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being emotionally stressed will cause the body to get ECG and EEG
fatigued quicker.
LBP (Local Binary Pattern)
Related Study
Steering Wheel Movement (SWM)
Drowsiness detection can be divided into three main
Optical Detection
categories (1) Vehicle based (2) Behavioural based (3)
Physiological based. Fig.1, shows the three different A. ECG and EEG
approaches for drowsiness detection. Drowsiness
Many researchers have considered the following
detection is based on these three parameters. A detailed
review on these measures will provide insight on the physiological signals to detect drowsiness:
present systems, issues associated with them and the electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG).
The heart rate (HR) also varies significantly between the
enhancements that need to be done to make a robust
different stages of drowsiness, such as alertness and
system.
fatigue. Therefore, heart rate, which can be easily
Vehicle based measures: A number of metrics, including determined by the ECG signal, can also be used to detect
deviations from lane position, movement of the steering drowsiness. Others have measured drowsiness using
wheel, pressure on the acceleration pedal, etc., are Heart Rate Variability (HRV), in which the low (LF)
constantly monitored and any change in these that and high (HF) frequencies fall in the range of 0.04-0.15
crosses a specified threshold indicates a significantly Hz and 0.14-0.4 Fig.2, shows physiological signal
increased probability that the driver is drowsy. sensing system that can be integrated into vehicles to
detect driver drowsiness.
4. Drowsiness Detection Techniques Local binary patterns (LBPs) have aroused increasing
interest in image processing and computer vision. As a
If car technologies are going to prevent or at least warn nonparametric method, LBP summarizes local structures
of driver fatigue, what symptoms does the driver give of images efficiently by comparing each pixel with its
off that can be detected? According to research, there are neighbouring pixels. The most important properties of
multiple categories of technologies that can detect driver LBP are its tolerance regarding monotonic illumination
fatigue. The first is the use of cameras to monitor a changes and its computational simplicity. This technique
persons behaviour. This includes monitoring their is mostly used for detecting emotions on the face like,
pupils, mouth for yawning, head position, and a variety happiness, sadness, excitement etc. LBP (local binary
of other factors. The next of these technologies is voice pattern) is used in drowsiness detection for detecting
recognition. Often a persons voice can give off clues on face of the driver, it divides the image into four
how fatigued they are. The detail explanation of the quadrants then the top and bottom part are
underlying techniques of drowsiness detection that are detected.Fig.3, shows LBP extract the image from the
mostly used for the detection purpose: video then the image is divided into blocks, after that
LBP histogram are generated from the each block and
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International Journal On Advanced Computer Theory And Engineering (IJACTE)
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feature histograms are formed Figure Shows the LBP E. Eye Blinking Based Technique
technique.
In this eye blinking rate and eye closure duration is
measured to detect drivers drowsiness. Because when
driver felt sleepy at that time his/her eye blinking and
gaze between eyelids are different from normal
situations so they easily detect drowsiness.Fig.4,
shows the eye blinking based drowsiness detection. In
this system the position of irises and eye states are
monitored through time to estimate eye blinking
Fig. 3. Local Binary pattern frequency and eye close duration. And in this type of
C. Steering Wheel Movement (SWM) system uses a remotely placed camera to acquire video
and computer vision methods are then applied to
Measured using steering angle sensor and it is a widely sequentially localize face, eyes and eyelids positions to
used vehicle-based measure for detecting the level of measure ratio of closure. Using these eyes closer and
driver drowsiness. Using an angle sensor mounted on blinking ration one can detect drowsiness of driver. Such
the steering column, the drivers steering behaviour is a system, mounted in a discreet corner of the car, could
measured. When drowsy, the number of micro- monitor for any signs of the head tilting, the eyes
corrections on the steering wheel reduces compared to drooping, or the mouth yawning simultaneously. The
normal driving. Furlough and Graham found that sleep following figure shows the eye blink detection.
deprived drivers made fewer steering wheel reversals
than normal drivers .To eliminate the effect of lane
changes, the researchers considered only small steering
wheel movements (between 0.5 and 5), which are
needed to adjust the lateral position within the lane
.Fig.5 shows the SWM based detection. In general, Fig. 4. Scheme of the proposed algorithm for eye-blink
steering behavior is influenced by characteristics of the detection
driving task (e.g. speed, curvature, and lane width),
driver traits (e.g. driving experience), and driver states F. Yawning Based Technique
(e.g. laxness, distraction or fatigue). Drivers are In our approach, the drivers face is continuously
constantly judging the situation ahead and applying captured using a video camera that is installed under the
small, smooth, steering adjustments to correct for small front mirror inside the car, as shown in Fig. 5, Next,
road bumps and crosswinds by turning the steering detecting drowsiness involves two main steps to
wheel in small increments. properly measure changes in facial gestures that imply
Hence, based on small SWMs, it is possible to determine drowsiness.
the drowsiness state of the driver and thus provide an First, the drivers face is detected and tracked in the
alert if needed. In a simulated environment, light side series of frame shots taken by the camera. After locating
winds that pushed the car to the right side of the road the drivers face, the next step is to detect and track the
were added along a curved road in order to create location of the mouth. We have chosen to detect and
variations in the lateral position and force the drivers to track the face prior to tracking the mouth as this makes
make corrective SWMs. Car companies, such as Nissan the mouth tracking procedure more robust against false
and Renault, have adopted SWMs but it works in very detections. After detection of the mouth, the yawning
limited situations . This is because they can function state is detected based on measuring the rate of changes
reliably only at particular environments and are too in the area of the mouth contour and the aspect ratio of
dependent on the geometric characteristics of the road mouth area.
and to a lesser extent on the kinetic characteristics of the
vehicle.
D. Optical Detection
The most common implementation of an optical sensor
system uses infrared or near-infrared LEDs to light the
drivers pupils, which are then monitored by a camera
system. Computer algorithms analyse blink rate and
Fig. 5 APEXTM Camera Setup (b)
duration to determine drowsiness. The camera system
may also monitor facial features and head position for G. Head Nodding Detection
signs of drowsiness, such as yawning and sudden head
Another method currently use is the Head Position
nods. Depicts the use of an optical detection system.
Detection. This technology simply determines the head
tilt angle. When the head angle goes beyond a certain
angle, an audio alarm is transmitted in the drivers ear.
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International Journal On Advanced Computer Theory And Engineering (IJACTE)
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ISSN (Print): 2319-2526, Volume -4, Issue -5, 2015
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International Journal On Advanced Computer Theory And Engineering (IJACTE)
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