Chapter 3 Ecosystems: What Are They and How Do They Work?

General information on books can be reviewed at websites such as amazon.com.

Alibrandi, Marsha. 2003. GIS in the Classroom: Using Geographic Information

Systems in Social Studies and Environmental Science. Newton, Mass.: Heinemann.
American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS). Seven Bioscience Challenges.
http://www.actionbioscience.org/index.html
American Institute of Biological Sciences (AIBS). Why Preserve Biodiversity?
http://www.actionbioscience.org/biodiversity/index.html
American Museum of Natural History. http://www.amnh.org/home/
American Museum of Natural History: Resources for Learning.
http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl.php?set=b&intro=true&topic_id=1
Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html
Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1986. The Ecological Web: More on the
Distribution and Abundance of Animals. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
Ashman, Mark R., and Geeta Puri. 2002. Essential Soil Science. Hoboken, N. J.:
Wiley.
Baskin, Yvonne. 1998. The Work of Nature: How the Diversity of Life Sustains Us.
Washington, D. C.: Island Press.
Beattie, Andrew, and Paul R. Ehrlich. 2004. Wild Solutions: How Biodiversity is
Money in the Bank. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Begon, Michael. 2006. Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems. 4th ed. Hoboken, N. J.:
Wiley.
Bennet, Elena and Steve R. Carpenter. 2002. P Soup. (the Global Phosphorus Cycle)
World Watch, March/April, 24. http://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/EP152B.pdf
Benyus, Janine. 2002. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: Perennial.
Berenbaum, May R. 1996. Bugs in the System: Insects and Their Impact on Human
Affairs. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Berner, Elizabeth K., and Robert A. Berner. 1995.Global Environment: Water, Air, and
Geochemical Cycles. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
Berner, Elizabeth K., and Robert A. Berner. 1998. Global Water Cycle: Geochemistry
and the Environment. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
BiosciEdNet. Digital Libraries for Teaching and Learning in the Biological Sciences.
http://www.bosciednet.org/portal/
Bormann, F. H., and Gene E. Likens. 1994. Pattern and Process in a Forested
Ecosystem: Disturbance, Development and the Steady State Based on the Hubbard Brook
Ecosystem Study. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Bradbury, Ian K. 1999. The Biosphere. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N. J.: Wiley.
Brady, Nyle C., and Ray R. Weil. 2003. Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils.
2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, N. J.: Prentice Hall.
Brain, Marshall. How Cells Work. http://www.howstuffworks.com/cell.htm
British Ecological Society. http://www.britishecologicalsociety.org/
Charlson, R. J., et al. 1992. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. New York: Academic Press.
Campbell, J. B. 2006. Introduction to Remote Sensing. 4th ed. Washington, D. C.: New
York: Guilford Press.
Capra, Fritjof. 1997. The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living
Systems. New York: Anchor.
Capra, Fritjof. 2004. The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living. New
York: Bantam.
Carpenter, Edward J., and Douglas G. Capone, eds. 1983. Nitrogen in the Marine
Environment. New York: Academic Press.
Cell Biology. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/cell_bio.html
Cell Biology Resources for Educators. http://falcon.jmu.edu/~ramseyil/cellbiology.htm
Cells Alive. Biocams of Microorganisms. http://www.cellsalive.com/
Chapin, F. S. Terry, et al. 2004. Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology. 2nd ed.
New York: Springer-Verlag.
Chameide, W. L., and E. M. Perdue. 1997. Biogeochemical Cycles. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Charman, P.E.V., and B.W. Murphy. 2007. Soils: Their Properties and Management,
3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Colinvaux, Paul A. 1993. Ecology. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N. J.: Wiley.
Cook, L. M. 1991. Genetic and Ecological Diversity. New York: Chapman & Hall.
CourseWare: Environmental Science Simulators.
http://www.gingerbooth.com/courseware/
Craige, Betty Jean. 2001. Eugene Odom: Ecosystem Ecologist and Environmentalist.
Athens: University of Georgia Press.
Daily, Gretchen, ed. 1997. Nature's Services: Society's Dependence on Natural
Ecosystems. Washington, D. C.: Island Press.
Description of species: http://www.discoverlife.org/
Dickinson, G. 2007. Ecosystems. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
DNA and Gene Information. Gene Almanac. http://www.dnalc.org/
DNA Interactive. http://www.dnai.org/index.htm
Dodson, Stanley I., et al. 1998. Ecology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Drury, William H. 1998. Chance and Change: Ecology for Conservationists. Berkeley:
University of California Press.
Ecological Society of America. http://www.esa.org/
Ecological Society of America. Online Journals. http://www.esajournals.org/esaonline/?
request=get-archive
Ehrlich, Anne H., and Paul R. Ehrlich. 1987. Earth. New York: Franklin Watts.
Eisner, Thomas. 2005. For Love of Insects. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press.
Eisner, Thomas, et al. 2007. Secret Weapons: Defenses of Insects, Spiders, Scorpions,
and Other Many-Legged Creatures. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Elsom, Derek M. 1992. Earth: The Making, Shaping, and Working of a Planet. New
York: Macmillan.
Elsom, Derek M. 2000. Planet Earth. New York: Macmillan.
eNature. http://www.enature.com/
Envirolink: The Online Environmental Community:
http://www.envirolink.org/sitemap.html
Exploratorium. http://www.exploratorium.edu/index.html
Farnham, Timothy J. 2007. Saving Natures Legacy: Origin of the Idea of Biological
Diversity. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Field, Christopher B., et al. 1998. Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating
Terrestrial and Oceanic Components. Science. Vol. 281, 237-240.
Fields, Scott. 2004. Global Nitrogen: Cycling Out of Control. Environmental Health
Perspectives, vol. 12, no. 10, July. http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2004/112-
10/focus.html
Fothergill, Alastair. 2007. Planet Earth As You Have Never Seen It Before. Berkeley,
Calif.: University of California Press.
Freedman, Bill. 1994. Environmental Ecology: The Impacts of Pollution and Other
Stresses on Ecosystem Structure and Function. 2nd ed. San Diego, Calif.: Academic Press.
Freudenrich, Craig C. How the Sun Works.
http://www.howstuffworks.com/sun.htm/printable
Galloway, James N., and Ellis B. Cowling. 2002. Reactive Nitrogen and the World.
Ambio, vol. 31, no. 7, 501. http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-
abstract&doi=10.1639%2F0044-7447(2002)031%5B0064%3ARNATWY%5D2.0.CO
%3B2
Galloway, James N., et al, 2003. The Nitrogen Cascade. BioScience, vol. 53, no. 4,
341. http://www.initrogen.org/fileadmin/user_upload/N_Cascade_BioScience.pdf
Gaston, Kevin J., et al. 2004. Biodiversity: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Cambridge, Mass:
Wiley-Blackwell.
Geosphere Imagery. Images of the Earth. http://www.geosphere.com/imagery.html
Gest, Howard. 2003. Microbes: An Invisible Universe. Washington, D. C.: ASM Press.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)
http://gcmd.nasa.gov/records/GCMD_GBIF.html
Global Biogeochemical Cycles. http://www.usra.edu/esse/essmp/essmpbiogeo.html
Globe Program. Hands-On Education and Science Program.
http://www.globe.gov/globe_flash.html
Golley, Frank Benjamin. 1998. A Primer for Environmental Literacy. New Haven,
Conn.: Yale University Press.
Hk, Thoms, et al. 2007. Sustainability Indicators: A Scientific Assessment.
Washington, D. C.: Island Press.
Heathcote, Isabel W., et al. 1996. Environmental Problem Solving: A Case Study
Approach. Columbus, Ohio: McGraw-Hill.
Hilborn, Ray, and Marc Mangel. 1997. The Ecological Detective. Princeton, N. J.:
Princeton University Press.
Hillel, Daniel. 1992. Out of the Earth: Civilization and the Life of the Soil. Berkeley:
University of California Press
Hoekstra, A. Y. 2006. Human Appropriation of Natural Capital: A comparison of
Ecological Footprint and Water Footprint Analysis.
http://www.brass.cf.ac.uk/uploads/fullpapers/Hoekstra_M40.pdf
Hoyt, Erich, and Ted Schultz, eds. 2002. Insect Lives: Stories of Mystery and Romance
from a Hidden World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Hulot, Nicolas, et al. 2006. One Planet: A Celebration of Biodiversity. New York: Harry
N. Abrams.
Huxley, Anthony. 2006. Green Inheritance: Saving the Plants of the World. Berkeley,
Calif.: University of California Press.
Imhoff, Marc L., et al. 2004. Global Patterns in Human Consumption of Net Primary
Production. Nature, vol. 429, 870-873.
Insects. 3-D Insects. http://www.ento.vt.edu/~sharov/3d/3dinsect.html
Institute of Ecosystem Studies. Understanding the Ecosystems that Support Life.
http://www.ecostudies.org/
Irwin, Francis, and Janet Ranganathan. 2007. Restoring Nature s Capital: An Action
Agenda to Sustain Ecosystem Services. World Resources Institute.
http://www.wri.org/publication/restoring-natures-capital
Jorgensen, Sven, et al., eds. 2004. Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of
Ecosystem Health. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC.
Kaiser, Jocelyn, 2001. "The Other Global Pollutant: Nitrogen Proves Tough to Curb."
Science, vol. 294, 1268.
Kohnke, Helmut, and D. P. Franzmeier. 1994. Soil Science Simplified. Prospect
Heights, Ill.: Waveland.
Koneman, Elmer W. 2002. The Other End of the Microscope: the Bacteria Tell Their
Own Story. Herndon, Va.: ASM Press.
Krebs, Charles J. 2002. Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution &
Abundance. 5th ed. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
LHirondel, Jean-Louis. 2002. Nitrate and Man: Toxic, Harmless, or Beneficial.
Cambridge, Mass.: CABI.
Likens, Gene E. 2004. Some Perspectives On Long-Term Biogeochemical Research
From the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. Ecology, vol. 85, 2355-2362.
Logan, William B. 2006. Dirt: The Ecstatic Skin of the Earth. New York: W. W. Norton.
Long Term Ecological Research Network. http://lternet.edu/
Losey, John E., and Mace Vaughan. 2006. The Economic Value of Ecological
Services Provided by Insects. BioScience, vol. 56, no. 4, 311-323.
Lovelock, James E. 1991. Healing Gaia: Practical Medicine for the Planet. New York:
Random House.
Lovelock, James. 1995. The Ages of Gaia. Rev. ed/ New York: W. W. Norton.
Lovelock, James. 2000. Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth. New York: Oxford
University Press.
Lovelock, James E. 2007. The Revenge of Gaia: Earths Climate Crisis and the Fate of
Humanity. New York: Perseus Books.
Lubchenco, Jane. 1998. "Entering the Century of the Environment: A New Social
Contract for Science." Science, vol. 279, 491.
http://sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/279/5350/491
Macmillan. 1997. The Way Nature Works. Hoboken, N. J.: Wiley.
Malone, Lyn, et al, 2002. Mapping Our World: GIS Lessons for Educators. ESRI Press.
Margulis, Lynn, and Karlene V. Schwartz. 2003. Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide
to the Phyla of Life on Earth. New York: Springer.
Marshall, Alan. 2002. The Unity of Nature: Wholeness and Disintegration in Ecology
and Science. London: Imperial College Press.
Maynard, Elliott. 2003. Transforming the Global Biosphere: Twelve Futuristic
Strategies. Sedona, Ariz.: Arcos Cielos Research Center.
Michigan State University. Microbe Zoo. http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being.
Washington, D. C.: Island Press. http://www.millenniumassessment.org/en/Synthesis.aspx
and http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf and
http://www.greenfacts.org/en/ecosystems/
Miller, Gary, and Robert E. Ricklefs. 1999. Ecology. 4th ed. New York: Freeman.
Molles, Manuel C., Jr. 2006. Ecology: Concepts and Applications4th ed. New York:
McGraw Hill.
Myers, Norman, and Jennifer Kent, eds. 2005. The New Atlas of Planet Management.
Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
Naskreci, Piot. 2007. The Smaller Majority. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
National Academy of Sciences. 1986. Ecological Knowledge and Environmental
Problem-Solving. Washington, D. C.: National Academies Press.
National Academy of Sciences. 2004. Valuing Ecosystem Services: Toward Better
Environmental Decision Making. Washington, D. C.: National Academies Press.
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11139
National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII).
http://www.nbii.gov/index.html
National Science Foundation. 2003. Complex Environmental Systems: Synthesis for
Earth, Life and Society in the 21st Century.
http://www.nsf.gov/geo/ere/ereweb/acere_synthesis_rpt.cfm
Natural History Museum. London. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/
Natural Resources Conservation Service. NRCS soil website at http://soils.usda.gov/
Nature Serve. Information About Plants, Animals, and Ecological Communities.
http://www.natureserve.org/
Net Primary Productivity (NPP) Database. http://daac.ornl.gov/NPP/npp_home.html
Net Primary Productivity (NPP). Global Satellite Maps.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NPP/npp.html
New York Times. 2000. Manipulating the Carbon Cycle.
http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/051600sci-environ-carbon.1.jpg.html
Odum, Eugene P. and Gary W. Barrett. 2004. Fundamentals of Ecology. 5th ed.
Belmont, Calif. Brooks/Cole.
Odum, Eugene P. 1998. Ecological Vignettes: Ecological Approaches to Dealing with
Human Predicaments. London, England: Taylor & Francis.
Oki, Taikn, and Shinjiro. 2006. Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water
Resources. Science, vol. 313, 1068-1072.
Online Encyclopedia of Life. http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/
Orians, Gordon H. 1990. "Ecological Concepts of Sustainability." Environment,
November, 10.
Palmer, Margaret, et al. 2004. Ecology for a Crowded Planet. Science, vol. 304, 28
May, 1251.
Parris, Thomas M. 2000. Space Pixels: The Next Generation of Earth Sensing: Key
Websites for Images of the Earth. Environment, vol. 42, no. 7, 3.
Parris, Thomas M. 2002. Getting Dirty: Soil Resources on the Web: Key Websites.
Environment, vol. 44, no. 2, 3.
Pickett, Stuart T., et. al. 2007. Ecological Understanding. 2nd ed. New York: Academic
Press.
Pimm, Stuart. 2002. Food Webs. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press.
Pimm, Stuart. 2004. A Scientist Audits the Earth. Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University
Press.
Ricklefs, Robert E. 2006. The Economy of Nature: A Textbook in Basic Ecology. 5th ed.
New York: W.H. Freeman.
Slobodkin, L. B. 2003. A Citizens Guide to Ecology. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Socolow, Robert H. 1999. Nitrogen Management and the Future of Food: Lessons from
the Management of Energy and Carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, vol. 96, 6001. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/96/11/6001.pdf
Sherbinin, Alex, et al. 2002. "Remote Sensing Data." Environment, vol. 44, no. 1, 20.
Smil, Vaclav. 1997. Cycles of Life: Civilization and the Biosphere. New York: Scientific
American Library.
Smil, Vaclav. 1997. "Global Population and the Nitrogen Cycle." Scientific American,
July, 76.
Smil, Vaclav. 2001. Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the
Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Smil, Vaclav. 2003. The Earths Biosphere. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Smith, Robert L., and Thomas S. Smith. 2005. Elements of Ecology. 6th ed. New York:
San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin/Cummins.
Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. http://www.mnh.si.edu/
Townsend, Colin R., 2007. Essentials of Ecology. 3rd ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
Tree of Life Program. Detailed Information on the Worlds Organisms.
http://tolweb.org/tree/
Turner, Will R., et al. 2007. Global Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem
Services. BioScience, November, 863-873
U.N. Environment Programme. 2003. The Nitrogen Cascade: Impacts of Food and
Energy Production on the Global Nitrogen Cycle, Global Environment Outlook
Yearbook. http://unep.org/geo/yearbook/yb2003/087.htm
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Department of Geography and Geology.
2001. Internet Resources for Ecology.
http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/internet/physical_geog_resources.html#Soil
U.S. Geological Survey. The Water Cycle.
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclehi.html
U.S. Global Change Research Program. Ecosystems.
http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/ProgramElements/bio.htm
U.S. Global Change Research Program. Global Carbon Cycle.
http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/ProgramElements/carbon.htm
U.S. Global Change Research Program. Global Water Cycle.
http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/ProgramElements/water.htm
Vitousek, Peter M., et al. 1986. "Human Appropriation of the Products of
Photosynthesis." BioScience, June, 368. http://dieoff.org/page83.htm
Vitousek, Peter M., et al. 1997. "Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle:
Sources and Consequences." Ecological Applications, vol. 7, no. 3, 737.
Vitousek, Peter M., et al. 1997. "Human Domination of the Earths Ecosystems."
Science, vol. 277, 494. http://www.rachel.org/library/getfile.cfm?ID=200
Volk, Tyler. 2003. Gaia's Body: Toward a Physiology of the Earth. Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT Press.
Waldbauer, Gilbert. 2004. What Good Are Bugs? Insects in the Web of Life. Cambridge,
Mass: Harvard University Press.
Wadsworth, R. and J. Treweek. 1999. GIS for Ecology. London: Longman
Whittaker, Robert H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystems. 2nd ed. New York:
Macmillan.
Worster, Donald. 1994. Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas. 2nd ed. New
York: Cambridge University Press.
Zimmer, Carl. 2004. Those Brilliant Fall Outfits May Be Saving Trees. New York
Times, Oct. 19. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/19/science/19leaf.html