7C1-5
Electrical, Chemical Engineering (ICIMECE)
Effect of Speedometer Positioning: Distraction and
Workload While Driving
Wiwik Budiawan
Dept. of Industrial Engineering
Diponegoro University
Semarang, Indonesia
wiwikbudiawan@undip.ac.id
Dyah Ika Rinawati
Dept. of Industrial Engineering
Diponegoro University
Semarang, Indonesia
dyah.ika@gmail.com
Pringgo Widyo Laksono
Dept. of Industrial Engineering
Sebelas Maret University
Solo, Indonesia
pringgo@ft.uns.ac.id
Abstract One of the automotive design car developments is
speedometer position change. There are two speedometer
positions used by the public, i.e. in behind the steer and on the
center of dashboard. Speedometer position affects the visual
scanning time information on the speedometer (glance). Total
Time glances are very influential to distraction and workload
while driving. The purpose of this study is to determine the
position of the speedometer that minimizes distraction and
workload while driving. The type of this research is a real
experimental study using real cars on the road. The number of
respondents involved was 12 peoples. Distraction data were
obtained from the total glances while driving (using cameras).
While the workload while driving was obtained from a
questionnaire adapted from DALI (Driving Load Activity Index).
Based on the analysis of total glances and questionnaires,
speedometer on the center of dashboard showed a higher total
glances and higher average value of global demand attention,
visual demand, as well as stress. Consequently, in order to
maintain safety and comfort in driving, the speedometer position
in behind the steer is better than on the center of dashboard.
Keywords speedometer position; glance; distraction;
workload; experimental study
I. INTRODUCTION
In this modern age, people are easy to reach a location by
their car as a kind of transportation, but besides that, another
problem arises, i.e. accidents caused by the car itself. The
driving situation is fulfilled with primary task and secondary
tasks. Primary task is focused on the road observation as well
as the rearview mirror checking, and when the secondary tasks
978-1-5090-4161-9/16/$31.00 2016 IEEE
2016 2nd International Conference of Industrial, Mechanical,
Rahadi Ferri Putranto
Dept. of Industrial Engineering
Diponegoro University
Semarang, Indonesia
rahadiferri@gmail.com
Pertiwi Andarani
Dept. of Environmental Engineering
Diponegoro University
Semarang, Indonesia
andarani@ft.undip.ac.id
arises, such as paying attention to the display on the
dashboard, the attention switches from primary task
(observing the road) to secondary task (observing the display),
hence it will be annoying and distracting the road observation
[1].
Secondary task of the driver could cause reduced focus on
the road, so it would be difficult for driver to react quickly if
there is an unpredictable danger [2]. From various potential
causes of distraction that commonly found on driving, one of
them is secondary task which caused by old technology
information devices, or glance occurred while driver visual
scanning on speedometer display. Generally, glance means to
take a quick look [3].
Distribution of attention while driving, especially when
glance on speedometer display, includes visual activity
scanning that can cause distraction on road observation and
increasing the driver cognitive workload [1]. Recently, some
changes created on speedometer. One of them is the difference
of speedometer position. Normally, speedometer located
behind the steer on dashboard, but now speedometer shifted to
the center of dashboard. This change indicated that the car
producer wanted to show different perspective in attracting
consumer and creating an increase of a car demand. Other than
that, the car producer tried to create safety with this shift and
to expect minimal accident [1]. This can be seen on a research
result conducted by Wittmann [1], which mentioned the
distance between display and the sight line affected the driver
performance. Moreover, according to that research [1], if the
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speedometer located behind the steer is compared to
speedometer located in the center, speedometer located in the
center of dashboard give less sight line effect comparing with
located behind the steer.
Speedometer position variation that located in the center of
the dashboard raises the question, which best speedometer
position to minimize the driver glance time and to visual
scanning of information on speedometer. Therefore, it can
minimize distraction and workload of driver, and improve the
driver security and comfort while driving.
The research objective are: (1) to measure glance timing
and driver workload on each speedometer position, (2) to
analyze speedometer position effect on distraction and
workload, (3) to make a recommendation on speedometer
position to minimize driver distraction and workload.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Cognitive Ergonomics
Cognitive ergonomics is related to human mental processes
including perception, memory, and reaction because of human
interaction in using system elements [3]. Assessment in the
work system design involving cognitive tasks in
troubleshooting, physical load of work in controlling more
complex work systems, as well as the interaction between
human and work system and environment, requires a
comprehensive-integral approach. This approach can be seen
from the physical and mental workload aspect classifies as
cognitive ergonomics study [5]. Shortly, the purpose of
cognitive ergonomics is to investigate the cognitive processes
that occur in humans. These cognitive stages will process in
human information processing. Human information processing
stage is usually called HIP or Human Information Processing.
B. Human Information Process
Human Information Processing or HIP is a cognitive
perspective in discussing about the way people think [6]. HIP
analogize human thought processes to computer work process
consisting of three stages. First stage is input process
(encoding). This stage has two methods, i.e. unintentional and
intentional. Intentional means information received by the
senses and inadvertently is inserted into the memory, while
intentional means individuals intentionally insert the
experience and knowledge into his memory. The second stage
is information processing that is so called storage and the third
is expenditure of processed information or output, this stage is
usually called retrieval. At this stage, the inserted memory will
be brought back. Surely, the process of input, receiving, until
creating a response, does not always go smoothly. In this HIP
processing obstacles could be caused by an interference or
distraction.
C. Distraction
Interference or distraction is anything that affects the eyes
while on the road or visual disorders, the mind or cognitive
impairment, and hands-off wheel or manual disorders [7].
Cognitive impairment defined as mental workload associated
2016 2nd International Conference of Industrial, Mechanical,
Electrical, Chemical Engineering (ICIMECE)
with tasks, which involves thinking of something other than
the main task [6]. There are three types of distraction, i.e.
visual, manual, and cognitive. Visual is what we see, the
manual is the time when you take your hands off the wheel,
and cognitive is mind distraction while driving. Distractions
also decrease the concentration and slow response. There are 2
factors that cause distraction, i.e.: external factor, while driver
see something attractive in the street, such as a motorcycle or
another car or perhaps a particular event; and internal factor,
where the distraction caused by doing other activities while
driving.
III. METHODOLOGY
A. Driving Environment
The type of this research is a real experiment using real
car. This type selected for to obtain objective data. It has been
done in other research about Frontal Protection System [8].
The research is focused especially on comparing the
speedometer better position in terms of ergonomics and
comfort of the driver, which will use two of sedan type car
with speedometer behind the steer and in the center of
dashboard.
Sedan was selected since it is the commonly used by the
people and easy to find with two types of speedometer
location. Sedans with speedometer located on the center of
dashboard are Toyota Etios Valco, Toyota Yaris production in
2004 and Toyota Vios. Meanwhile, sedans with speedometer
located behind steer are Honda Jazz, Suzuki Swift, Mazda 2,
etc. Action camera was installed on the car windshield to
record respondents eyes while glancing. Furthermore, a lamp
was installed at the top left corner of the car so that the
researcher could switch on the lamp, as a sign that respondent
had to look at speedometer and inform the speed indicated on
it.
The tests were conducted on two types of streets in
Semarang, i.e. secondary arterial highways Soekarno Hatta
and Tembalang Gayamsari highway since in complex
situation the control when glancing at speedometer and
watching the road will be more critical [9].
Hence, the research conducted on the two types of the
streets was aiming to see the effect on glance and the
workload of respondent while looking at speedometer.
B. Procedure
In this research, each respondent was given four treatments
while driving 7 km along two types of roads. The four
treatments are as follows: (1) treatment 1, the respondent used
speedometer behind the steer on the highway; (2) treatment 2,
the respondent used speedometer behind the steer on the
artery; (3) treatment 3, the respondent used speedometer in the
center of dashboard on the highway, and (4) treatment 4, the
respondent used speedometer in the center of dashboard on the
artery.
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Electrical, Chemical Engineering (ICIMECE)

Then, to order the respondent glancing at the speedometer, 1.speedometer

8.53
Different behind steer
the lamp shall be switched on, in every 700 meters. Minimum
2 speedometer on 2.speedometer in
driving speed during research was 30 km/h for artery and 60 artery the center of 10.27
km/h for highway, in accordance with speed regulation in both dashboard
types of roads. The lamp was used as a sign and applied on Different road 1.Highway 8.23
four treatments to have a control, so that it could give the same 3 using speedometer
2.Artery 8.53
behind steer
amount at the same distance. Different road 1.Highway 9.63
using speedometer
C. Respondent Criteria 4
in the center of 2.Artery 10.27
The tests was conducted to the respondents selected from dashboard
Industrial Engineering Department, Diponegoro Universitys
Student , with good physical and mental health, and have fluent
skill of driving four-wheeled vehicle with minimal experience B. Glance Analysis by Speedometer Type
1 year. Minimal driving experience was proved by driver Based on the results obtained from the SPSS calculation in
license, as standard rules to be the car driver in Indonesia. The table I Mann Whitney Test, shows the value Asymp sig (2
number of respondents who participated in this study was 12 Tailed) as 0.015 and 0.018. Both of these values are in a
people. critical area because < 0.05, thus concluded that there is a
glance time difference based on the speedometer position.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This can be seen if referring back to the data in the table II,
A. Glance total glance average of 12 respondent were bigger for user of
Glance was taken as a total glance of 10 times glance speedometer on the center of dashboard compare with user of
conducted by the respondent during an experiment treatment. speedometer behind steer on highway (9.63 > 8.23). Table II
Total glance is used instead of the frequency of glance since also shows the same thing where total glance average was
the longer the glance carried out by the driver the higher the bigger for user of speedometer in the center of dashboard
possibility of accident [10]. Hence frequency of glance was compared to the user of speedometer behind steer on highway
used. Normally, the respondent was glancing quickly and (10.27 > 8.53). Speedometer on the center of dashboard gave
frequently different from total glance, which cause long bigger glance result because drivers visibility to the
glancing and increase dangerous distraction. speedometer was farther than the visibility to behind the steer.
The table III represents driver's visibility to each speedometer.
The following is the results of recapitulation Mann
Whitney test where glance result of four treatments divided by TABLE III. DRIVER'S VISIBILITY TO EACH SPEEDOMETER (IN
type of speedometer on highway, speedometer on artery, CENTIMETER)
speedometer behind steer, and speedometer in the center of No.
Speedometer in
Speedometer
dashboard. the center of
Respondent behind steer
dashboard
1 89 88
TABLE I. MANN WHITNEY TEST RECAPITULATION
2 90 87
3 87 82
Mann Whitney Test Table
4 87 81
No Sig 2
Mann Whitney Test Result 5 94 90
Tailed 6 88 85
Different speedometer on 7 100 95
1. 0.015 Reject H0
highway 8 98 89
Different speedometer on 9 98 90
2. 0.018 Reject H0
artery
10 85 77
Different road using
3. 0.623 Accept H0* 11 91 89
speedometer behind steer
12 84 75
Different road using
Average 90.917 85.667
4. speedometer in the center 0.386 Accept H0*
of dashboard
It can be seen that the average distances of respondents to
TABLE II. AVERAGE RECAPITULATION OF TESTED DATA the speedometer on the center of the dashboard were greater
than distances of the respondents to the speedometer behind
Average Total Data Glance 12 Respondent Table
the steer. This makes it possible for respondents to view the
No Variable Result
Mann Whitney Test speedometer behind steer quickly. Moreover, at the
Independent (second)
speedometer behind steer, respondent activity was only glance
1.speedometer
Different behind steer
8.23 to speedometer. Different with speedometer on the center
1. speedometer on 2.speedometer in dashboard, beside bigger respondent distance, majority of the
highway the center of 9.63 respondents were glancing while moving their head toward the
dashboard speedometer. Head movement toward the speedometer

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indicated because the way of the speedometer readings tends
to be straight and will display the wrong numbers if it is not
adjusted the direction of seeing. With the movement of the
head glance is longer and the longer the glance the distraction
and accident possibility increased [10].
C. Glance Analysis by Road Type
Based on the results obtained from the calculation SPSS on
table I Mann Whitney Test, shows the value Asymp sig (2
Tailed) as 0.623 and 0.386. Both values are not in a critical
area because > 0.05, so it concluded that there is no glance
time difference based on the type of road used. Even though
can be seen if referring back to the data in the Table II, the
average of total glance of 12 respondent on artery bigger than
highway (8.53 > 8.23). From table II also show total glance
average of 12 respondents on artery bigger than on highway
(10.27 > 9.63).
Driving on the highway created smaller average total
glance comparing to on the artery since respondent speed
driving was faster on the highway so the glance also faster
because respondent more focused on driving. Meanwhile, on
the artery, they tended to be more relaxed because of the lower
speed. However, on the artery, there were some constraints,
i.e. there was a lot of traffic users, cars, motorcycles, and some
pedestrians. This caused the average glance on the artery
almost equal to on highway, so the Mann Whitney test results
showed no difference because the average glance of both type
of road did not differ significantly.
D. DALI
The Adaptation DALI are the Driving Activity Load Index
questionnaire that has been adapted to achieve the objective of
this study, because in DALI there are 7 questions that contain
global attention demand, visual demand, auditory demand,
tactile demand, stress, temporal demand, and interference. In
this study, the questions of demand auditory, tactile demand,
temporal demand, as well as the interference were not used.
Thus, in this study, the questions consisted of global demand
attention, visual demand, and stress in the scale of low to high
(0-5) according to activity perceived. This questionnaire was
given after the respondent has accomplished a certain activity
(treatment).
The adaptation DALI results were analyzed using
Wilcoxon test in which each different treatment was tested by
category.
TABLE IV. RECAPITULATION OF ADAPTATION DALI QUESTIONNAIRE
Questionnaire Test Results Table
No* Wilcoxon Global Attention Visual
Stress
Test Demand Demand
1. 1&2 0,003 0,009 0,019
2. 1&3 0,782 0,317 0,317
3. 1&4 0,002 0,006 0,004
2016 2nd International Conference of Industrial, Mechanical,
Electrical, Chemical Engineering (ICIMECE)
4. 2&3 0,02 0,084 0,02
5. 2&4 0,317 0,739 0,629
6. 3&4 0,018 0,024 0,007
Noted: *) Respondent Number
E. Adaptation DALI Questionnaire Analysis
1) Global Attention Demand
Based on Table IV, there is a difference between driving
using a speedometer behind the steer on the highway
(treatment 1) and using a speedometer behind the steer on the
artery (treatment 2). The difference was also identified
between driving using speedometer located on the center of
dashboard on the highway (treatment 3) and driving using
speedometer located on the center of dashboard on the artery
(treatment 4). This is because asymp sig. 2 tailed of them were
in critical areas 0.003 < 0.05 and 0.018 < 0.05. According to
the average value in which the global requirement of driver
attention was bigger on artery than on highway (3.58 > 2.58
and 3.75 > 2.67). It happened because the arterial roads have
many road users cars, motorcycles, and pedestrians. In
addition, there is a traffic light intersection, so that more tasks
should be done such as braking, paying attention to the
intersection, paying attention to the curb because many
vehicles were parked on, and so forth which caused heavy
traffic. Moreover, the workload increased due to the activity of
looking at speedometer, thus resulting in bigger need of
attention on the artery than on the highway.
As for using the speedometer behind the steer on the
highway (treatment 1) compared to driving using speedometer
located on the center of dashboard on the highway (treatment
3), the Wilcoxon test showed no difference (0.782 > 0.05).
Similarly, the Wilcoxon test results of the driving using
speedometer behind steer on artery (treatment 2) and using
speedometer located on the center of dashboard on the artery
(treatment 4) showed no difference (0.317 > 0.05).
From the adaptation DALI questionnaire results performed
on category global attention demand, there is extreme data
where respondent No.2 result value 1 on treatment 3. This can
happen because while doing research on treatment 3 and 4
performed in home office range but when on highway
situation is still quiet, while on artery (treatment 4) roads
crowded by vehicles, and so treatment 2 which performed also
in home office range, thus becoming crowded and increase
respondent global attention demand.
2) Visual demand
Based on Table IV there is a difference between using a
speedometer behind steer on the highway (treatment 1) and
driving using a speedometer behind steer on the artery
(treatment 2) and driving using speedometer located on the
center of dashboard on the highway (treatment 3) by driving
using speedometer located on the center of dashboard on the
artery (treatment 4). This is due to asymp sig. 2 tailed of them
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were in critical areas 0.009 < 0.05 and 0.024 < 0.05. Based on
the average value, visual demand while driving down the
artery was bigger than average visual demand on the highway
(3.42 > 2.50 and 3.50 > 2.75). It could be due to arterial roads
have many road users cars, motorcycles, and pedestrians. In
addition there is a traffic light intersection, so that more should
be done such as braking, paying attention to the intersection,
paying attention to the curb because many vehicles are parked
on, other vehicles on the road, and crossing activities
undertaken other road users which is not found on the
highway. This adds with the activities to see the speedometer,
thus resulting greater visual demand.
Meanwhile the Wilcoxon test of treatment 1 compared to
treatment 3 showed no difference (0.317 > 0.05). Similarly,
the Wilcoxon test of treatment 2 and treatment 4 showed no
difference (0.739 > 0.05).
From the adaptation DALI questionnaire results performed
on category global attention demand there are extreme data
where respondents No.2 result value 1 on treatment 3. This
can happen because while doing research on treatment 3 and 4
performed in home office range but when on highway
situation is still quiet, while on artery (treatment 4) roads
crowded by vehicles, and so treatment 2 which performed also
in home office range, thus becoming crowded and increase
respondent global attention demand.
3) Stress
Based on Table IV there is a difference between using a
speedometer behind the steer on the highway (treatment 1) by
driving using a speedometer behind steer at the artery
(treatment 2). In addition, the difference also occurred
between driving using speedometer located on the center of
dashboard on highway (treatment 3) and driving using
speedometer located on the center of dashboard on artery
(treatment 4). This can be observed by asymp sig. 2 tailed of
them were in critical areas 0.019 < 0.05 and 0.007 < 0.05.
Based on the average value, where the global requirement of
driver attention was bigger on the artery than on the highway
(3.08 > 1.83 and 3.33 > 2.08) because on the arterial roads
often encountered traffic light intersection, which could cause
traffic jams, and stalled because of flooded roads, and police
checkpoints, etc. These were not found on highway which
resulted in the heavy traffic, consequently, increased stress on
the artery road.
Meanwhile, based on the Wilcoxon test, treatment 1
compared to treatment 3 showed no difference (0.317 > 0.05).
Similarly, treatment 2 and treatment 4 showed no difference
according to Wilcoxon test (0.629 > 0.05).
From the questionnaire results of the adaptation DALI
performed on category stress, there are extreme data where
respondents No.2 generated value 1 on treatment 1. This can
happen because while doing research on treatment 1 and 2
performed in home office range. Then, for the respondent
No.3 there are extreme results in treatment 4. This can happen
2016 2nd International Conference of Industrial, Mechanical,
Electrical, Chemical Engineering (ICIMECE)
because research on treatment 3 and 4 carried out during
afternoon in home office hour. So the heavier the traffic
situation, the respondents felt tired and stress. This condition
can be seen from the respondents behavior while waiting for
a traffic light interspersed with other activities, like looking
around the car interior and take the items that are in between
glove.
For respondents No.6 there are extreme results in treatment
4, which generated value 4 while on treatment 1 and 2
generate value 1. This could happen because while doing
research on treatment 4 respondent experienced some traffic
lights, where respondents seen dreamy and bored several
times, so that it makes the stress value higher.
Respondent No.10 has extreme results in treatment 2,
which generated value 5 while on treatment 1 and 3 generated
value 2. This happened because when on treatment 2 there are
police checkpoints on the impassable road, so that the traffic
situation was being slow, and since the police raids conducted
under the bridge after the bend, many motors drivers reduced
their speed suddenly, because they were surprised for the raid.
In the end, this resulted in respondents into high stress values.
The last, respondent No.12 has extreme results in treatment
2, which generated value 5 while on treatment 1 and 3
generated value 2. This happens because the respondent was
sleepy. It can be seen that the respondent several times was
yawning and unfocused, for example, often do not mention the
speed of speedometer loudly so it should be repeated. When at
a traffic light, the respondent crossed the line because she did
not see the traffic light.
Overall extreme data that occur in the Adaptation DALI
questionnaire due to impassable arterial roads atmosphere were
too crowded (heavy traffic) compared to the highway, since
passed during home office hour, weekend or there are police
checkpoints, consequently respondents tend to bored, and
sleepy as they passed through the road, so the extreme value of
questionnaires occurred.
4) Overall Analysis of Adaptation DALI questionnaire
From the results of the questionnaire data, the difference in
the position of the speedometer is used, based on the average
values, it can be seen that speedometer located on the center of
dashboard generated greater questionnaire values than
speedometer behind the steer; however the Wilcoxon test
results showed no difference. As for the different types of roads
used, it is found that the need for global attention demand,
visual demand, and stress increased. There were some different
results from the Wilcoxon test and the average values, which
arterial road produced higher questionnaire average values than
those on highway. This could be due to traffic jams on arterial
roads and the respondents must pass through the traffic light
several times with long duration. It potentially can cause stress
and a decrease the driver performance resulted in a decreased
of focus level and attention of respondents [11]. With the
decrease in the level of focus and attention of the respondents,
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indicated when required, the respondent will work harder
cognitively, resulted in higher global attention demand and
visual demand.
V. CONCLUSIONS
From total 10 times glance carried out by respondents
results average value 8.23 seconds on treatment 1, average
value 8.53 seconds on treatment 2, average 9.63 seconds on
treatment 3 and average 10.27 seconds on treatment 4.
Meanwhile for respondent workload the total results for
category global attention demand on the Adaptation DALI
questionnaire from treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3 and
treatment 4 are 30.96 ; 42.96 ; 32.04 ; and 45 with each
average value 2.58 ; 3.58 ; 2.67 ; and 3.75, respectively. Based
on the category visual demand on the Adaptation DALI
questionnaire from treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3 and
treatment 4 are 30 ; 42 ; 30 ; and 41.04 with each average
value 2.5 ; 3.5 ; 2.5 ; and 3.42, respectively. For category
stress on the Adaptation DALI questionnaire from treatment
1, treatment 2, treatment 3 and treatment 4 are 21.96 ; 36.96 ;
24.96 ; and 39.96 with each average value 1.83 ; 3.08 ; 2.08 ;
and 3.33, respectively.
Based on the results of Mann Whitney test there is a glance
time difference based on position of the speedometer. In
addition, obtained average total glance time of 12 respondents
using speedometer located on the center of dashboard was
larger than glance time using the speedometer behind the
steer. This could be due to the distance, as well as the
movement of the head required by the respondent when
looking at the speedometer located on the center of dashboard,
so that it further increased the possibility of distraction. While
based on the Mann Whitney test, for the type of road, there is
no time difference in time glance either uses a type of arterial
roads and highway. To workload, based on result of the
Adaptation DALI questionnaire indicates that there was no
workload difference between the speedometer located on the
center of dashboard and behind the steer, this can be seen in
the Wilcoxon test number 1&3 and 2&4. In addition, for the
type of road used there are differences in workload either
global attention demand, visual demand, or stress. Based on
the comparison of the average values, it is found that the
artery has greater workload because there are many
distractions on the road such as intersection, vehicles parked
on the shoulder of the road as well as other matters that were
not found on the highway.
2016 2nd International Conference of Industrial, Mechanical,
Electrical, Chemical Engineering (ICIMECE)
Based on the results of the glance experiment, the
speedometer located on the center of dashboard has a greater
glance time, thereby increasing the chances of distraction. As
for the results of the Adaptation DALI questionnaire to
workload, no differences found between the speedometers, but
when viewed from the average value adaptation DALI, central
speedometer has a greater need average values either global
attention demand, visual demand, or stress. Therefore, these
results suggested using a speedometer located behind steer,
because it has a faster glance and fewer workloads.
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