Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Singapore
Angelo L. Garassino
Page 2
1. GENERAL
2. FIELDS OF INTEREST
3. DESIGN
Pu = Pbase + Plat
l2
Pu = Abqb + Da
z Ks tang dz
l1
in term of effective stresses (long term)
l2
Pu = Abqb + Da
cu dz
l1
Page 8
being:
Ab = base area of the column
1 + 2 Ko
qb = 2 vo Nq* in sand
qb = 9 cu in cohesive soils (s.t.)
Da = average diameter
Nq* = bearing capacity factor, for deep foundation
vo = vertical overburden pressure
= bulk unit weight of soil
Ko = horizontal earth pressure coefficient at rest
Ks = horizontal restitution coefficient
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-----------------
() top boundary of the adhesion field
Page 11
PILE INSTALLATION TYPE REDUCTION FACTORS LIMIT VALUE REDUCTION LIMIT VALUE
FOR SHAFT FRICTION OF UNIT FACTOR FOR OF UNIT END
SHAFT END BEARING BEARING
FRICTION
/ Ks
(-) (-) (kPa) (-) (MPa)
1 - bored 0.6 0.5 to 0.65 100 to 200 0.33 to 0.5 4.5
2 - driven (open end) 2/3 0.65 to 0.95 120 0.7 to 0.8 12
3 - driven (closed end) 0.75 1.0 to 1.5 120 to 180 1.0 15
4 - jet grouting 1 1.0 to 2 180 1.0 column
resistance
PILE INSTALLATION TYPE REDUCTION FACTORS LIMIT VALUE REDUCTION LIMIT VALUE
FOR SHAFT FRICTION OF UNIT FACTOR FOR OF UNIT END
SHAFT END BEARING BEARING
FRICTION
NC OC (kPa) (-) (MPa)
1 - bored 0.9 0.35 275 0.66 4
0.95e 0.40e
2 - driven (open end) {0.80i {0.35i 200 0.7 1.5
3 - driven (closed end) 0.95 0.45 200 0.8 5
4 - jet grouting 1 0.45 288 1 column
resistance
e = extern
i = intern
Page 13
Pul(group) = nmPul(col)
being:
N = n Nc + Ns
D2
Nc = Acqc = 4 qc
Ns = qs (A - n Ac)
m = qc/qs
as = m Ac/A
n = columns number
Ac = column diameter
qc = specific load on a column
A = total area
qs = specific load on soil
m = stress distribution ratio
as = reinforcement ratio
h = active depth
Ss = soil settlement
Sc = column settlement
N
So = A Es H = non improved soil settlement
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1
Simp = 1 + (m - 1)a So
Ss qs Ns
H = Es = As Es
Sc qc n Nc
H = Ec = Ac Ec
Ns n Nc N
(A - n Ac) Es = Ac Ec = A Eeq
1
Eeq = [(A - n Ac) Es + n Ac Ec] A
as raft estimation for a first trial
o
Pi = [(zi - zo) w = k i s'z] i De
Pi = N1i + N2i N1 = N2
N1i = ci t i
1
ci = P/2 ti c(all)
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zi = depth of layer i
zo = depth of the water table
w = bulk unit weight of water
's = effective bulk unit weigh of soil
z = layer thickness
k = horizontal earth pressure coefficient (design with k =
ko, at rest pressure)
i = thickness of the considered unit layer
De = external diameter of the shaft
t = minimum effective thickness of the shaft wall
ci = stress in the column shaft in the ith layer
all = allowable stress in the soil stabilized column
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being
w = bulk unit of water
s = bulk unit of soil
J = bulk unit weigh of jet grouted soil
Di = internal diameter of the shaft
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h1 s + h2 J + Di h2
for safety FS = h W > 1.3
(suggested)
M N
J = W + A J(all)
soil characteristics;
water/cement ratio;
quantity of cement for cubic meters of treated soil;
jet grouting procedure (number and diameter of nozzle,
pressure, withdrawn velocity etc.).
nAs 2b d
x = b [-1 + 2 + n As ]
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M
c = bx x
2 (d - 3)
M
s = x
As (d - 3)
Mx
c = Jci
d - x
s = n c x
5. CONCLUSIONS