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Forced/Driven
Oscillations
An additional externally applied harmonic
force acts on the oscillator
d2x F0
Or, 2 0 x cos t
2
dt m
0 : Natural angular frequency
: Angular frequency of driving force
Example 1. Spring-mass system with
oscillating fixed point
X A cos t
F k(x X )
Equation of motion :
d 2x
2
0 ( x A cos t )
2
dt
d 2x
Or,
2
0 x 0 A cos t
2 2
dt
Or, d2 x
dt 2
0 x
2 F0
m
cos t F0 m 0 A
2
Example 2 Pendulum With Oscillating Point of
Suspension
X
O
X A cos t x
Balancing forces along y, T
m g T cos T x
y mg
The restoring force is :
Frest T sin mg
x X
Equation of motion :
d2 x
m 2
mg
x A cos t
dt
Or,
d2 x
0 x 0 A cos t
2 2
2
dt
Or,
d2 x
dt 2
0 x
2 F0
m
cos t F
0 m 0 A
2
Solving the Equation of Motion
d2x F0
2
0 x cos t
2
dt m
d2x
2
0x 0
2
dt
Theory of linear diff. equation :
d2x F0
2
0 x cos t
2
dt m
d 2z F0 j t
Complex form : 2
0 z
2
e
dt m
j t
Obvious guess : z (t ) A e
Putting this into the equation :
F0
A ( )
2
0
2
m
Or, F0
A
m (02 2 )
cos t A cos t
F0
x p.s
m (0 )
2 2
F0
A()
m(02 2 )
0
0
is phase difference
between F and x
0
(ii) Forced Oscillations with
Damping
Equation of Motion :
d2x dx F0
2
0 x cos t
2
dt dt m
d 2z dz F0 j t
2
0 z
2
e
dt dt m
To obtain a particular solution, the obvious
choice is :
j ( t )
z p.s (t ) A e
tan 2
1
2
0
F0 e j ( t )
z p.s
m ( )
2
0
2 2 2 2
x p.s Re ( z p.s )
F0 cos (t )
x p.s.
m (02 2 )2 2 2
A() cos ( t )
Most General Solution :
t
x(t ) B e 2
cos ( 't ) A( ) cos ( t )
Maximizing A w. r. t.
one gets
2 1/ 2
F0
m 0 2
k 2
m 0
()
tan 2
1
2
2 0
0
0 0
Point of suspension Point of suspension
and bob in phase and bob out of phase
Greater than l Shorter than l
Resonance in the presence of
damping
Assuming Q to be reasonably large :
F0 m
A()
( ) 2
(02 2 )2 0
Q2
A0 ( A0 A(0) F0 m02 )
2
0 1
2
0 0 Q
1/ 2
1 1
m 0 1 2
0 1 2
2Q 4Q
A 0Q
A m A(m ) 1/ 2
1
1 2
4Q
Q 30
Q 10
A()
Q5
Q3
Q 1
A0
0
Amplitude for increasing quality
Spectacular Effect of Resonance
T
f damp
x
y mg
dt dt
d2 x dx F0
Or, 2
0 x
2
cos t F0 m 02 0
dt dt m
b) At exact resonance, what is the amplitude
of motion of the bob of the pendulum
A 0Q
A m A(m ) 1/ 2
1
1 2
4Q
After n oscillations, the amplitude drops by a
factor :
n Q
e
50 Q 1 Q 50
F0
A0 0 1 mm
m0 2
Am A0Q 50 mm 15.7 cm
c) At what angular frequency, is the amplitude
half its resonance value?
A0 A 0Q
A()
0
2
1 2
2
0 0 Q
Putting x, the equation to be solved :
0
4
2 1
2
1 x 2
x x 2 (1 x )
2 2
x
2
Q Q Q2
Since x is expected to be extremely close to 1,
put : x 1
1 x 2 2
4 1
2 4 2
2
Q Q
3 3
Or, 5.5 103
2Q 100
0 1 0.0055 ; 0 10 3.16 s1
Prob. 4.6. Simple Seismograph as in figure below.
It consists of a mass m hung from a spring on a rigid
framework attached to the earth. The spring force
and damping force depend on displacement and
velocity relative to the earths surface, but the
dynamically significant acceleration is acceleration
of m relative to the fixed stars.
Ans :
Since y is defined w.r.t. the earths frame,
which is non-inertial, the forces are as shown.
: Fictitious
: Spring
y : Damping
d 2 dy
Ffict m 2 ; Fspring k y ; Fdamp b
dt dt
Eq. of Motion :
d2y dy d 2
m 2 b ky m 2
dt dt dt
b) Solve for y if C cos t
F0 cos (t )
y
m (02 2 ) 2 2 2
amax C 2
a max
A0 2 2.25 108 m
0
A0
A( )
2
0 1
2
0 0 Q
A( ) 22 nm
Transient Phenomena
In a driven oscillator, the motion in the
beginning is not quite simple harmonic. This
part of the motion is called the transients.
Afterwards, the motion settles to a SHM of a
frequency, that is equal to the driving
frequency.
Complete motion :
t
x(t ) B e 2
cos ( ' t ) A( ) cos ( t )
At resonance, 0 , 2 , A A0Q
t
x(t ) B e 2
cos (0 t ) A0Q sin 0t
t
x ( t ) A0Q 1 e 2 sin 0 t
x(t)
A 0Q
Transients
Steady State
Power Input to a Driven
Oscillator in the Steady
State
Instantaneous power input to the oscillator
by the driving force :
P Fv
F F0 cos t
dx
v A() sin( t )
dt
v 0 sin(t )
A 00
v 0 A()
2
0 1
2
0 Q
P( t ) F0 v 0 cos t sin( t )
b v2
b2A2 sin2 ( t )
b) Find the mean rate of doing work
against damping
Ans :
T
dW 2 1
b A sin 2 ( t ) dt
2
dt T0
1 2 2
b A
2
c) Substitute the value of A at any
arbitrary frequency and hence obtain the
expression for average P.
1 1
Ans: Pdrive F0 v 0 sin F0 A sin
2 2
Since tan 2
0 2
b
sin
m (02 2 )2 22
b A
F0
bF02 (2m 202 )
Pdrive
1 2 2
b A
2
2
1
0 2
0 Q
Power Resonance Curve
1 2 2 bF02 (2m 202 )
P() b A
2
2
1
0 2
0 Q
P is maximum at 0
bF02 Q 2 F02
Pm
2m 20
2
2b
Pm 1
P() 2 2
Q 1
0
2
0 Q
Width of Power Resonance Curve
(Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM))
P()
Pm
Pm 2
0
: FWHM
Finding FWHM
Pm
Equating P() to
2
1 1 1
2 2
2 Q 1
0
2
0 Q
2
0
Q
2
1
0
0 1
0 Q
Putting 1 , where 1
0
1 1 1
(1 )
1 Q 2Q
1
1
0 2Q
P()
0
Q
0
Q
0 2 0 0 2
P()
Q = 30
Q=5
Q=3
Q=1
0
Prob. 4.17 The graph
shows the mean power 10
P, watts
absorbed by an
oscillator when driven 5
by a force of constant
magnitude but variable 0.995 1 1.005
frequency. ( M Hz)
1 2 2 1
Pm b 0 A E0 where E0 m 0 A
2 2
2 2
0.01 10 s6 1
104 s1
Pm
E0 1.0 mJ
c) If the driving force is turned off, how long
does it take for the energy of the oscillator
to drop to E0 e1 ?
t
E( t ) E0 e
t 1 10 4 s
Line Width of Atomic Spectral Lines
P()
0
Q
V V0 cos t ~ R
d 2q dq q
L 2 R V0 cos t L
dt dt C
q( t ) q0 () cos(t )