FOREWORD !!

Grace be upon Allah the Almighty, with HIS blessings, the chemistry folio are
ready. Thank you to our SMK Pandan headmistress, Puan Rohany binti Saat,because
allow me to use all types of method to finish this folio completely.

Also thank you to our Chemistry teacher, Puan Badariah binti Ali Bajraj, because
give me the explanations and help me to finish this folio. Thank you to my parents
because of their supported to me to successful this folio.Also thank to my friends that
have always help me to finish this Chemistry Folio.

Lastly, I want to thank to all person that help me to finish this folio successfully.
Thank you very much.
 INTRODUCTION !!

The discovery of chemical manufactured for consumers such as cleaning agents,food

additives and medicine has helped us improve our help and standard of living.Today,different
types of these chemicals are produces to meet the needs and preferences of
consumers.Therefore,understanding the chemistry of these chemical will help a consumers select
and use them wisely.

Medicines,soaps and detergent, we use these chemicals ever so often.Additives in food

make it last longer.Giving it nice colour, smell or flavor.Making simple food tastes so grand!

In this task,all people must know the use of food additives,soap and detergent and also
understand medicine.So,all people must always appreciate the existence of chemicals because
they are so important in our daily life.
 OBJECTIVE !!

The objective for making this Chemistry Folio are :

1. We have know the cleaning agents,food additives and medicine has helped us
improve our help and standard of living.

2. We able to know that additives in food make it last longer giving it nice colour, smell
or flavor and making simple food tastes so grand!

3. By this project also,we have know the use of food additives,soap and detergent and
also understand medicine.

4. We will know and understanding the chemistry of these chemical will help a
consumers select and use them wisely.

5. Students will appreciate the existence of chemicals because they are so important in
our daily life.
 (1.0)
SOAP AND
DETERGENT
 Introduction
What is soap

of long-chain fatty acids.

Soaps are sodium or potassium salt

resources.
Soaps are made from natural

- The general formulae of a soap can be written as :

- RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+
R is an alkyl group usually containing 12-18 carbon atoms.It can be saturated or unsaturated.

EXAMPLES OF SOAP:

1)Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+ .

2)Potassium stearate, CH3(CH2)16COO-K+.
 Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Sodium alkyl sulphate
O O
|| ||
– S – Oˉ Na⁺ R– R – O – S – Oˉ Na⁺
|| ||
O O
General formulae for two common detergents are :
Detergent are usually made from synthetic
resources such as petroleum fractions.They
were developed during the 2nd world war in
responds to a shortage of animal fats and
vegetable oils.
WHAT IS DETERGENT??
SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS !!
1. Made from animals fats and vegetables oils.

2. Prepared by hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition.

3. The reaction is called saponafication.

Used concentrated potassium

hydroxide solution instead of
concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution to form potassium soap,
Boil fats or oils with
potassium palmitate
concentrated sodium hydroxide
solution or concentrated Poatssium soaps
potassium hydroxide solution are softer, milder
by saponafication process . than sodium
sooaps and are
Then, react the acid with
usually used for
an alkali to form
bathing
corresponding sodium or
potassium salts
Glycerol and salts of
fattyacids which are the
soap are produce
Hydrolysed fats or
oil to form glycerol
or fatty acids.
• CLEANING ACTION OF SOAP

ADDITIVES IN DETERGENT AND THEIR

FUNCTIONS !!
 ADDITIVES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
Biological Amylases, proteases, cellulases To remove protein stains such
and lipase as blood
enzyme
Whitening Sodium perborate To convert stains into
colourless substances
agent
Optical Fluorescent dye To add brightness and
whiteness to white fabrics
whitener

Builder Sodium tripolyphosphate To enhance the cleaning

efficiency of detergent by
softening the water

Suspension Carboxymethylcellulose To prevent the dirt particles

removed from redepositing
agent onto cleaned fabrics

Filler Sodium sulphate, sodium To add to the bulk of the

silicate detergent and enable it to be
poured easily

Foam control Silicones To control foaming in detergent

agent
Fragrance - To add fragrance to both the
detergent and fabrics
COMPARISON BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT !!
SOAP DIFFERENCES DETERGENT
Soaps are effective cleaners in Detergents are effective cleaners
soft water soaps from scum in Effectiveness in both hard and soft water
hard water
Soaps form scum in hard water Formation of Detergents do not form scum in
scum hard water
Soaps are made from natural Detergents are made from
resources ( animal fats or Sources synthetic resources such as
vegetable oils ) petroleum fractions
Soaps form precipitate in Formation of Detergents do not form
acidic water precipitate precipitate in acidic water
Soaps are biodegradable and Effect to Non – biodegradable detergents
do not cause any pollution environment give thick foams that kill
aquatic lives

STRUCTURAL FORMULAE OF SOAP AND DETERGENT

 DISCUSSION !!
1) Soap are cleansing agent or natural detergent made from fats and oils of animals and
vegetables.

2) Soap form scum in hard water while detergent do not scum in hard water.

3) Soap are biodegradable and do not cause any pollution while detergent are non-
biodegradable and cause pollution.

CONCLUSION !!
The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such as soap and detergent has helped
us improve our standard living.both are surfactants (able to reduce surface tension of water to
emulsify oils and grease).This will help us use it and easier for our daily life. Therefore,
understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help a consumer select and use them wisely.

SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!
1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,

Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt
Ahmad,

First Published 2006,

Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.

2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,

Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,

 First Published 2009,

Cerdik Publication.

3) http://www.sdahq.org/soapchemistry

4) www.googleimage.com/soap

5) www.googleimage.com/detergent

(2.0)
FOOD
ADDITIVES
 Introduction of food additives !!

-Improve nutritional value of foods and Salt , sugar, vinegar,

improve their taste, texture, consistency or fenugreek,clover, aniseed,
color. cinnamon, buah pelage,
turmeric etc.
-substances added to food to preserve flavour
or improve its taste and appearance.

From natural resources

defination

FOOD
ADDITIVES

OBJECTIVE !!
1. We are should be able to :
2. State the type of food additives and their examples.

3. State the function of each type of food additives.

4. Justify the use of food additives.

Types of food additives and their

function !!

FOOD ADDITIVES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS

Antioxidants Ascorbic acid ,citric acid, Preventing oxidation that
sorbic acid. causes rancid fats and brown
fruits.
Stabilizers Lecithin Prevent emulsion from
separating out
Thickness Jelly, starch Thicken foods
Dyes Sunset yellow, tatrazine, Add or restore the colour in
indigo, caramine food in order to enhance
visual appeal.
Preservative Sodium nitrite, benzoic acid, Slow down or prevent the
sulphur dioxide. growth or microorganism.
Flavourings Monosodium glutamate, Improve the taste of food and
aspartame, pentyl ethanoate restore taste loss.
 DISCUSSION !!
1. Food additives have been used by mankind for centuries.

2. Improve nutritional value of foods and improve their taste, texture, consistency or color.

3. Substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance.

CONCLUSION !!
The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such as food additives has helped us
improve our healthy and standard living. The, different types of these chemicals are produced to
meet the needs and preference of consumers. Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these
chemicals will help a consumer select and use them wisely.

SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!
1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,

Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt
Ahmad,

First Published 2006,

Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.

2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,

 Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,

First Published 2009,

Cerdik Publication.

3) http://www.sdahq.org/chemcuisine

4) www.googleimage.com/foodadditives

(3.0)
MEDICINES
modern medicine !!

MODERN MEDICINE

- Made by scientist in laboratories base on the

subtances found in nature

- Forms such as liquid, tablets, powders and

capsules
 ANALGESIC

ANTIBIOTICS -Broken down by

PENICILLIN acid in stomach pneumonia.
- Most widely used in
some forms of
-Given by injection
antibiotics whooping cough and
-Side effects are: tuberculosis,
-Extracted from fungus
Headache
- Used to treat
Penicillium notatum
Allergic Streptomyces
- Use to cure bacterial
reaction
disease such as
bacteria of the genus
tuberculosis (TB), and Diarrhoea
- Produced by soil
pneumonia.
STREPTOMYCIN
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES
Psychotherap medicines Examples Side effects
eutic
Stimulant To reduce Methylphenidate, High does or excessive use of
fatigue and dextroamphetamine, stimulants over long periods of
elevate mood amphetamine time can lead to anxiety,
hallucinations, severe
depression, or physical and
psychological dependence
Antidepressant To reduce Tranquillisers Tranquillisers cause drowsiness,
tension and poor condition or light-
anxiety headedness. Overdose of these
drugs can lead to respiratory
difficulties, sleeplessness, coma
and even death

Barbiturates cause addiction.

Barbiturates People who rely on barbiturates
to fight against insomnia
sometimes kill themselves
accidentally by taking an
overdose

Antipsychotic To treat Chlorpromazine, Antipsychotic medicines cause

psychiatric haloperidol, drowsiness, rapid heartbeat and
illness such as clozapine dizziness
schizophrenia
 Traditional medicine !!
TRADITIONAL
MEDICINE

Base on effectiveness without knowing

chemicals.Effectiveness depends on
practices and belief without scientific
proof.

GINSENG ALOE VERA

Use for the Use to treat GARLIC PEGAGA

treatment for skin condition
Can repel by Use as herbal
weakness and such as
thing insects. tea, provides
general sunburn and
insects bites. extra vitality,
fatigue An antioxidant
and be able to increase brain
Increases Decrease the power and
lower high
inflammation improve blood
resistance to blood
and pain circulation.
stress. pressure.
caused by
burn.

DISCUSSION !!
Medicine is the science of diagnosing, treating and preventing disease.
Medicine is use to treat and cure disease.

Modern medicine are made by scientists in laboratories and are based on substances found in
nature.

Traditional medicine are usually not processed.

CONCLUSION !!
The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such medicine has helped us improve
our healthy and standard living.Good medical practice help people live longer, have more
meaningful and active lives.Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help
a consumer select and use them wisely.

SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!
1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,

Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt
Ahmad,

First Published 2006,

Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.

2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,

Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,

First Published 2009,

Cerdik Publication.

3) http://www.sdahq.org/modernmedicine

4) www.googleimage.com/medicine
 5) www.googleimage.com/traditionalmedicine

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CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

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