-.......................................................................

2
.................................................................................................................. 3
.................................................................................................................. 3
................................................................................................. 3
.................................................................................... 5
() ........................................................................................... 5
() ........................................................................................... 5
(approach) ....................................................................................... 7
............................................................................................................. 8
............................................................................................................. 8
............................................................................................................. 9
............................................................................................... 10
....................................................................................................... 10
.................................................................................. 10
....................................................................................................... 13
() ...................................................................................................... 13
() .............................................................................................................. 13
() ......................................................................................... 13
() .............................................................................................................. 13
() .............................................................................................................. 14
() ............................................................................. 14
().................................................................................................. 15
.................................................................................. 16
() ......................................................................................... 16
() ................................................................................. 17
................................................................................................... 17
................................................................................................................ 17
................................................................................................................ 19
.................................................................................................................................... 21
().............................................................................................................................. 21
............................................................................................................................................. 23
()............................................................ 23
(2002)---(
) ........................................................................................................................................ 33
1

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 (2004)() ................... 34
(2004)--
() ................................................................................................. 36
(2005)
() ..................................................................................................... 36

SNG






(Cunningham, 1993)




(Atweh, Kemmis, & Weeks, 1998)

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(,1999)
(action research) 1940 Kurt Lewin Stephen M. Corey
(,1991;
,1999;,1998; Atweh,Kemmis, & Weeks,1998)

1 (
Lewin(1947)
);2 ;3 (,2000b)
Elliott(1991,p7)

Kemmis McTaggart(1988,p5) : ,
,,
Stringer(1996,p4):,
,,,,\
(2000)

(practitioner action-research)

(interactive R & D)( McKernan,1991)(action

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 inquiry)(reflective practice)(action science)(Argyris &
Schon,1978) (action learning) (collaborative inquiry)

(cooperative inquiry)(Reason,1988)(participatory
research)(Kemmis&McTaggart, 1982)(classroom action
research)(Denzin & Lincoln,1998)

1. (interactive R & D)R research ; D development

2. (action inquiry)
Holter Schwartz-Barcott(1993)
(1)
;(2);(3);(4)(
,1996)
3. (reflective practice)(self reflection)
(educational action) Elliott

4. (action science)(praxis)

(social justice)Argyris Schon
(the theory of action)

5. (action learning): Reg Revans

---()


6. (collaborative inquiry)
1976 (Ford
Teaching Project)



7. (cooperative inquiry):
;

8. (participatory research):PR


4

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 9. (classroom action research):

()

(,1998)

J.CollierK.Lewin
S.M.Corey 50 60
L.StenhouseJ.ElliottW.F.Carr S.Grundy
S.Kemmis

(McTaggart,1997;,2000a) 80

50 60
(technical action research)(Kemmis McTaggart,1982); 60 70
--(teacher as researcher)
(practical action research);
(emancipatory action research)
(Mckernan,1991b)

()

J.Collier 1945

(,1998)
5

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 Collier (change)
(root-grassed)
(social planning)(,1998)
K.Lewin Collier
(Iowa Child Welfare Station)


(McTaggart,1997)Lewin Collier
Lewin
(
,2000b)

Lewin
J.ElliottS.Kemmis Lewin Collier
(Elliott,1991)
50


(organizational development)(,2000;Owens,1995)
Lewin Lewin
1970

80 (Elliott,1991; McTaggart,1997)
60 (School-based
curriculum reform)
(teacher as researcher)
(Schools Council)(Nuffield Foundation)
Laurence Stenhouse (Humanities Curriculum
Project,HCP)(Reason,1988)

Stenhouse Elliott
Stenhouse(1975,p34) ;



(Stenhouse,1975)Stenhouse




6

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 Elliott(1991,p40)
;
(collaborative
action research)
Elliott(1991)


(Elliott,1991)
Elliott Stenhouse
Lewin
(self reflection)(educational action)
Elliott
(hermeneutic
process)(Elliott,1991)(LEA)



(Certificate in Educational Research)

(ethnography)
(hermeneutics)
(teacher as reformer)(,2000)
S.GrundyS.Kemmis
Kemmis McTaggart(1982)


(off
campus model) Kemmis

(Kemmis McTaggart,1982)

(approach)

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1946
Lippit Radke(1946)
( Mckernan1991b)
Kurt Lewin(1946;1947)
( Mckernan1991b)
Lewin(1947:333)
Lewin
Marrow Lewin

(Freud) Lewin
(insight)
( Mckernan1991b)
Corey(1953:141)

Borg Gall(1979:37)

(Borg 1981)

( Mckernan1991b)
Noffke(1989)

(2000)

(1999b)

Elliott(1992)(
8

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 2000)
(1999b)
(Mckernan
1991b)
-



(Mckernan1991b)
John Elliott
Elliot



(Elliott 1981)

(Mckernan1991a)



(1999b)

Carr Kemmis


(Carr Kemmis1986)





(Mckernan1991b)


(1999b)
9

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(
1999b)

Stenhouse
(2000)

(Stenhouse1981)


(Mckernan 1991a)

(Bogdan & Biklen, 1982Cohen & Manion, 1989

, 1994aKemmis & Wilkinson, 1998,, 1999b, 2000)

()

()

10

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()

()

()

()







()

()
11

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()

()

(2005Cunningham, 1993; Mills, 2003)

()
1.(identify)

2.

(interest)(intention)(information)
(interpret)(introspect)(involve)(intervention)
(interaction)
3.(integrate)(improve)

()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

12

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Somekh

()

(McTaggart1997p34)

()

()

(OHanlon1996p.87)



(2000p.169)

()

(1998pp.251-252)(Hopkins,
1985; Woods, 1986; Bell, 1987; Pollard & Tann, 1987)

1. (narrative records)()

13

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 ()
2. (mentor)(supervisor)

3. (portfolios)
(appraisal)
4.
5. (solicited opinion)
6. ()
7. (focus group)
8. (shadow study)
9.
10.

(Carlgren
Handal & Vaage 1994p.99)

()

(2000) AltrichterPosch
Somekh 4-8

()


()


()

()()

()

14

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()



(2000pp.199-200)
Somekh

1.
2.
3.
4.
Whyte (Research network)

(Whyte1991p.144)

()

1
2
3

4
5

6
7

(1998)
15

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 (2005Cunningham, 1993;
Mills, 2003)
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

()

(1998p261)














16

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 ()

()
(1998p.270)
(cycle)
(spiral)

(narration)


(2000p248)
()
()



(open-endedness)

(2005, 1998, 1999b, 2000)

()

(,
1999b)

17

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 (Johnston, 1994)

()

()
1.




2.

Hancock(1997)


Little(1990)



3.




4.
Hargreaves(1996)




(Carr Kemmis, 1986)


(, 1999a)
5.

18

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6.
Carr & Kemmis(1986)



7.
Johnston(1994)

McKernan(1994)

(, 1999b)
8.

(,
1998, 1994a, 1994b, 1999b, 2000)
()
1.

2.

3.

19

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4.

()

()

1.

2.

3.

20

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 (schoolbased
management SBM)(empowerment)

l
l
l
l

l


l


l

()

()(2001)(1990)
()(2001): McNiff, Jean Lomax,

Pamela

(2000)(

NSC88-2414-H-028-001)
21

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 (2002a)1537-68

(2002b)867-99

(2003a)233-14

(2003b)

(NSC91-2413-H-134-017)

(2005) SNG

(2002)
(1998)
411-17
()(2000a)Altrichter, Posch & Somekh

()(2000b)

(1998)
(2003)

(2001)
(2001)

/////McNiff, Jean/Lomax, Pamela 2001
:
(2001)

()() (2003)Geoffrey E. Mills Action Research-A
Guide for the Teacher Researcher
(2000a)
(2000b)
(307333)
Argyris, C. & Schn, D. (1989). Participatory action research and action science. American
Behavioral scientist, 32(5), 612-623.
Argyris, C. (1993). Knowledge for action. San Francisci: Jossey Bass.
Argyris, C., Putnam, R., & Smith, D.M. (1985). Action science. San Francisci: Jossey Bass.
Bryant, I. (1996). Action research and reflective practice. In D. Scott & R. Usher (Eds.),
Understanding educational research (pp.106-119). London: Routledge.
22

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 Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (1993). Action research in Education. In M. Hammersley (Ed.),
Controversies in classroom research (pp. 235-245). Buckingham: Open University
press.
Cunningham, J. Barton. (1993). Action research and organizational development. Westport,
Conn.: Praeger.
Hitchcock, G., & Hughes, D. (1994). Research and the teacher: A qualitative introduction to
school-based research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Kincheloe, J. (1995). Meet me behind the curtain: The struggle for a critical postmodern
action research. In P. L. McLaren & J. M. Giarelli (Eds.), Critical theory and
educational research (pp.71-89). Albany, NY: State University of New York press.
Lather, P. (1986). Research as praxis. Harvard Educational Review, 56(3), 257-277.
Geoffrey E. Mills (2003). Action Research-A Guide for the Teacher Researcher. New Jersey:
Upper Saddle River.
Schn, D. A. (1983). The Reflective practitioner. New York: Basic Books.
Schn, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. San Francisco: Jossey-base.
Stringer, E. T. (1996). Action research: A Handbook for practitioners. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage Publications, Inc.
Torres, C. A. (1995). Participatory action research and popular education in Latin America.
In P. L. McLaren & J. M. Giarelli (Eds.), Critical theory and educational research
(pp.237-254). Albany, NY: State University of New York press.

()

(SNG)
-

1.

23

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 2.
()


1
2
3
4
5
6 ()

1.

2.
3.

Hargreaves1972

() the autonomy of the teacher

() loyalty to the self group

() mediocrity norm


anti-intellectualism

1988
1.
1
2

24

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1.


2.
3. ()(
)(identify involve and improve)

()

(
)(Cunningham, 1993)

N1()

25

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1.(for the teacher / by
the teacher)
2.()(


)
3.

1.
2. ()
3. ()
4. ()()

1.( interactive R & D )
Rresearch
Ddevelopment

2.( action inquiry )

Holter Schwartz-Barcott (1993)

(1)(2)(3)(4)
(1996)

3.( reflective practice )

( self reflection )( educational action )
Elliott

4.( action science )

(praxis)
( social
justice )
Argyris Schon ( the theory of action )

26

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 5.(action learning)
Reg. Revans
(
)

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6. ()


()

6.( collaborative inquiry )

1976(Ford Teaching Project)

7.( cooperative inquiry )

8.(participatory research)PR

9.(classroom action research)

27

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1.
2.
3.

1. ()
2.
3. ()
4.

1. (practice)
2. (understanding)

3.

4.

1. ()

2.

(2005Cunningham, 1993; Mills,2003)

()
1. (identify)

2.
28

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(interest)()(intention)
(data)(information)(interpret)(introspect)
(involve)()(intervention)
(interaction)
3. (integrate)(improve)

1.


()

()
()

()()()
()

2.

()
29

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 Action
1 collaboration participation
2 identify committed() involved and improve youself in the
imagined solution(.)
3 critical yourself
4 doing doing something about it ()
5 impassioned
6 improve How can I improve
7 insider and outsider()
8 intervening intentional
9 motivated effective
10 core value valued basis purpose

1
2

1

2

3

3.



(
)

()

()

30

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 (
)

4.




()

5.
()








Research
1 being careful()
2 clear () open () public & publish(
)
3 disciplined ()
4 evidence
5 enquire inquiring
6 informed
7 in search of again and again
8 standing back systematic
9
10

()

(1)
31

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 (2)
(3)(
)
(4)
(5)
(6)
1. ()(
)()

2.

3.
(
)

4.
()

5.
(
)

6.
Q1
A1(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

Q2
A2(1)
(2)()
(3)( know who )

()
32

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 ()
()
()
()
()
()

(2002)---()

33

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(2004)()

empowerment






empowerment

1
1
4
6
9
9
12
14
16
19
34

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19

20

24

34

39
39
45
48
53
57
57
59
61
64
69
69
73
76
79
83
83
86
88
92

94
97
99
101
102
103
106

35

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 (2004)--

()

Solavey Mayer19901997
Goleman(1995)



(Narrative curriculum)

(2005)

()1.-

2.-

36

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 3. -

4. -

5. -

1.
2.

1.
2.
3.

37

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