17 April 2017 Taiz University, YEMEN

A permanent joint formed between two

individual optical fibers in the field or factory
is known as a fiber splice.
Fiber splicing is frequently used to establish
long-haul optical fiber links where smaller
fiber lengths need to be joined.
There is no requirement for repeated
connection and disconnection.

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 Demountable fiber connectors are more difficult to achieve
than optical fiber splices. This is because they must maintain
similar tolerance requirements to splices in order to couple
light between fibers efficiently, but they must accomplish it in
a removable fashion.
Also, the connector design must allow for repeated
connection and disconnection without problems of fiber
alignment, which may lead to degradation in the performance
of the transmission line at the joint.
Hence to operate satisfactorily the demountable connector
must provide reproducible accurate alignment of the optical
fibers.
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 Fused biconical taper (FBT) coupler

Micro-optics coupler

Waveguide coupler

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 Fixed for one wavelength also known as
achromatic coupler

Coupler designed to work for two or more

wavelengths simultaneously also known as
WDM coupler

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 P
1
Excess loss 10 log
P P
3 4
Insertion loss:
P1
Port 1 to 3 10 log 1 3
P3

Port 1 to 4 10 log
P1 2 4
P4
P2
Crosstalk 10 log
P1

Split ratio P3
P P
3 4

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1. Polymer on silica
2. Polymer on silicon
3. Silica on silica
4. Silica on silicon

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 Example

A four-port multimode fiber FBT coupler has 60

W optical power launched into port 1. The
measured output powers at ports 2, 3 and 4 are
0.004, 26.0 and 27.5 W respectively.
Determine the excess loss, the insertion losses
between the input and output ports, the
crosstalk and the split ratio for the device.
Answers: 0.5 dB, 3.63 dB, 3.39 dB, 41.8 dB, 48.6%.

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 The splitting loss is related to the number of
output ports N following:

For a single input port and multiple output

ports where j = 1, N, then the excess loss is
given by:

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 MUX combines several wavelength into
one fiber.
DEMUX separates several wavelength.

Coupler- combines signal at the same

wavelength and a WDM MUX couples
different wavelength.

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Channel spacing:
DWDM 0.4 nm (50 GHz)
WDM 0.8 nm (100 GHz) and 1.6 nm (200 GHz)
CWDM 20 nm

f

f
f2

c
0.4 3 108
f 2
50GHz.
1550

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