Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Loads on Buildings
Load Types
1
Load Path
Chin, BCI
Gravity Loads
Gravity Loads
Static Loads
Chin, BCI
2
Lateral Loads
Lateral Loads
Earth Pressure
Water Pressure
Blast and Impact Loads
Primarily horizontal
Also exert an upward force on flat and low-
slope roofs
Loads are resisted by
Anchorage to foundation
Wind bracing elements (stiffening elements)
Wind loads
Chin, BCI
3
Seismic Loads
deformation due to ground movement
Earthquake Wind
Acts on building & its Acts on building
contents enclosure
Stresses in a cable
4
Tensile failure -
elongation & necking provide warning before failure
5
Ductile materials
6
Brittle materials
Malleable materials
Elastic material
7
Plastic (inelastic) material
Elastic-plastic materials
Steel
Aluminum
Bending
8
Stress distribution on small length of beam
Structural efficiency
Structural efficiency
The I-section in wood & concrete
9
Strategies for improving structural efficiency
Steel
reinforcing in concrete increases bending strength
Shear stress
10
Buckling failure
Lateral
buckling
Types of Structures
Frame
Bearing Wall
Other
Composite
11
Stone: brittle, weak in tension, short spans
Frame Structure
12
John Hancock
Center, Chicago
13
Bearing Wall Structure
Load-bearing Elements
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL
Columns Beam
Walls Truss
Arch
Catenary (cable
or fabric)
Beam
14
Compressive and tensile stresses in a
wood truss
Material Span
Truss
Wood & Steel > 100’
15
Arch
Material Span
Masonry & 600’ - 800’
Concrete
Evolution
of the Arch
16
Allen.HBW.
100 meter glulam arch span. Sugar Storage Facility, Osawa, Japan
17
18
Tensile and compressive stresses in a
suspension bridge
19
Other types of structures
20
Surface Structure
21
Folded Plate: steel frame with concrete panel. Neues Tempodrom, Berlin
22
BUILDING DETECTIVE 101
23
24