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Abstract
A model for the prediction of the efficiency of axial flow steam turbine stage is described, where the flow through
turbine cascade is considered non-homogeneous and metastable. At the exit an oblique shock brings it to equilibrium.
The losses in the cascade are expressed according to Dunham and Came (Trans. ASME (1970)) and Kacker and
Okapuu (J. Eng. Power (1982)) which is imprivemente of Ainley and Mathieson (1951) method. Two phase flow
frictional multiplier is used as a correction factor for pressure coefficient. The model is compared with data of
performance evaluation of large steam turbines of PWR power plants and results shows a good agreement. 2002
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
0029-5493/02/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 2 9 - 5 4 9 3 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 0 2 8 - 6
114 W.S. Bassel, A.V. Gomes / Nuclear Engineering and Design 216 (2002) 113119
1 x2
mug2 x2 +
S2
V 2g2
(CL cos im CD sin im )chmzg2
2
1 x1
= mug1 x1 + . (3)
S1
Equation of conservation of energy:
V 2g2
x2
1x2
2
+ H2 =
V 2g1x1
1x1 + H 1,
2 S2 2 S 21
(4)
H2 = x2Hg2 + (1 x2)Hl2, (5)
V =6 +u ,
2
g2
2
g2
2
g2 (6)
Fig. 1.
mean flow angle im :
tan im =
1 ug1 ug2
+ .
(7)
2 6g1 6g2
The exit flow angle i2:
2. Governing physical equations
ug2
tan i2 = . (7a)
Fig. 1 shows steam turbine blade terminology 6g2
used in this work. The governing physical equa- The inlet flow angle i1:
tions which describes the flow for fixed and mov-
ing blades are the conservation equations of mass, ug1
tan i1 = . (7b)
momentum and energy, pressure loss coefficient 6g1
and equation of state. Equation of conservation The pressure loss coefficient Ybifasic is defined by,
of mass:
6g2sh2 h2zg2 +
(1 h2)zl2 Ytwo phase =
p1 + (1/2)zg1V 21 (p2 + (1/2)zg2V 22)
(1/2)zg2V 22
,
S2 (8)
(1h1)zl1
= 6g1sh1 h1zg1 + . (1) where
S1
Ytwo phase = Y, (8a)
Equation of conservation of momentum in axial
direction: where is the two phase frictional multiplier, and
p2sh2 +m6g2 x2 +
1 x2 Y= Yp + Ysec + Ytet + Ytc. (8-b)
S2
Yp is the profile loss coefficient, Ysec secondary
V2 loss coefficient, Ytet trailing edge coefficient and
+ (CLsin im + CDcos im )chmzg2 g2
2 Ytc tip clearance coefficient. These coefficients are
1 x1 determined according to Dunham and Came
=p1sh1 +m6g1 x1 + , (2) (1970), Kacker and Okapuu (1982).
S1
The two phase frictional multiplier is the
where hm = (h1 +h2)/2. ratio of the two phase pressure drop estimated by
Equation of conservation of momentum in tan- Friedel correlation to vapor phase pressure drop
gential direction: estimated at blade inlet.
W.S. Bassel, A.V. Gomes / Nuclear Engineering and Design 216 (2002) 113119 115
The equations of state, enthalpy and entropy in between as the two phases and no formation of
metastable state are estimated by curve fitness new liquid drops it can be assumed:
from data of Keenen and Keys steam table as
x2 = x1,
follows.Equation of state:
Hl2 = Hl1,
p2
= 1+zg2B(T) + z 2g2C(T), (9) zl2 = zl1,
zg2RT2
il2 $ il1.
B(T)
The solution of non-linear system of algebraic
= 0.076898+0.074717 103/T2 0.020749
equations from Eq. (1) to Eq. (14) gives the
106/T 22, (9a) numerical values of the following variables:
C(T)= 0.0017310.000834 103/T2, (9b) (6g2, ug2, Vg2, p2, T2, zg2, CL, CD, Hg2, H2, ig2, i2, S2,
h2).
where p is the pressure in Pa; z, density in kg
m 3; T, temperature in K; R, gas constant for The flow, after exit plane of the blade, suffers
steam, equal 461.5 J kg 1 K. from obstacle represented by the subsequent blade
The enthalpy in kJ kg 1 is: row, due to this it is assumed that an oblique
shock is established in plane parallel to exit blade
!
Hg2 =H0
plane transforming the flow to stable equilibrium
RT2 dB(T) conditions.
+ z (B(T) T2)
1000 g2
"
dT The governing physical equations for the equi-
librium shock are: the tangential velocities, rela-
dC(T)
+z 2g2(C(T) 12T2) , (10) tive to the shock plane, before and after the shock
dT are equal.
H0 = 2369.1311.231567 T2 +0.008379 T 22
ugs = ug2, (15)
0.000007455 T 32. (10a)
conservation of mass:
The entropy in kJ kg 1 K is:
ig2 = io +
R !
p
ln 25 +T2zg2
dB(T)
+ 2zg2B(T)2
mgs + mls = m,
mls = 6gs(1hs)sh2zls/Ss,
(16)
(17)
"
1000 10 dT
mgs = 6gshssh2zgs. (18)
dC(T)
2zg2C(T)+2zg2T2 , (11)
dT Equation of conservation of momentum:
io = 4.927682+0.007063 T2 +0.000001462 T 22 pssh2 + mgs6gs + mls6gs/Ss
7.28440110 9 T 32, (11a) = p2sh2 + mg26g2 + ml26g2/S2. (19)
i2 = x2 ig2 +(1x2)il2, (12) Equation of conservation of energy
the slip ratio S2 is given as 6 2gs 62
mgs Hgs + + mls Hls + gs2
0.33 2 2S s
S2 = (zl2/zg2) , (13)
6 2g2 6 2g2
and void fraction h2 is given as: = mg2 Hg2 + + ml2 Hl2 + 2 . (20)
2 2S 2
1
h2 = . (14) The equations from Eq. (16) to Eq. (20) joint
1+((1 x2)/x2)(zg2/zl2S2)
with the seven equations of pressure as a function
In the above system of equations the inlet flow of temperature, and density, enthalpy and entropy
velocity and all the thermodynamic properties are of liquid and vapor phase as a function of temper-
known. Considering that there is no heat transfer ature too, in thermodynamic equilibrium state,
116 W.S. Bassel, A.V. Gomes / Nuclear Engineering and Design 216 (2002) 113119
Table 1 Table 3
Characteristics of turbine stage illustrative example Exit flow conditions of fixed blades
Description Fixed blade Moving blade Exit conditions before shock plane
Frictional two phase flow multiplication 1.4
Spacing (s, mm) 29.6 49.4 factor ()
Cord (c, mm) 51 90 Two phase flow pressure drop coefficient 0.1228
Inlet blade height (h1, 182 208 (Ytwo phase)
mm) Exit axial velocity (62, m s1) 80.9
Exit blade height (h2, 195 235 Exit tangential velocity (u2, m s1) 261.92
mm) Exit velocity (V2, m s1) 274.13
Main radius (mm) 1405 1419 Exit static pressure (p2, bar) 1.9492
Exit flow angle () 73 73.3 Static temperature (T2, C) 107.55
Number of blades 298 180 Vapor phase density (zg2, kg m3) 1.141
Velocity at mean radius 264.82 Lift coefficient (CL) 0.6786
(m s1) Drag coefficient (CD) 0.0395
Type Unshrouded Vapor phase enthalpy (Hg2, kJ kg1) 2680.15
Mixture enthalpy (H2, kJ kg1) 2629.75
Vapor phase entropy (ig2, kJ kg1 C) 7.07014
Mixture entropy (i2, kJ kg1 C) 6.94178
Slip ratio (S2) 9.1548
forms a system of non-linear algebraic equations, Void fraction (h2) 0.99973
where the solution gives
Conditions after shock plane
(mgs, mls, hs, 6gs, ps, Ts, Hgs, Hls, zgs, zls, igs, ils).
Vapor phase mass rate of flow (mgs, kg 0.521873
The work done is given by the equation: s1)
Liquid phase mass rate of flow (mls, kg 0.01856
W= U DF, (21) s1)
Steam quality (xs) 0.96565
where U is mean radius speed, DF is the change of Void fraction (hs) 0.999615
the tangencial momentum of the moving blade, Slip ratio (Ss) 9.27
based on absolute velocity, that is given by the Vapor phase axial velocity (6gs, m s1) 82.029
equation: Static pressure (ps, bar) 1.9498
Static temperature (Ts, C) 119.38
Vapor phase enthalpy (Hgs, kJ kg1) 2705.43
Liquid phase enthalpy (Hls, kJ kg1) 501.024
Vapor phase density (zgs, kg m3) 1.1017
Table 2 Liquid phase density (zls, kg m3) 943.3
Inlet flow conditions Vapor phase entropy (igs, kJ kg1 C) 7.13657
Liquid phase entropy (ils, kJ kg1 C) 1.52089
Mass flow rate (m, kg s1) 161.05 Mixture entropy (is, kJ kg1 C) 6.94368
Static pressure (p1, bar) 2.393
Steam quality (x1) 0.9766
Vapor phase enthalpy (Hg1, kg kg1) 2714.93
Liquid phase enthalpy (Hl1, kJ kg1)
Mixture enthalpy (kJ kg1)
Vapor phase entropy (ig1, kJ kg1 K)
529.13
2663.78
7.0678
DF = x2(ug2 U)+ (1 x2)
ug2
U
n
S2 moving
Liquid phase entropy (il1, kJ kg1 K)
Mixture entropy (i1, kJ kg1 K)
Vapor phase density (kg m3)
1.5918
6.9395
1.3347
u
+ xs ugs + (1 xs) gs
n . (22)
Liquid phase density (kg m3) 937.9
Ss fixed
Mixture density (m3 kg1) 1.3666 The dynamic enthalpy drop is given by:
Inlet axial velocity (61, m s1) 73.37
Inlet tangential velocity (u1, m s1) 9 DHdynamic = DHstatic + KEinlet KEexit, (23)
Slip ratio (S1) 8.69
Void fraction (h1) 0.9997 where DHdynamic is the dynamic enthalpy drop,
DHstatic is the static enthalpy drop, KEinlet is the
W.S. Bassel, A.V. Gomes / Nuclear Engineering and Design 216 (2002) 113119 117
Table 6 Table 7
Comparison between metastable and homogeneous equi- Comparison between metastable and homogeneous equi-
librium models (case 2) librium models (case 3)
Inlet pressure (bar) 2.393 2.393 Inlet pressure (bar) 0.2017 0.2017
Inlet steam quality 97.65 97.65 Inlet steam quality 0.922 0.922
(%) (%)
Two phase frictional 1.4 Not applicable Two phase frictional 1.24 Not applicable
multiplier for stator multiplier for stator
Pressure loss 0.12228 0.08709 Pressure loss 0.281 0.227
coefficient Y for coefficient Y for
stator stator
Two phase frictional 1.47 Not applicable Two phase frictional 1.24 Not applicable
multiplier for rotor multiplier for rotor
Pressure loss 0.25463 0.1732 Pressure loss 0.285 0.255
coefficient Y for coefficient Y for
rotor rotor
Exit stage pressure 1.5173 1.64 Exit stage pressure 0.077 Note 2
(bar) (bar)
Exit stage steam 95.46 95.66 Exit stage steam 88.5 Note 2
quality (%) quality (%)
Stage efficiency (%) 88.5% Near 100% Stage efficiency (%) 0.778 note 1 Note 2
Stage efficiency after Not applicable 97.34 Stage efficiency after Not applicable Note 2
correction correction
Estimated stage 86.3 Estimated stage 0.71
efficiency from heat efficiency from heat
balance balance