealed with smaller cells in the high-wafle areas and larger cells on the outskirts ofthe system or in areas of low trafficor low population density. = Conclusion: Cell spitting effectively increases system capacity by reducing the cell size and therefore reducing the frequency reuse distance thus permittingthe use of more channels, Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Page?Wireless Communcation: Unit - Wireless Network Architecture and Operation © Advantages: 9 Increases the system capac © Reducesthe cell size, frequency reuse distance. (© Increases the number ofchannels. © Disadvantages: © Co channel interference increases (© Difficult co acquire appropriately located cell shies (© Prolonged conversion process, ditferent cell size exists in the same area. © Noofbase station increases © Trunking efficiency decreases and Handoff process increases 2Sectoring ‘= Ieincrease capacity is to keep the cell radius unchanged and seek methods to decrease theD /Rratio, ‘© Uses directional antennas by replacing a single Omnidirectional antenna at the base station, Ie split the cell in to 3 new cells of 1200 apartas shawn in fig 3.5. L018 Catt Figure 3.5: Increasing capacity by cell sectoring ‘© Itprovides interference reduction, hence S/l ratio increases. ‘© [doesnot require new cell sites and additional antennas and triongular mounting only. + Demerits: Increased networksystem architecture complexity ‘© Lulustration of interference reduction due to cell sectoringas explained with fig 3.6 ‘© As shown in Figure 34 the sectoring of a cell resulte in a reduction in the amount of interference that the sector experiences from its @ channel neighbors in adjacent Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 PagesWireless Communcation: Unit - Wireless Network Architecture and Operation clusters and conversely the amount of interference that the sector supplies to its co channel neighbors. Fig 3.6: Interference reduction due to cel sectoring ‘© Before sectoring, fora cluster size of 7, a cell receives and gives interference to six cther nearest co channel cells in other clusters, Nov, ab shown by Figure for Cell AO, the ‘umber ofinterfering cells has been reduced to two (Al and A2). ‘© This resuks in a higher S/1 ratio for that sector and its companion secters in ether clusters, Table below tabulater these new values for a three-sector scheme for some common valies of cluster size, ‘Glustersize N ‘S/T Ratio in dB OF 1608 [85a 7 wa | @ 20.12 ‘+ Comparison Between Cell splitting and Cell Sectoring st Cell Splitting, Cell Sectoring rie an antenna technique to inerease lnprovement by essently rescaling the the system capacity system, Z| Bydecreasing the cell TE increase capacityis to keep the cell radiusRand keeping the co-channel reuse radius R unchanged and seek method ratio D/Runchanged, cell splitting increases | to decrease the D /R ratio the number of channels per uniearea, Herethe numberof handoffs decreases Here the number ofhandofls increases Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Pages@[eincrease in runking ficiency Tradecrease in runingeficlengy 3. Overlaid cells, Te was rst introduced in the section on call splitting. ‘+ This method can be used to expand the pacity of cellular systems in woways 1. Splitband analog systems. 2. Reduced cluster size systems 41. Overlaid cells in a split band system: A wideband analog system could be upgraded to Increase its capacity by overlaying and analog system with narrower bandwidth requirements over it. Which is shown in figure 3.7 In such a split band overlay system, channels are divided betweena larger macracel (using AMPS or TACS) and the overlaid microcel (using NAMPS or NTACS] thats contalned in its entirety within the macrocell Figure 3.7 Overlaid cellsin a split-band system The channels assigned to the macrocell are used to service users ia the area between the ‘microcells, and the channels assigned to the microcells service the microcells. With correct system design of two areas just mentioned will be equalin size. Thenet effect ofthis design is an increase in the total number of system channels since now the entire system bandwidth is allocated to both the original wideband system and newer, more eficent narrowband system. This type of system migration requires the use of dual-mode mobile stations 2, Overlald cells in a reduced cluster size system: Ik may be applied to GSM or NA-TDMA, systems. Asan example of this method, consider a system witha cluster size of N=4. On the top of this system, a cluster of overlaid celle is applied with a cluster size af 3 as shown ia Agure 3.8, Ifthe channels for the overlald cell duster are taken from the underlald cluster, the system capacity increases since the area needed for the overlaid system fer the overlay Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Page tosystem, the greater the increase in system capacity. This type of expansion allows operators, to migrate their systems using the same base station and mobile station equipment. Over 9 Pan Undead 412 Plan Pro: Anater Gros ofan Ova Figure 38 Overlaid cells in a reduced cluster size system 4. Channelallocation + Need for channel allocation to handle random traffic with different scenarios of activities that might cause the amount of traffic to change. They are + Trofficin each cellis dynamic: For example ‘© During the events like rock concerts and sporting events, the amount of traffic offered to cellular systenis can ebange drastically or short perlods on the scale of hours © Other events like golf toumaments or state fairs could change trafic intensity for aweekor longer. (© The business district of a metropolitan area may experience changing levels of tralfic over the course af workday. © The first scenario is so extraordinary that it is very difficult to desiga anything ia to the system to handle the extremely large increase in trafic offered to the system, In many stich eases, cellular providers wall ring in portable celular sites Gometimes Imown as “cells on wheels" or COWs) to handle the increased demand. © Anational celular service provider may have dozens of COWs that are deployed allover the country at any given time. © COWS are also deployed during natural disasters to restore disrupted communications, Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Paget© On the other hand, the traffic scenario within the business district aan be dealt with to some degree through channel allocation techniques. + Three main methods to achieve efficient channel allocation 1. Fixed channel scheme: The procedures of this scheme are (© Examines system wide traffic patterns over time. © Allocating additonal channels where needed to "fiae-uning” of che system, This means that instead of equally dividing up the channels over the cells, some cells will receive larger channel allocations than athers. (© Use very comples algorithms to determine the final allocatien of channels, and these allocations are periodically updated as a traflic usage database grows and new patterns fuse emerge and perindically update this process . Channel borrowing scheme: This scheme performs © high-traffic cel can borrow channels from low- RSS1=RSS2 and Hysteree A= Handel RSS1< Hysteresis and Thveshond RSS B RSST RSS Signal Fower Tiystereis as) Ny RSS Threshold A 1s Postion ‘Disance Figure 3.14 Typical handof algorithms using RSS measurements Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 927 PagesWiceless communeation: Units - WirelessNetworc Architecture ant Operation (i), Handoff management: © Cellular service provider engineers are continually fine tuning system handoff algorithms to improve system performance. © Measures of system performance might include + Callblocking and call dropping probability. ‘© Required time tocomplete a handoff, + System handoff rate, (iy). Typical ceitutar handoff operation (Jun-2011-10M) (© Handoff management requires the transmission of messages between various network elements to facilitate the handoff process. As depicted in figure 3.15 Steps involved in the operation: 1. Signal power levels being received by the current and handoff candidate radio BSs and the MSs are first relayed to the RBS and then tothe BSC. jated, a handoff message is sent to the mobile from the current RES that request the MS register with a 2. When these levels meet the criteria for a handoff, the-pracess is new RBS thats also klentified in the message SSA fe Compared to RSH +. | Mandott Aigocttim Decides ,_ | that Handover is Necessary ‘Due to Relative RSS Levels “roo MS Measurements - ‘Network Databases are Updated smequired Figure 3.15 Typical cellular handoff operations 1. When the mobile performs this task the MSC\VLR is updated to rellect the new mobile point of attachment and any other changed system parameters. Prof SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Pagezo2. the MSC\VLR most recently registered with is not the same as the last, then the new VLR must send an interrogation message to the home HLR to obtain the subscriber profileand authen ication information ‘The HLR responds over the $87 network with the authentication information. 4, Ifthe mobile is authenticated, then the RBS sends a message to the mobile assigning a new pair of traffic channels to the MS and the RBS for the continuation of a voice conversation, 5. The HLR database is updated so that kt knows where the mobile Is and the new VLR database adds the new mobile to it lst of subscriber terminals that are being serviced by the particular MSC/VLR. 6. As alastact the HLR sends a message to the old MSC/VLR to purge the mobile from its listof actively attached subscriber terminals. 7. Ad MSC/VLR that may have been placed in a temporary nctwork storage area should be jonally, any data packets that were intended for delivery to the MS from the old either deleted or redirected to the new MS access point, 3. 6. Power and Radio resources management 1. Power management (July-2014-10M, June-2013-10™1) © Transmission powers represent a key degree of freedom in the design of wireless networks, © Power management (fcludes Interference management, Energy management and Connectivity management, © We Iniow that cellular systems the use of many closely spaced low-power RBSs allows for frequency reuse and hence increased system capacity. At the same time, Interference also increases © Interference can reduce by use of power control algorithms forthe adjustment of the MS output power and RBS output power allow for nearly constant received signal strength at both the MS and RBS receivers. © Thic use of power control provides several system advantages: the amountof eo channel Interference (Cci) Is reduced. © The last advantage has additional ramifications in the reduction of battery requirements, Which translates ta longer time between charging and lighter and smaller mobile terminals © Types of power control Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Pagezt1. Open-loop power control "Depends solely on mobile unit # Nofeedhack from BS Notas accurate as closed-loop, but can react quicker to fluctuations in SS, 2. Closed-Loop power control ‘= Adjusts signal strength in reverse channel based on metric of performance BS makes power adjustment decision and communicates to mobile on control channel ‘© Power comtrolalgorithm: Design objectivesare Achieve SIR tolerance with good quality communications + Mustconstantly adjust to change in RSS caused by fading or mobility of MS ‘Usual Power control algorithm has 2 phases = Phose 1: MS registers with BSS, Determine minimum output power, Avoid possiblity ofa call drop ‘Phase f1; Additional measurements to reduce power, Output power of RBS is, adjusted, Use comple algorithms achieve maxims SIR forall radio links = Power saving schemes"** 1. Discontinuous transmission (DTX) + Transmit during speech only, Extra overhead need = Compensate low-power background during silence, Itisadopted by MS,TRC, BSC 2. Sleep mode + During no activity = RF dreuluy ispowered off = Pericdicalawakening 2. Energy efficient designs = Serulconductor technologies = Power efficient modulation schemes 1 Software/hardware design + DSP technology 2. Radio Resources Management (RRM) + It is the system level control of co-channel interference and other radio transmission characteristics n wireless communication systems + Twotypes of RRM 1. Static RRM: Involves manual ae well as computer aided fixed call planning or radio Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 PagezzNetwork planning, 2.Dynamic RRM: Adaptively adjust the radio network parameters to thettrafficload, user Positions, Quality of service requirements, ete. © Provide functional improvements for RF operation © Implement system power concrolto reduce interference © Maximize capadty fromabove concept © Bestavailable radio channel selection (Use wireless radio resource management scheme to enable handoff eperations, £7 Wireless network security (May-2010-4M) ‘= Security sues In Cellular Networks 41. Authentication, Integrity, Confidentiality, Access Control Operating Systems 2. Web Services, Location Detection, Viruses And Malware, Downloaded Contents 2, Device Security ‘= Network securlty: Techniques © Encryption ‘Scrambling using key, Use secret key algorithms, Prepared By: Prof.Surecha V, Professor, EiC Dept. KVGCE, Sullia. emai uresha.veetgmail.con. Celi No: 94485 24399.date:31-03-2015, Prof. SureshaV, Dept OFF&C E. KVGCE, Sulla, DICST4 S27 Pagezs