GENETIC COMPARISON IMITATION ACCORDING TO MENDEL

A. Basic Theory

Each trait of living creatures controlled by a pair of hereditary factors, known as gen.
This one gene pair comes from the male parent and the other parent comes from female. This
pair of genes called se-alela. Gene se-alela will split at the time of gametogenesis (known as the
principle of segregation freely) and will be back on the process of fertilization pairs (known as
the principle of freely).

The actual genetics recently started in the second decade of the 19th century after Mendel
presents a carefully analysis of several experimental crosses made on plants ercis/peas (Pisum
sativum). In the experiments of Mendel chose an ordinary plant, peas, while other researchers
generally prefer to examine rare plants. Mendel's experiment for 12 years. He crossed a type
string beans with one striking difference nature. The research results of Mendel discovered the
basic principles of genetics, better known as the law of Mendel. Mendel's laws basically consists
of two formulae, i.e. the law of Mendel Mendel's law I and II.
1. The I Mendel's law
In the laws of Mendel I, known as The Law of Segretation of Allelic Genes or gene sealel
Separation Law stated that in the formation of gametes, the pair of alleles would separate freely.
The events of this separation is visible when the formation of the gametes genotif heterozygous
individuals, so that each of the gametes contain one allele.
At the time of Mendel did a cross between the varieties of which the second one plant
high and one short plants, Mendel then got the following results: a cross between males and
females on the ercis bersegresi so fenotipnya ratio is high, while the keturuna F2 would split with
fenotif comparison i.e. height: short = 3:1. While the ratio is genotipnya: TT: Tt: tt = 1:2: 1, i.e.
one plant homozygous, and two pea plants heterozygous pea pea plants and one short.
2. Mendelian Law II
In the laws of Mendel II also known as The Law of Independent Assortmen of Genes or
the law Grouping Genes freely, stated that during the formation of gametes, genes gene sealel
will analyze freely and clumped with other genes that are not alleles. Prove this law used in
dihibrid or polihibrid, that is a cross of two individuals who have one or more different
characters.
Mendel's experiment with planting bean pea which has two different properties. First
pure strains of plants that have a round yellow seeds crossed with pure strains of plants that have
seeds of wrinkles is green, then the Formula is entirely in the form of a seed-bearing plant yellow
round. BII-F1 plants seed is then planted and plant growing is left holding the pollination their
neighbour to gain offspring of F2 with 16 combination that shows a comparison of the plant's
9/16 seed-bearing round yellow: 3/4 seed-bearing round green color: 3/16 yellow wrinkled seed-
bearing: 1/16 light green wrinkled seed-bearing or the comparison is said (9:3: 3:1).
The term a term in genetics Genotyping is genetic makeup, or the sum total of all genes
in a single individual's existing relationship with phenotypes. Because the individual is diploid,
then genotype is indicated with the letter as doel MM, mm, TT, tt and so on. That is outer
appearance of the phenotype of an individual who is dependent upon its genetic sunan. Dominant
trait that is covering or divert to other properties. Recessive traits i.e. ditutpi or defeated.
B. Purpose

1. Prove the principle of segregaasi and twos freely

2. Prove the Mendel comparison 1:2: 1 (ratio genotype) and (for the ratio of phenotypes)
C. Equipment and Material :
Materials used:
studs genetic two colors, each amount 50.
Equipment used:
Two pieces of size 500 ml beaker.
Paper hvs 2 sheets.
D. WORKING PROCEDURE
a. Cross Monohibrid
1. Separate buttons (e.g. red) into two parts each comprising 25 fruit as a female and male
gametes. So too the 50 other color buttons (e.g. White studs) is divided into 2 that is 25 as the
male gametes and 25 as gametes females.
2. 25 studs mera + 25 sebagaigame white male studs placed into the box, as well as to the rest
entered into the box the other as the female gametes.
3. Grab one at random from the box studs I and one buttoned from the box II, pertemukan and
note in the tabulations.
4. In the same way do continue to studs buttons that function as this gene is up.
5. Calculate the comparison obtained good comparisons genotip or phenotypes after previously
determined first coat of arms of genes from each of the studs and phenotypes that recognized.
Matter :
1. Some comparisons genotip and phenotypes that brother earn?
2. How the civil results as compared to the results in other groups?
3. Conclusion what brother can determine from this experiment?
E. The Observations

Gene Pair Tabulate The frequency of the

Red-Red IIIII IIIII II 12
(MM)
Red White IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII IIIII I 26
(Mm)
White-white IIIII IIIII II 12
(mm)
 a. For Monohibrid

NO. Gene Pair Observations Hope Deviation X2

(Observation = (Expeceted = e) (o e) (o e) 2/E
o)
1 TT 12 13 -1 -0.0769
2 TT 26 25 1 0.04
3 TT 12 12 0 0
x2 50 50 0 -0.0369

Conclusion X2 count is smaller than X2 table (< 0.0369-3.841) then the deviation occurs due to
sheer coincidence.

The second experiment

NO. Gene Pair Observations Hope Deviation X2

(Observation = (Expeceted = e) (o e) (o e) 2/E
o)
1 TT 11 12.5 -1.5 -0.0769
2 TT 28 25 3 0.04
3 TT 11 12.5 -1.5 0
x2 50 50 0 -0.0369

F. DISCUSSION
From the observations that have been carried out by using the buttons of the genetic
differences with two colors namely studs genes that are black and white-gen studs. The colored
gene studs Black signifying the long stem while the snap gene white signifying trunks. After
taking 1 for the sake of genetic button obtained results 1 saplings that genotype as many as 12
TT, Tt fruit as much as 26 fruit and fruit as many as 12 tt. For intersecting monohibrid obtained
that genotype TT has a total of 12 in the observation (O) and have expected (E) with a total of
13, so that the obtained deviations IE-1. Next to genotype Tt had the observation of 26, and has
an expected 25, so that deviations totaled 1. Next to genotype tt, excellent observation that add
up to 12, and has an expected 12, so deviations amounted to 0. The overall total is 50
observations, expected 50, and the total deviation amounted to 0. The second Experiment
bergenotif TT didapat12 fruit, fruit and 26 Tt tt as many as 12 pieces. For intersecting
monohibrid obtained that have a number of TT genotype 11 in observation (O) and have
expected (E) with a total of 12.5, so it brings IE-1.5 deviations. Next to genotype Tt had the
observation that totaled 28, and has an expected 25, so that deviations totaled 3. Next to
genotype tt, excellent observation that add up to 11, and have expected 12.5, so deviations
amounted to 1.5. The overall total is 50 observations, expected 50, and the total deviation
amounted to 0.