.

, x1 ,
x2 , :

ds2 = E(x1 , x2 )dx21 + 2F (x1 , x2 )dx1 dx2

(), +G(x1 , x2 )dx22 (1)

,
, E F G
, , EF G
,

,


K,
,
, EF G

,
,
. ,
: , theorema
egregium
(Euler)

(Monge) ,

,
(Gauss) 1827 , :
, ZZ
KdA = 1 + 2 + 3 (2)
, A

15
16 25 4 90 12

n
3 n n
A (x1 , x2 , , xn )
2 :
1 n
ds2 =
X
gij (x)dxi dxj (3)
i,j=1
, gij

(Euler Characteristic) n ,
- (Gauss- ,
Bonner) , ,
() () (Christoffel symbol):
, , 1X n

lki = g jl(i gkj + k gji j gki ) (4)

2 j=1
,
:
,
l
, Rijk = k lij j lik + lnk nij lnj nik
, (5)

, gij , lki
, :

, vi
vi
xj , xj
,
:

, Dj vi = j vi lij vl (6)
, ,
, (Co-
, ,
variant derivative) ,

(Bianchi

identity):
(Riemann) , 1854
l l l
Dm Rijk + Dj Rikm + Dk Rimj = 0 (7)
()
,
, ,
 17

.
,
:

,
, , ,

(E. Car- ,
tan) , (mov- , 1864 (
ing frame) (exterior differ- ) :
ential form)


div E = (8)


, E

curl B = j (9)
(Carton Connection), t


B

, curl E + =0 (10)
t


div B = 0 (11)
,

, , ,
1950 - (Faraday-
(fiber bundle) Henry) ,
:

--
(tangent space),
,


E ;
t

, ,
,

,
,

, ,
(tangent bundle) , ,
,

18 25 4 90 12

(Minkowski) : iA (16)

0 E1 E2 E3
(17) (17) :
E 1 0 B 3 B2 iA ei(x) ( iA ) (18)

Fv = .

E 2 B3 B 1

0 iA ,
3 2 1
E B B 0 A
(12)


(17) ,
E B
1 , U(1)
(x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 ) F, ,
U(1) :
: || , (17)
3

F = j
X
(13)
=0 (16) U(1) (17)
F + F + F = 0 (14) (Weyl, 1918),

,
j = ( j , )
,
(14) ,
,

1915
F :
,
F = A A (15) ,

, A ,
, A , , ,
F , ,
(15)
, A ,
: 1917
,
A (x) A (x) + (x) (16)
,
F F
, (16) , ,

,

, :
,
i(x)
(x) e (x) (17) ,
 19

(20)
-, :
F = r A A [A , A ] (21)
(Mills)1954
,
:
[A , A ]
,
[A, B] AB BA ,
(Heisenberg)
;

,
, , U(1) SU(2)
- (21)
n
!
, (5) ,
p
-
, , ?
,
, , ,

: ,
,
n (x) n (x)
! !
iw(x)
e . (19) ,
p (x) p (x)
, A
(17) ,
, O
, (x)

,
, ,
,
1975
, , ,
- A , ,
, ,
:
A (x) eiw(x) A (x)eiw(x) ,

+( eiw(x) )eiw(x) (20)
,
(19)
iA ,
20 25 4 90 12

, , ,
,
, ,
1. M.Kline, ,
:
,

2. R. Osserman , ,
( (), 1983 2 )
,
3. , ,