Molymod

A. Purpose
Study the chemical bonding in compounds with molymod
B. Basic Theory
1. Definition of Style Intramolecular
Intramolecular force is the force that holds the atoms in a molecule . This style is divided
into two , namely :
Ion Bonds
Bonding that occurs as a result of the handover of electrons between atoms that
has a low ionization potential with atoms that have high electron affinity .
Covalent Bonds
Bonding that occurs as a result of the use of electron pairs together between the
atoms are bonded . The bonding generally occurs between nonmetallic elements .
2. Understanding of intermolecular forces
1. Non - ideal behavior of a gas
2. The existence of a condensed phase material.
Attractive forces between the molecules . This force is responsible for :
a. Dipole - dipole force
Forces acting on the polar molecules
b. Ion - dipole force
Force that occurs in an ion with polar molecules
c. Dispersion forces
Forces acting on the molecules of non polar
d. Hydrogen bonds
Type of dipole - dipole interaction between the hydrogen atoms are special in a
polar bonds , such as O - H or N - H with electronegative atoms , such as O , N or
F.
e. Metal bonding
Bonding that occurs between the metal atoms
3. Understanding Molecular
Molecule is an aggregate ( collection ) which consists of at least two atoms in a specific
arrangement that is bound together by chemical forces (also called chemical bonds ) . A
molecule can contain atoms of the same element or atoms of two or more elements are
joined in a certain ratio , in accordance with the laws of the comparison remains . Thus ,
a molecule does not have a definition based compounds are formed from two or more
atoms . Examples of hydrogen gas ( H2 ) is a pure element , but consists of molecules ,
each of which is formed from two atoms of H. In contrast , water ( H 2O ) is a
molecular compound containing two H atoms and one O atom
 Hydrogen molecule is denoted by H2 , called diatomic molecules as composed of two
atoms. A diatomic molecule can also be composed of two atoms of different elements .
For example hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) . Most of the molecules containing more than two
atoms . Atoms that can be derived from the same elements as ozone ( O3 ) , or can be a
combination of two or more elements such as H2O . Molecule which consists of more
than two elements are called polyatomic molecules .
Because it is too small to be observed directly , it is used to visualize molecular models
molecules . There are two standard types of molecules are commonly used , namely ball -
stick models and space - filled models .
4. Understanding Molecular Geometry
Molecular geometry is the three- dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule .
Some of the physical properties and chemical properties , such as melting point ,
boiling point , density , and type of molecular reactions that naturally influenced
by molecular geometry .
There are two common ways used to determine the molecular geometry , in
particular covalent compound .
1. Valence bond theory
2. VSEPR method
1. Valence bond theory
Valence bond theory assumes that the electrons in a molecule occupy atomic
orbitals individual.
Formation of bonding occurs due to overlap ( overlapping ) between the orbitals
of the valence shell of each individual atoms .

Lewis structure written by first determining the molecular structure of the

skeleton or rational enough to distinguish the central atom and the terminal atom
. Atom central atom is attached to two or more other atoms whereas the terminal
atom bonded to only one other atom . The water molecule has a central oxygen
atom and a hydrogen atom acts as a terminal atom after knowing the central
atom and the atoms then the next terminal is giving the valence electrons to the
Lewis formula obtained is also quite rational .

Lewis structures can be written by trial and error method to consider the
following :
a. The whole valence electrons must be written in the Lewis structure
b . In general, all the electrons in the Lewis structure pairs
c . In general, all the atoms achieve an octet configuration ( except duplet for
 hydrogen ) . Some of the irregularities atom octet rule .
d . Double or triple bonds can also be formed , generally to the elements
carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , phosphorus and sulfur
2. VSEPR method
VSEPR Theory ( Valence - Shell Electron -Pair Repulsion ) or it can also be said
TPEKV ( Reject Leather valence electron pair ) . VSEPR is a model that explains
the approach of the geometrical arrangement of electron pair around the central atom
as a result of repulsion between the free electron pair ( PEB ) . Valence shell is the
outermost shell of electrons in an atom occupied which is usually involved in the
bonding . Two general rules in the VSEPR theory , namely :
a. In relation to the electron pair repulsion , two and three double bonds can be
treated as a single bond . But in reality a double bond or three larger than a single
bond , because a higher density of the double bond in triplicate between two
atoms will require a larger space .
b. If a model has two or more atomic resonance structure , we can apply the
VSEPR models on each of the structure. Formal charge is usually not indicated .
Guidelines for using VSEPR Model
1 . Write the Lewis structure of a molecule .
2 . Calculate the total number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom .
3 . 2 and 3 double bonds , regarded as a single bond .
4 . In predicting bond angles , remember repel ps . e
free x ps . free e > ps . free e x ps . e bond > ps . e
ties x ps . e bond .
With this theory , we can predict the shape of molecules ( including ions)
systematically . For this purpose , the molecules were divided into two groups,
namely:
a. The model does not have a central atom free electron pair ( PEB ) . For more details ,
refer to the table below

Number of Geometry or Molecular Shape Formula Exampe

electron pairs l
2 Linear AX2 BeCl2

Bonding
pairs repel
each other one another, then the pair
is located at the opposite end of the
first straight line.

3 Planar triangle AX3 BCl3,

BF3
Is the most stable
structure with
equilateral
triangle corners, where the four
atoms lie in the same plane.

4 Tetrahedral AX4 CH4

Has four sides or
faces of which are in
the form of an
equilateral triangle.

5 Bipiramida Triangle AX5 PCl5

The atoms are
located above and
below the plane of
the triangle occupies the axial
position and the areas of triangles
occupy equatorial positions.

6 Oktahedral AX6 SF6

All atoms have a

terminal 900 to
another corner.
 b. Model the central atom has one or more free electron pair (PEB).
To facilitate viewing the total number of PEI and PEN, the general formula is given as
follows:

MXxEy
Where:

M = atomic center
X = atom terminal
E = PEB on M
x = number of terminal atoms (2, 3, ...)
y = number of PEB on the central atom (1, 2, 3, ...)

Atom has a lone pair center

Number Number Number Molecules Notation Exampel

of of PEI of PEB Form VSEPR
electron
pairs

3 2 1 Elbow MX2E SO2

4 3 1 Triangular MX3E NH3

Pyramid

4 2 2 Elbow MX2E2 H2O

5 4 1 Irregular MX4E SF4, XeO2F2

 tetrahedral

5 3 2 Form T MX3E2 ClF3

5 2 3 Linear MX2E3 XeF2

6 5 1 Quadrilateral MX5E BrF5

Pyramid

6 4 2 Planar MX4E2 XeF4

Quadrilateral

C. Equipment and Materials

1. A set of molymod
A set of molecular models Alya and Bacon consisting of:
Colored Balls Atom symbol
Black Carbon (C)

White Hydrogen (H)

Red Oxygen (O)

Blue Nitrogen (N)

Yellow Sulfur (S)

Grey Bromine (Br)

Colored Binder Coat bond

White Single bond (bond model of a space
filler)
Short Grey Single bonds (bonds between carbon
atoms)
Long Grey double bonds
D. How it Works
1. Prepare a set of molecular models (molymod).

2. Open the box and open molymod user guide.

3. Guanakan guide to make a series of these molecules.

E. Observations

No Formula Picture
1 N2

2 C2H4

3 CBr4
4 H2S

5 H3PO4

6 BH3

7 H3PO3
8 H2

9 HNO2

10 HNO3

11 NaCl
12 C6H6

13 C2H2

14 BeCl2

15 CO2
16 H2S

17 HF

18 Al3Cl

19 NH3
20 C6H12O6

21 C2H6

22 H2O

23 O3
24 O2

25 CaO

26 H2SO4

27 H2CO3
 28 CH4

29 H2CrO4

30 C12H22O11

F. Discussion

a. HCl
Lewis structure of HCl :

Configuration of Cl : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

1 atom H :
 Bond formed between H and Cl atoms are covalent bonds, as occurs with the use of
electron pairs. Based on the hybrid orbitals HCl molecule has sp hybridization so that the
geometry of HCl is linear. So the bond angle formed is 180o. HCl in liquid form will break
down into H + and Cl-.
Bonding that occurs in HCl is polar covalent bond because it occurs as a result of the
use of bonding electron pairs shared between atoms that bind to different types of bonding
HCl. Polar bond in HCl occurs because of differences in electronegativity bonded atoms. Cl
electronegativity electronegativity greater than H, this causes the Cl atom attract the electron
pair is more powerful than the atomic H. This will then lead to the negative pole on the
negative pole on the Cl and H, or form a dipole.
Molecular Shape Figure :

b. BeCl2
Configuration of Be : 1s2 2s2

2 atom C :

hybridization : s p

Bond formed is an ionic bond, resulting in electron handover. Be the valence electrons will
be attracted to the Cl atom, because it is more electronegative Cl atom. BeCl2 molecular
hybridization is sp. So the bond angle formed is 180o and the molecule is linear gometri.

Molecular Shape Figure:

c. CH4
Lewis structure of CH4 :

Electron configuration of C : 1s2 2s2 2p2

 4 atom H :

Hybridization : s p3

CH4 with sp3 hybridization has tetrahedral geometry / tetrahedral. With the C-H bond
angle of 109,5o.
Bonding that occurs in CH4 is non polar covalent bond. Since there is no free electron
pair (PEB) so formed is symmetrical molecule, where the electron pairs are used equally as
strong interest to all of the atoms that form the same angle is 109,50 with a tetrahedral
molecular shape. Image forms of molecules:

d. NH3
o NH3 :
Lewis structure :

Electron configuration of N : 1s2 2s2 2p3

3 atom H :

Hybridization : s p3 ,
NH3 has sp3 hybridization, when viewed from hibridisasinya is equal to the hybridization of
CH4, but the difference between the two molecules of the stretcher is on NH3 are 1 PEB, so
large bond angle would be smaller 109,5o. NH3 is pyramidal geometry with a large angle
107,3o.
Bonding that occurs in NH3 is a polar covalent bond because there is a PEB NH3. The
PEB leads to changes in bond angles and changes in molecular shape. PEB on the central N
atom H atom pressing down. This is caused by the force of repulsion experienced by the PEB
with H atoms, where the force of repulsion between the atoms H PEB larger than the
repulsive force between the H atom with atomic H. Forming a pyramid with a triangular
molecule bond angle in 1070. Image forms of molecules :

e. H2O

Electron configuration of O : 1s2 2s2 2p4

2 atom H :
Hybridization: s p 3
Similarly, NH3, H2O geometry is derived from the tetrahedral, the H2O there are 2 PEB iktan
so it will have a smaller angle of NH3 which is equal to 104,9o with curved shapes or letters
V.
Bond is polar covalent bond occurs because there are two PEB. PEB is causing
changes in bond angles and changes in molecular shape. PEB on the central N atom H atom
presses, because repulsion between PEB by PEB very strong. While the repulsive force
between the PEB with weaker H atom, and the repulsive force between the H atom with the
H atom is weak, so that the distance between the closest H atom. H2O molecule forms are
bend or V shape with a bond angle of 1040.
Bond angles are owned by different CH4 NH3 and H2O, because the molecule has a
number of third PEB is different. So, most of the bond angles is the bond angle in CH4 and
the smallest bond angle is the angle at H2O bond. Can also be written bond angles CH4> NH3
bond angles> H2O bond angle of 109,50> 1070> 1040.
Molecular Shape Figure:

G. Conclusion
1. To predict the geometry of a molecule in a systematic way, we can
use VSEPR theory is divided into two categories :
 a) molecules that have a central atom with no lone pairs (PEB)
b) have a central atom molecules PEB
2. Atoms form a molecule that has a center without PEB there are 5
forms, namely :
a) Linear form with the formula AB2
b) Planar triangular shape with the formula AB3
c) Tetrahedral shape with the formula AB4
d) Triangular bipiramida shape with the formula AB5
e) octahedral shape with the formula AB6
3. Molecules that form the central atom has no PEB 8 form, namely :
a) V shape or bend
b) Triangular pyramid shape
c) Irregular tetrahedral shape
d) T form
e) Linear form
f) A square pyramid
g) A square planar
4. Changes in bond angles and shapes of molecules caused by the PEB which causes
repulsion between electrons of different.
5. The magnitude of the repulsive force between the electron pairs :
Repulsion between PEB vs PEB> repulsion between PEB vs PEI> repulsion between
PEI vs PEI
6. On the molecular structure of cyclohexane, there are two positions, namely :
a. axial position : position of the atoms are located above and below the plane of the
triangle.
b. equatorial position: position of the atoms that lie in the triangle.
7. Belonging to the benzene aromatic compound having the molecular formula C6H6.
In the preparation of benzene using a central trigonal atom. Circle in which six
showed delocalization of electrons in the p orbitals are mutually cored.

H. Review of Literature
http://www.scribd.com/doc/56776608/Laporan-Praktikum-Ikatan-
Molekul#download
https://www.google.com/search?
q=O3&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=vchrUuedB8eQrQe27oGQCA&ved=
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c=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=TS3x7w195a1VEM%3A%3B0aTJna0KmWEtUM
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ep_18536003-Chromic-acid-H2CrO4-molecule-chemical-structure.-Chromic-
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oDgDA&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:9,s:0,i:105&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=189&tbnw
=183&start=0&ndsp=22&tx=115&ty=55&biw=1366&bih=674