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19.4. POST1 - Stress Linearization

An option is available to allow a separation of stresses through a section into

constant (membrane) and linear (bending) stresses. An approach similar to the
one used here is reported by Gordon([63]). The stress linearization option
(accessed using the PRSECT, PLSECT, or FSSECT commands) uses a path
defined by two nodes (with the PPATH command). The section is defined by a
path consisting of two end points (nodes N1 and N2) as shown in Figure 19.4
(nodes) and 47 intermediate points (automatically determined by linear
interpolation in the active display coordinate system (DSYS). Nodes N1 and N2
are normally both presumed to be at free surfaces.

Initially, a path must be defined and the results mapped onto that path as defined
above. The logic for most of the remainder of the stress linearization calculation
depends on whether the structure is axisymmetric or not, as indicated by the
value of (input as RHO on PRSECT, PLSECT, or FSSECT commands). For =
0.0, the structure is not axisymmetric (Cartesian case); and for nonzero values of
, the structure is axisymmetric. The explicit definition of , as well as the
discussion of the treatment of axisymmetric structures, is discussed later.

Figure 19.4 Coordinates of Cross Section

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19.4.1. Cartesian Case

Refer to Figure 19.5 for a graphical representation of stresses. The membrane
values of the stress components are computed from:

(1918)

where:

= membrane value of stress component i

t = thickness of section, as shown in Figure 19.4
i = stress component i along path from results file (`total' stress)

xs = coordinate along path, as shown in Figure 19.4

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Figure 19.5 Typical Stress Distribution

The subscript i is allowed to vary from 1 to 6, representing x, y, z, xy, yz,

and xz, respectively. These stresses are in global Cartesian coordinates. Strictly
speaking, the integrals such as the one above are not literally performed; rather it
is evaluated by numerical integration:

(1919)

where:
i,j = total stress component i at point j along path

The integral notation will continue to be used, for ease of reading.

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The bending values of the stress components at node N 1 are computed from:

(1920)

where:

= bending value of stress component i at node N1

The bending values of the stress components at node N2 are simply

(1921)

where:

= bending value of the stress component i at node N2

The peak value of stress at a point is the difference between the total stress and
the sum of the membrane and bending stresses. Thus, the peak stress at node
N1 is:

(1922)

where:

= peak value of stress component i at node N 1

i1 = value of total stress component i at node N1

Similarly, for node N 2 ,

(1923)

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At the center point (x = 0.0)

(1924)

where:

= peak value of stress component i at center

ic = computed (total) value of stress component i at center

19.4.2. Axisymmetric Case (General)

The axisymmetric case is the same, in principle, as the Cartesian case, except for
the fact that there is more material at a greater radius than at a smaller radius.
Thus, the neutral axis is shifted radially outward a distance xf, as shown in
Figure 19.6. The axes shown in Figure 19.6 are Cartesian, i.e., the logic presented
here is only valid for structures axisymmetric in the global cylindrical system. As
stated above, the axisymmetric case is selected if 0.0. is defined as the
radius of curvature of the midsurface in the X-Y plane, as shown in Figure 19.7.
A point on the centerplane of the torus has its curvatures defined by two radii:
and the radial position R c . Both of these radii will be used in the forthcoming
development. In the case of an axisymmetric straight section such as a cylinder,
cone, or disk, = , so that the input must be a large number (or -1).

Figure 19.6 Axisymmetric Cross-Section

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Figure 19.7 Geometry Used for Axisymmetric Evaluations

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Each of the components for the axisymmetric case needs to be treated separately.
For this case, the stress components are rotated into section coordinates, so that
x stresses are parallel to the path and y stresses are normal to the path.

Starting with the y direction membrane stress, the force over a small sector is:
(1925)

where:
Fy = total force over small sector

y = actual stress in y (meridional) direction

R = radius to point being integrated

= angle over a small sector in the hoop direction
t = thickness of section (distance between nodes N 1 and N2 )

The area over which the force acts is:

(1926)

where:
Ay = area of small sector

R1 = radius to node N1

R2 = radius to node N2

Thus, the average membrane stress is:

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(1927)

where:

= y membrane stress

To process the bending stresses, the distance from the center surface to the
neutral surface is needed. This distance is shown in Figure 19.6 and is:

(1928)

The derivation of Equation 1928 is the same as for yf given at the end of
SHELL61 - Axisymmetric-Harmonic Structural Shell. Thus, the bending moment
may be given by:
(1929)

or
(1930)

The moment of inertia is:

(1931)

The bending stresses are:

(1932)

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where:
c = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber

Combining the above three equations,

(1933)

or

(1934)

where:

= y bending stress at node N1

Also,

(1935)

or

(1936)

where:

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= y bending stress at node N2

x represents the stress in the direction of the thickness. Thus, x1 and x2 are
the negative of the pressure (if any) at the free surface at nodes N1 and N2 ,
respectively. A membrane stress is computed as:

(1937)

where:

= the x membrane stress

The treatment of the thickness-direction "bending" stresses is controlled by KB

(input as KBR on PRSECT, PLSECT, or FSSECT commands). When the
thickness-direction bending stresses are to be ignored (K B = 1), bending stresses
are equated to zero:
(1938)

(1939)

When the bending stresses are to be included (KB = 0), bending stresses are
computed as:

(1940)

(1941)

where:

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= x bending stress at node N1

x1 = total x stress at node N1

= x bending stress at node N2

x2 = total x stress at node N2

and when K B = 2, membrane and bending stresses are computed using

Equation 1927, Equation 1934, and Equation 1936 substituting x for y.

The hoop stresses are processed next.

(1942)

where:

= hoop membrane stress

Fh = total force over small sector

= angle over small sector in the meridional (y) direction

h = hoop stress

Ah = area of small sector in the x-y plane

r = radius of curvature of the midsurface of the section (input as RHO)

x = coordinate thru cross-section
t = thickness of cross-section

Equation 1942 can be reduced to:

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(1943)

Using logic analogous to that needed to derive Equation 1934 and Equation 19
36, the hoop bending stresses are computed by:

(1944)

and

(1945)

where:

(1946)

for hoop-related calculations of Equation 1944 and Equation 1945.

An xy membrane shear stress is computed as:

(1947)

where:

= xy membrane shear stress

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xy = xy shear stress

Since the shear stress distribution is assumed to be parabolic and equal to zero at
the ends, the xy bending shear stress is set to 0.0. The other two shear stresses
( xz, yz) are assumed to be zero if KB = 0 or 1. If KB = 2, the shear membrane
and bending stresses are computing using Equation 1927, Equation 1934, and
Equation 1936 substituting xy for y

All peak stresses are computed from

(1948)

where:
P
i = peak value of stress component i
i = total value of stress of component i

19.4.3. Axisymmetric Case

(Specializations for Centerline)

At this point it is important to mention one exceptional configuration related to

the y-direction membrane and bending stress calculations above. For paths
defined on the centerline (X = 0), Rc = 0 and cos = 0, and therefore
Equation 1927, Equation 1928, Equation 1934, and Equation 1936 are
undefined. Since centerline paths are also vertical ( = 90), it follows that R =
Rc , and Rc is directly cancelled from stress Equation 1927, Equation 1934, and
Equation 1935. However, x f remains undefined. Figure 19.8 shows a centerline
path from N to N in which the inside and outside wall surfaces form
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path from N1 to N 2 in which the inside and outside wall surfaces form
perpendicular intersections with the centerline.

Figure 19.8 Centerline Sections

For this configuration it is evident that cos = Rc / as approaches 90 (or

as approaches N 1 - N2). Thus for any paths very near or exactly on the
centerline, Equation 1928 is generalized to be:

(1949)

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The second option of Equation 1949 applied to centerline paths is an accurate

representation for spherical/elliptical heads and flat plates. It is incorrect for
axisymmetric shapes that do not form perpendicular intersections with the
centerline (e.g., conical heads). For such shapes (as shown in Figure 19.9)
centerline paths must not be selected.

Figure 19.9 Non-Perpendicular Intersections

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