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Abstract-- To design a safe substation grounding grid, it is Different methods have been introduced to achieve the
necessary to compute the split factor for earth fault current, and
above mentioned results [1-8].
also current distribution in other possible paths. In this paper, a Some of these methods have been made different
novel, simple and accurate method is developed for the approximations and simplifications [1-5], while the others
determination of split factor. In the proposed algorithm have been recorded as analytical methods [6-8]. In general,
grounding grid impedance of adjacent substations, nonsimilar
tower footing resistances and parallel circuits, more than one the ability of methods to consider the contribution of the
earth wires and different spans in transmission lines can be following parameters, in a simple way, may be proposed as
considered. Finally, the results are compared with the others appropriate criteria for evaluating their performances:
which show good agreement and accuracy. -Mutual inductances between phase conductors and earth
wires
Index Terms-- Split factor, Earth fault current, Touch and -Different spans in incoming/outgoing overhead lines
Step voltages, Grounding grid design, HV Substations. -Different tower footing resistances
-More than one earth wire
I. INTRODUCTION -Grounding grid of adjacent substations
THIE earth fault currents in power system may be circulated -Large and complicated power system
through transmission line earth wires, tower footing It may be stated that none of the methods presented yet,
resistance, substations grounding grid and phase conductors can include all of the above mentioned parameters. In this
connected to faulted point as is shown in Fig. 1. paper, a novel, simple and accurate method is developed for
To design a safe substation grounding grid and preventing determination of split factor, where all the above-mentioned
any overdesign, it is of prime importance to compute correctly parameters are considered. The results for a case study from
the split factor of earth fault and also current distribution in Iran Grid Power are given and compared with some previous
other possible paths by modeling overhead lines and adjacent methods and the accuracy ofthis method is shown.
substation grounding grids.
II. MAIN PARAMETERS IN THE MODEL
Faulted A network containing two substations and a transmission
line in between are shown in Fig.2. To determine split factor
for an earth fault, different components of the mentioned
Adjacentl
substationllR Adjacent network should be modeled as in the following:
jJ substation a. Faulted phase conductor is modeled by self impedance
of phase conductor and current source (Ir) which the latter is
~~~~~~~~~~........... calculated from short circuit program in power system.
|Rg
b. The earth wire(s) and tower footing resistance can be
Substation under: represented by a ladder network of impedance and
consideration resistances, as in Fig.3, where the impedance Zsk is the self
........................................
impedance of kth span of earth wire, and RTk is the footing
resistance of kth tower. Zsk is computed by the following
Fig. 1. The power network configuration equation:
z Zg (1)
S
S .Mohammad Shahrtash is assistant professor with Department of Electrical
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) and Director of where Isk is the length of line spans in (m), and Zg is the self
Relay Laboratory, (e-mail: shahrtashgiust.ac.ir). impedance of the earth wire (Q/m) which is calculated by:
Nabiollah Ramezani is phD student with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) and researcher
of Relay Laboratory (e-mail: n ramezanigiust.ac.ir).
1-4244-0111-9/06/$20.00c02006 IEEE.
Z= r +4.935x 10-5 + j14.47x1051og10 e (2)
De is equivalent depth of earth return (m) that is determined
by:
Ze-* V, RT1 RT2 R T1 RTnV Adjacent
De = 93.1117p (3)
and rg is the resistance of the earth wire (Q/m), GMR, the Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of earth wire(s) and towers
geometric mean radius of earth wire (m) and p the earth The overall transfer function can be constructed according
resistivity (Q.m). to the transmission matrix for one two-port module of the
Also, the mutual impedance (Q/m) between each span of ladder network as in Fig.4.
the earth wire(s) and the faulted phase conductor must be
included in the model by the following relation: I.
____I_Zsi * IJ+1
Zgm = 4.935 x 10-5 + j14.47 x 10-5 log10 ( e
) (4)
where, GMDSep is geometric mean distance between earth V+ RTj Vj+I
wire and phase conductor in (m).
c. Grounding grid of the substation under consideration is
modeled with a resistance, Rg. Fig.4. Equivalent circuit of one span and tower
d. Adjacent substations grounding grid are modeled with
resistances, Rgk In Fig.4, the transmission matrix can be introduced as:
Z.I (6)
t =1+ t Z I tj3 =
,tj4 =
$1j -PIT
Consequently, the following relation can be used to find
the input impedance of the ladder network.
consideration
Fig.2. Accurate model for the network conmected to faulted point
TIFT T12 FV V1
(7)
It is not necessary to mention that the fault current ( IG)
while Ze = M/11
is calculated through short circuit study of power system.
B. Including adjacent substations grounding grid
III. THE PROPOSED METHOD In this stage, the adjacent substation grounding grid is
In the proposed method, the mutual coupling between the considered as in Fig.5, where Jr is the current through the
earth wires and phase conductors are waived in the first step faulted phase conductor, and 12 is the part of fault current
and the equivalent circuit of earth wires, tower footing through earth wire.
resistances and adjacent substations grounding grid are
determined. Then with compensating the effect of those I1 *
Equivalent
circuit of earth
12
10
mutual impedances, the fault current distribution among the a wire and towers
grounding grid of the substation under consideration and
other components of power system are obtained.
Step by step implementation of this method is as the Adjacent
following: equivalent c tRg Ir
substation
also towers footing resistance (RT) may be different. Fig.5.Combining adjacent substation grounding grid effiect with the
equivalent circuit
D. Computing split factor
The Thevenin's equivalent circuit, seen between "a" and According to Fig.8, the mesh equations can be realized
"b" in Fig.5, may be introduced by the following equations and introduced in matrix form as following:
and is shown in Fig.6.
FL) L) kl)hi lRg(IG-
Ze I (Zs + RgI) + T2 (8) FR t-4 rel
z a'R ... R
ag lr T -1
lII
I"
i=1
)
i=l _
ke Ir
where Ij is the part of fault current through jth earth wire.
Consequently, split factor (Sf) in substation under
consideration, is obtained by:
n
I (Iri Ij.)
IC=9 I1
j.=1 (12)
G
0.15
0.1
0.92 ! New method
0.05
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Rgl(Ohm)
Fig. 10. Comparison between the proposed method and [7] for case study
LS New method]\
The results of this method are compared with the others
and showed good agreement for comparable cases.
VII. APPENDIX
VIII. REFERENCES
[l].L.MPopovic, "Efficient Reduction of Fault Current
Through the Grounding Grid ofSubstation Supplied by Cable
Line" IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol.15, No.2, April
2000.
[2]. Hans R.Seedher and etal, " A Practical Approach for
Computation of Grid Current", IEEE Trans. on Power
Delivery, Vol.14, No.3, July 1999.
[3]. L.MPopovic, " Practical Method for Evaluating Ground
Fault Current Distribution in Station, Towers and Ground
Wire" IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol.13, No.1,
January 1998.
[4]. L.MPopovic, " Practical Method for Evaluating Ground
Fault Current Distribution in Station Supplied by An
Unhomogeneous Line " IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery,
Vol. 12, No.2, April 1997.
[5]. J.MNahman, " Proximity Effects on the Ground Fault
Current Distribution within the Earthing System Formed by a
Substation and the Associated Transmission Lines " IEE
Proceedings, Vol. 135, No.6, November 1988.
[6]. A.P.Meliopoulos, and etal, " Computation of Maximum
Earth Current in Substation Switchyards" IEEE Trans. On
Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-102, No.9,
September. 1983.
[7]. F.Dawalibi," Ground Fault Current Distribution
Between Apparatus and System", Vol. PAS-99, No.2,
March/April 1980.
[8]. R.Verma, D.Mukhedkar," Ground Fault Current
Distribution Substation, Towers and Systems" Vol. PAS-98,
No.3, May/June 1979.
[9]. ANSI/ IEEE Std 80-1986, "IEEE Grounding for Safety in
AC Substation Grounding".