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1 3DGEOMETRY MaheshTutorialScience

1) If,,areanglemadebyalinewithpositivedirectionsofx,yandz
axesrespectivelyshowthat
i)sin2+sin2+sin2=2

ii)cos22+cos2+cos22=+1=0

Solution:
i) areanglemadebyalinewithpositivedirectionsofx,y,z,axes.
L.H.S.=sin2+sin2+sin2
=1cos2+1cos2+1cos2(sin2+cos2=1)
= 3 (cos2+cos2+cos2)
= 31 (cos2+cos2+cos2=1)
=2
= R.H.S.

3DGeometry

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ii)L.H.S.=cos2+cos2+cos2 +1

=2cos21+2cos21+2cos2 1+1
(cos2=2cos21)
2 2+cos2+cos2)
=(cos 2
=2(1)2

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= (cos2+cos2+cos2=1)
=0

3DGeometry

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2)Alineliesintheyzplaneandmakesanangle30withyaxisfindits
inclinationwithzaxis.Andhencesfinditsd.c.s
Solution:
Sincethelinesliesinyzplane,itisperpendiculartoxaxis.If,,are
directionangelsoftheline,then=90given=30tofind.

3
cos=0, cos=
2
Nowcos2+cos2+cos2=1
2
3
0+ 2 +cos2=1

cos2=13
4=14
1
cos = 2
=60or120i.e.thelineisinclinedat60or120withzaxis.

3DGeometry

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3) If=and=
findwhereareanglesmadebythelinewiththe
4
positivedirectionsofX,YandZaxesrespectively.
Solution:
Let,,Respectivelybetheanglesmadetheline.Withthepositive
directionofx,y,andzaxesNow,

= , = .(i)
4
Now,cos2+cos2+cos2=1

cos2+cos2+cos2 =1
4
2
1
2cos2 + =1
2

1
2cos2+ =1
2
1
2cos2=
2

3DGeometry

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1
cos2=
4
1
cos2=
2
1 1
cos= or cos=
2 2

= or=2
3 3

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4)Findd.c.sofalinewhichisequallyinclinedtocoordinateaxes

Solution:
Let,,bethedirectedanglesofthelinewithcoordinateaxesGiven
==

But cos2+cos2+cos2=1
1 1
cos2= , cos2=
3 3

cos=cos=cos 1
=
3
Thed.c.s.ofthelines

1 1 1 1 1 1
, , or , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3

3DGeometry

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5)Showthatnolineinspacecanmakeanglesof & withxandyaxes
6 4
Solution:
If,,arethedirectedanglesoftheline

then = , =
6 4
But cos2+cos2+cos2=1

cos2 + cos2 +cos2=1
6 4
2 2
3
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3 + 1 +cos2= 1 3 + 1 + cos2=1
2 2 4 2
5 5 1
2=1 cos2=1 =
4+cos 4 4
cos2<0

Nolinecanmakeangles xandyaxis.
6and 4with

3DGeometry

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6) FindthedirectioncosinesoflineOpifP(4,3,2)andOisorigin

Solution:

OP=4i+3j+2k

OP = 16+9+4 = 29 D.r.sare4,3,2

4 , 3 , 2
D.c.s.ofOPare
29 29 29

3DGeometry

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7) FindanglebetweenAB&CDifA(2,2,5),B(1,5,5)C(2,4,1),D(1,1,1)

Solution:
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ThedirectionratiosofABare3,3,0i.e.1,1,0.ThedirectionratiosofCD
are3,3,0i.e.1,1,0.
LetbetheanglebetweenABandCD.
a1 a 1 b 1 c2
2+b 2+c
cos=
a 2
1
+b2 1 +c2 2
+b2 2 +c22
1 a 2

1(1)(1)(1)+(0)(0)
+
=
+11+0.+11+0
11+0 0
= = =0 =90
2.2 2

i.e.linesABandCDareperpendicular.

3DGeometry

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8) FindkifABCisrightangleatB,whereA=(5,6,4),B(5,6,4)B=(4,4,1),
C(8,2,k)

Solution:

A (5,6,4) B (4,4,1) C (8,2,K)

ABCisrightangledatB
AB2+ BC2 = AC2 .(i)
AB2+=14+9=14
BC2 =164+(K1)
+ 2

=20 + K22K+1=21+K22K
AC2 =916+(K4)
+ 2 =25+16 + K28K From(i)
=1421+K
+ 22K=41+K28K

6K=6
K=1

3DGeometry

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9) Findkifthelinewithd.r.sk,6,2andk1,k,4areperpendicular

Solution:
Sincelinesperpendiculars.
a1 a 1 b 1 c2 =0
2+b 2+c
K(K1) 6(K)8 =0
K2 K 6K8 =0
K2 7K 8 =0
(K8) (K+1) =0 eitherK8=0orK+1=0
K=8orK=1

3DGeometry

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10) Thedirectioncosinesoftwolinesaredeterminedbytherelation

l5m+3n=0and712+5m23n2=0,findthem

Solution:
l5m+3n=0
l=5m3n
7l2+5m23n2=0
7(5m3n)2+5m23n2=0

175m2 210mn + 63n2 + 5m2 3n2 =0

180m2 210mn + 60n2 =0

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Dividingthroughoutby30,weget
6m27mn+2n2=0
6m24mn 3mn+ 2n2=0

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2m(3m2n)n(3m2n)

(2mn)(3m2n)=0

n
m= or3m=2n
2
n
i.when m=
2
n n
l=5 3n=
2 2
Directionratiosl,m,ni.e. n n
, ,n
2 2
i.e.1,1,2
1 1 2
Directioncosinesare , ,
6 6 6

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2n
ii.when m=
3
l=5m3n=10 n n
3n =
3 3
Directionratiosl,m,ni.e. n 2n
, ,n
3 3
i.e.1,1,2
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1
Directioncosinesare ,2 ,3
1+4+9 14 14

i.e.1 ,2 ,3
14 14 14

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1
11)Showthattheanglebetweenanytwodiagonalsofacubeiscos1
3
Solution:
Letabethelengthofanedgeofthecubewithonevertexattheorigin.
ThediagonalsofthecubeareOP,AR,BSandCQ.
ConsiderthediagonalsOPandAR
ThedirectionratiosofOPandARare
a0,a0,a0,and0a,a0,a0
i.e.a,a,aanda,a,arespectively.
LetbetheanglebetweenOPandAR,then

aa+aa+aa
cos=
a +a +a
2 2 2

. (a2)+a2+a2

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a2 Z
cos=
3a2 C(0,0,a) R(0,a,a)

1
cos= S P
3
(a,0,a) (a,a,a)
1
= cos1 O(0,0,0) B(0,a,0)
3
Y

A(a,0,0) Q(a,a,0)

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12)Alinemakeangle,,,withfourdiagonalofacuteprovethatcos2+
4
cos2+cos2+cos2=
3
Solution:

F
E

C
G B
D

O A

LetOABCFEDGbeacubeofedgeoneunitsuchthatvertexOisatthe
originandedgesOA,OC,OGalongthecoordinateaxes.
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O(0,0,0),O(0,0,0), B(1,1,0),

G(0,0,1),A(1,0,0), C(0,1,0),

D(1,0,1),F(0,1,1)

Directionratiosof
diagonalOEare1,1,1.
diagonalBGare1,1,1.
diagonalCDare1,1,1.
diagonalAFare1,1,1.

Letthelinewhichmakesangles,,andwiththediagonalsofthecube
hasdirectionratiosx,y,z.

cos2+cos2+cos2+cos2

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19 MaheshTutorialScience

2 2
x(1)+y(1)+z(1) x(1)+y(1)+z(1)
= +
x +y +z
2 2 2

. 3 x +y +z
2 2 2

. 3

2 2
x(1)+y(1)+z(1) x(1)+y+z
+ +
x +y +z
2 2 2

. 3 x +y +z
2 2 2

. 3

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= (x+y+z)2 + (x+yz)2 +(xy+z)2 +(x+y+z)2

3(x2+y2+z2)

(x2+y2+z2+2xy+2yz+2xz)+(x2+y2+z2+2xy2xz2yz)

(x2+y2+z22xy2yz+2zx)+(x2+y2+z22xy2xz2yz)

3(x2+y2+z2)

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4(x2+y2+z2)
=
3(x2+y2+z2)

4
cos2+cos2+cos2+cos2=
3

3DGeometry

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13) Alinepassingthoughtoriginmakeangle 1
2 3 withtheplaneXOY,

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1 2 3
YOZandZOXrespectively,thenprovethat cos2 +cos2 +cos2 =2
Ans: ConsideralineLpassingthroughorigin Z

making 1 withXOYplane, 2 with L

YOZplaneand 3 withZOXplane.
P(x,y,z)
LetP(x,y,z)beanypointonlineLsuchthat z
Y
l(OP)=r
1
Q
2+z2
l(OP)=x2+y (bydistance O
X
formula)

DrawPQXYPlaneandjoinOQ.

QOP=

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Q(x,y,0)

l(OQ)= x2+y2 (bydistanceformula)

l(OQ) x2+y2
cos 1 = = ...(i)
l(OP) x2+y2+z2
Similarly,wecanprove

y2+z2
cos 2 = ...(ii)
x2+y2+z2

z2+x2
and cos 3 = ...(iii)
x2+y2+z2

3DGeometry

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From(i),(ii)and(iii),weget

2 2 2
x2+y2 y2+z2 z2+x2
= + +
x2+y2+z2 x2+y2+z2 x2+y2+z2

x2+y2 y2+z2 z2+x2

= + +
x2+y2+z2 x2+y2+z2 x2+y2+z2

2(x2+y2+z2)
= =2
x2+y2+z2

cos2 1 +cos2 2 +cos2 3 =2

3DGeometry

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14) ThedirectionratiosofABare2,2,1.IfA(4,1,5)andl(AB)=6units,find
thecoordinatesofB.

Solution:
DirectionratiosoflineABare2,2,1.
Directionratiosareproportionalto2,2,2,suchthatl(AB)=6

42+42+2=6

92=6

=2
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Directionratiosare4,4,2or4,4,2.

LetB(x,y,z),A(4,1,5)

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x 4=4,y 1=4,z 5=2

1 1 1

x =0,y =5,z 1 =7
1 1

B(0,5,7)

Orx 1 4=4,y 1 1=4,z 1 5=2

x 1 =8,y 1 =3,z 1 =3

B(8,3,3)

3DGeometry

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15) Findthedirectioncosinesofthesidesofthetrianglewhoseverticesare

(3,5,4).(1,1,2)and(5,5,2).Whattypeoftriangleisit?

Solution:

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A(3,5,4), B(1,1,2),C(5,5,2)

AB=ba=4i 4j + 6k

BC=cb=4i 6j 4k

CA=ac=8i +10j 2k

|AB|=|BC|=16+16+36

=68
Itisanisoscelestriangle.

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27 MaheshTutorialScience

Anddirectionratiosofsidesare(2,2,3),(2,3,2),(4,5,1).

Directioncosinesofsidesare

2, 2 3, 2, 3 2, 4, 5 1,
, ,
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17

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GROUP(A)HOMEWORKPROBLEMS Hence,thedirectionratiosofthelineare2,
2,1andthedirectioncosinesoftheline
are
Q1)Alinemakes45 0 withXaxis,90 0 withY
axisand135 0 withZaxis.Findthe 221 221
, , or ,,
directioncosinesoftheline. 333 333

Ans.Alinemakes45 0 withXaxis,90 0 withYaxis

and135 0 withZaxis.
Q3)Showthattwolinewithd.r.s1,2,3and
Given: = 45 0 Findthe
2,1,0areperpendiculartoeachother.
= 90 0 direchon
Ans.Given:letthetwolinesareABandCD.
= 135 0 cosinesofthe
Drs(AB)(1,2,3)(L1,M 1,n 1)
line
Drs(CD)(2,1,0)(L1,M 2,n 2)
betheanglewithxaxis
Consider
betheanglewithyaxis
= l1 l2 +m1m2 +n 1n 2
betheanglewithzaxis
= (1)(2)+(2)(1)+(3)(10)
1 = 2+2
cos=cos45 0 =
2
= 0
cos=cos90 0 = 0
Thegivenlinesareperpendicular.
cos=cos135 0 = cos(180 0 45 0)

1 Q4)AlineliesintheYZplaneandmakesan
=
2 angle30 0 withYaxis,finditsinclination
withZaxis
1 1
DCS = ,0,
2 2 Ans.Given:lineliesintheYZplane
= 300

istheanglemadebythelinewithyaxis.

= 900
Q2)AlinepassesthroughA(3,1,2)and
(AsthelinediesinYZplane.Henceitisar
B(5,11).Findd.r.soflineAB.
toxaxis)and
Ans.LetA(3,1,2)andB(5,11)bethegiven
r = 600 or 1200
points.Thenthedirectionratiosoftheline
ABare53,11,12i.e2,2,1 Q5)FindtheanglebetweenlinesABandCD
ThedirectioncosinesofthelineABare whereA(2,1,3)B(1,1,2)C(4,3,1)and
D(2,2,0)
2 ()
2
,
2 2 2 2 2 2 Ans.Given:lineABandCD
()()
2+2+1 ()()
2+2+1
where,

()

}
1 A(2,1,3)
AB
2 2 2
()()
2+2+1 B(1,1,2)

}
2 2 1
i.e , , C(4,3,1)
3 3 3 CD
D(2,2,0)

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MaheshTutorialsScience 29

8 k2 64 k+34= 0
AB=(1,2,1)
Drs ()AB =
8 k2 +64 k34 = 0

Drs ()CD = CD=(2,1,2) 4 k2 +32 k17 = 0

aa12 + bb12 + cc12 4 k2 +34 k2 k17=0

cos = 2 2 2 2 2 2
a 1 + b1 + c1 a 2 + b2 + c 2 2 k(2 k+17)1(2 k+17)=0

2+21 (2 k+17)(2 k1)=0

=
6.6 17 1
k = or
2 2
3 1
= =
6.6 2
Q7)Findthevectorofmagnitude9whichis

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1 equallyinclinedtothecoordinateaxes.
cos =
2
Ans.letabethevectorwhichisequallyinclined
1 1 tothecoordinationaxes.If,,arethe
= cos
2 directionanglesofthelinethen==
c cos2 +cos2 +cos2 =1gives
=
3
1
3cos2 =1 cos2 =
3

Q6)Ifanglebetweenthelineswithd.r.sis2,
1
cos=
3
2 k,1and1,1,2is findk.
3
theunitvectorsalongthevectoraare
Ans.Directionratiosoffirstlineare,

a1 =2,b 1 =2k,c1 =1 1 1 1
i + j + k and
3 3 3
directionratiosofsecondlineare,

a2 =1,b 2 =1,c2 =2 1 1 1
i + j + k
3 3 3
Thebetweenthem =
3
1
butanglebetweenthelinesisgivenby
i.e
3
(ijk++ )
aa12 +b 12b + cc12
cos = Now a= 9
2 2 2 2 2 2
a 1 + b 1 + ca
1 2 + b2 + c2
1

cos

=
() k ()()
21+21+12 a =9
3
(ijk++ )
3 2
2+2 ()k
2
+11+1+2()()
2 2 2 2

i.e a =33++
ijk ( )
1 22+2k
=
2 4+4 k2 +11+1+4
Q8)Ifl1,m1,n 1 andl2,m2,n 2 arethedirection
1 42 k cosinesoftwolines,thenshowthatthe
=
2 5+4 k2 6 directioncosinesofthelineperpendicular
tothemareproportionaltom1n 2 m2n 1,
2
5+4 k 6=84 k
n 1l2 n 2l1,l1m2 l2m1
squaringboththesidesweget
Ans.Letl,m,nbethedirectioncosinesoftheline
(5+4 k2)6= (84 k)2 perpendiculartoeachofthegivenlines,
30+24 k2 = 6464 k+16 k2 ll1 +mm1 +nn1 =0 ...(i)
6464 k = 16 k2 3024 k2 =0 ll2 +mm2 +nn2 =0 ...(ii)
onsolving(i)and(ii),
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i.e
l m n
= =
m1 n1 ln
1 1 lm
1 1 5+114+4224+61
k k k k k k
, ,
m2 n2 ln
2 2 lm
2 2 k +1 k +1 k +1

m 4k 2+23+5
k k
l i.e , ,
= k +1 k +1 k +1
mn1 2 mn2 1
nl12 ln1 2

andthedirectionratiosofPQare
n
= 51,44,46i.e4,0,2
lm
1 2 ml 12
SinceAMisperpendiculartoPQ,
Hencethedirectioncosinesoftheline
perpendiculartothegivenlinesare 4k 2+2
k 3+5
k
proportionaltom1n2 m2n1,n1l2 n2l1, 4 +0 2 =0
k +1 k +1 k +1
l1m2 l2m1
16k6k10=0

10k=10 k=1
Q9)ShowthatthevectorABisperpendicular
6810
M ,,
toCDwhereA(3,4,2),B(1,1,2), 222
C(0,3,2)andD(3,5,6).
i.eM(3,4,5)

Ans.ThedirectionofthelinealongvectorABare Hencethecoordinationofthefootof

a1 =13=2,b1 =14=5, perpendicularare(3,4,5)

c1 =2(2)=4 Q11)Findthedirectioncosinesofvectorwhich
Thedirectionratioofthelinealongthevector isperpendiculartovectorswithdirection

CDare ratios1,2,2and0,2,1.

a2 =30=3,b2 =53=2,c2 =62=4 Ans.Leta,b,carethedirectionratiosofthe

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requiredvectorwhichisperpendiculartothe
a1a2 +b1b2 +c1c2 =(2)(3)+(5)(2)+4(4)
vectorwiththedirectionratio1,2,2and0,
=610+16
2,1
=0
a+2 b+2 c=0and0.a+2 b+c=0
thelinealongthevectorABisperpendicular
a b c
tothelinealongvectorCD. = =
22 12 12
Hence,ABisperpendiculartoCD 21 01 01

a b c a b c
= = = =
Q10)IfalinedrawnfromthepointA(1,2,1)is 24 10 20 2 1 2
perpendiculartothelinejoiningP(1,4,6)
a b c
andQ(5,4,4),thenfindthecoordinates = =
2 12
ofthefootoftheperpendicular.
Thedirectionratiosoftherequiredvectorare
Ans.LetAMbetheperpendicularfromthepoint
(2,1,2)
A(1,2,1)tothelinePQwhereP(1,4,6)and
Q(5,4,4) Thedirectioncosinesofthevectorare

letMdividesPQinteunallyintheratioK:1 2 1
, ,
2 2
5+14+4
k k 4+6
k
2
()
2+1+2
2 2
()
2+1+2
2

M , 2, 1
k +1 k +1 k +1
2
ThedirectionratiosofAMare 2 2 2
()
2+1+2
2+1
k 4+4
k 4+6
k
1, 2, 1
k +1 k +1 k +1 212
i.e, , ,
333
3DGeometry

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MaheshTutorialsScience 31

Q12)Ifthedirectionratiosoftwovectorsare Q13)ABCisatrianglewhereA(2,3,5),
connectedbytherelationsp+q+r=0 B(1,3,2)andC(,5,).Ifthemedian
andp 2 +q 2 r2 =0,findanglebetween throughAisequallyinclinedtotheaxis,
them. thenfindthevaluesofand
Ans.Given,p+q+r=0 ...(i) Ans.LetADbethemedionoftheABCthrough
andp 2 +q 2 r2 =0 ...(ii) A.ThenDbethemidpointofBC

from(i),P=(q+r) thedirectionratioofmedianADare
PuttingtheralueofPin 1 +2
2,43, 5
eq.2weget, 2 2

[(q+r)]2 +q 2 r2 =0 5 +8
i.e ,1,
q 2 +2qr+r2 +q 2 r2 =0 2 2

2q+2qr=0 i.e5,2,8
2q(q+r)=0 thedirectioncosinesofthemedianADare
2q=0orq+r=0
5
l =
q=0orq=r 2 2 2
( )
5+2+ ( 8 )
Now,P=(q+r),therefore,

ifq=0,p=(0+r)=r 2
m = 2 2
2
P=randq=0 ( )
5+2+ ( 8 )
P r
= andq=0 8
1 1 n = 2 2
2
( )
5+2+ ( 8 )
thedirectionratioofthefirstvectorare
Now,themedianisequallyinclinedtothe
a1 =1,b 1 =0,c1 =1
axes.
Ifq=r,P=(r+r)=0
If,,rarethedirectionanglesofthemedian
P=0andq=r
then==r
q r
P=0and= cos=cos=cosr
1 1
l=m=n
Thedirectionratioofthesecondrectorare

a2 =0,b 2 =1,c2 =1 5
=
2 2

letbetheanglebetweenthevectorsthen ( )
5+4+ ( 8 )

aa12 +b 12b + cc12 2

cos= 2 2 2 2
2 2
a 1 + b1 + c 1
2 2
0+1+1
2
() ( )
5+2+ ( 8 )

8
()()()()
10+01+11 = 2 2

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= 2
()
1+0+1.0+1+1
2 2 2 2
()
2
( )
5+4+ ( 8 )
5=2=8
1 1 =7and=10
= =
2.2 2

cos= cos
3

=
3

3DGeometry

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32 MaheshTutorialsScience

Q14)Findacuteanglebetweenlineshaving 1
cos= cos45 0 = and
directionratios5,4,1and3,2,1 2
Ans.Directionratiosofthelinesare5,4,1and
1
3,2,1 cos= cos60 0 =
2

()()()()
53+42+11 cos2+cos2+cos2
cos=
25+16+19+4+1
311
= ++
424
15+81
=
4214 3
= 1
2
84 4
cos= = i.e,,dosenotsatisfytheidentity
143 73
cos2+cos2+cos2=1
1 4
= cos
73
Q2)Findthevalueofforwhichthepoints
(6,1,2),(8,7,)and(5,2,4)arecollinear.

1 11 Ans.LetA(6,1,2),B(8,7,)andC(5,2,4)be
Q15)Canthreenumbers , , bed.c.s
3 3 3 thegivenpoints

forsomeline?Justify. ThendirectionratiosoflineABare

86,7(1),2
1
Ans.l = , i.e2,6,2anddirectionratiosoftheline
3
ACare56,2(1),42
1
m = , i.e1,3,2
3
SinceA,B,Carecollinear.Thedirectionratio
1 ofABandACareinsameproportion
n =
3
2 6 2
= =
111 1 3 2
l2 +m2 +n 2 = ++=1
333
2
2 =
1 11 2
, , canbed.c.sofsomelines
3 3 3 4 = 2

= 2

BASICASSIGNMENTS(BA)
BA1 Q3)Findanglebetweenthelineswhose
directioncosinesl,m,nsatisfyequations
Q1)Showthatthereisnolineinspacewhose 5l+m+3n=0and5mn2nl+6lm=0.
directionanglesare30 0,45 0,60 0

Ans.Letifpossible,thedirectionanglesofaline Ans.Given,5l+m+3n=0and ...(i)

inspacebe30 0,45 0,60 0 5mn2nl+6lm=0 ...(ii)
withstandardnotahone From(i),m=(5l+3n)
= 30 0 Puttingthevalueofminequation(ii),we
= 45 0 get,
= 60 0 5(5l+3n)n2nl6l(5l+3n)=0

3 25ln15n 2 2nl30l2 18ln=0

cos= cos30 0 = ,
2 30l2 45ln15n 2 =0
3DGeometry

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2l2 +3ln+n 2 =0 thedirectionratioofAMare

2l2 +2ln+ln+n 2 =0 5+1

k 4+1
k 4+6
k
1, 2, 1
2l(l+n)+n(l+n)=0 k +1 k +1 k +1

(l+n)(2l+n)=0 5+114+422
k k k k
i.e , ,
l+n=0or2l+n=0 k +1 k +1

l=norn=2l 4+61
k k
Now,m = (5l+3n),therefore,ifl=n, k +1

m = (5n+3n)=2n
4k 2+23+5
k k
i.e m ,
m k +1 k +1 k +1
l = =n
2 andthedirectionratiosofPQare

l m n 51,44,46i.e4,0,2
= =
1 2 1 sinceAMisortoPQ

thedirectionratiosofthefirstlineare 2+2
k 3+5
4k k
4 to 2 =0
a1 =1,b 1 =2,c1 =1 k +1 k +1 k +1
Ifn=2l,m=(5l6l)=l 16k6k10=0

n 10k= 10 k=0
l = m =
2
6810
M ,,
l m n 222
= =
1 1 2
i.e M (3,4,5)
thedirectionratiosofthesecondlineare Hence,thecoordinatesofthefootof
a2 =1,b 2 =1,c2 =2 perpendicularare(3,4,5)

Letbetheanglebetweenthelines.

Then
BASICASSIGNMENTS(BA)
BA2
aa1 2 + bb12 + cc12
cos= 2 2 2 2 2 2
a 1 + b1 + c1 . a 2 + b2 + c2
Q1)Findthedirectioncosinesofthesidesof
thetrianglewhoseverticesare(3,5,4),
()()()()
11+21+12
(1,1,2)and(5,5,2).Whattypeof
= 2 2 2 2 2 2

()
1+2+1.1+1+2 () triangleisit?

Ans.LetABCbethetriangle,whereA(3,5,4),
1+22 1 1 B(1,1,2)andC(5,5,2).
= = =
6.6 6 6
thedirectionratiosofsideABare

1 1 13,15,2(4),i.e.,4,4,6,i.e.,2,2,3
= cos
6 thedirectioncosinesofsideABare

2 2
, ,
2 2
Q4)IfalinedrawnfromthepointA(1,2,1)is 2
2+2+3
2
()
2
2+2+3
2
()
perpendiculartothelinejoiningP(1,4,
6)andQ(5,4,4),thenfindthecoordinates 3
2
ofthefootoftheperpendicular. 2
2+2+3
2
()
Ans.LetMdividesPQinternallyinthedratiosk:1
2 3
i.e.,2 , ,
5+14+44+6
k k k
M , , 17 17 17
k +1 k +1 k +1
ThedirectionratiosofsideBCare
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34 MaheshTutorialsScience

5(1),51,22,i.e.,4,6,4 Q2)Showthatthefourpoints(5,1,1),
i.e.,2,3,2 (1,3,4),(7,4,7)and(1,6,10)arethe
thedirectioncosinesofsideBCare verticesofrhombus.
Ans.LetA=(5,1,1),B=(1,3,4),C=(7,4,7)
2 3 2
, , andD=(1,6,10)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2+3+2 2+3+2 2+3+2
d.r.s.ofABare:15,3+1,41
2 2 2 i.e.6,2,3
i.e., , ,
17 17 17
d.r.s.ofCDare:17,6+4,107

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ThedirectionratiosofsideACare i.e.6,2,3
53,55,2(4),i.e.,8,10,2
Thusd.r.s.ofABaresameasthatofCD
i.e.,4,5,1
AB||CD
thedirectioncosinesofsideACare
d.r.s.ofACare75,4+1,71
4 5 i.e.2,3,6
, ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
4+5+1 () 4+5+1 () d.r.s.ofBDare1+1,6+3,104

i.e.2,3,6 AC||BD
1
2 D C
2
4+5+1
2
()

i.e., 4 5 1
, ,
42 42 42

LetbetheanglebetweenthesideABand A B
AC. ABDCisaparallelogram.
Thenbyusingtheformula,
d.c.s.ofdiagonalADare4,5,9
cos= |l 1l 2 +m1m2 +n 1n 2|,weget,
d.c.sofdiagonalBCare8,1,3

8 10 3 Sumofproductsofd.r.s.
cos= + +
1742 1742 1742 = 8(4)+(1)(5)+(3)(9)

21 = 32+5+27
=
1742 = 0

LetbetheanglebetweenthesidesABand ADBC
BC. ThusABCDisaparallelograminwhich
diagonalsaremutuallyperpendicular.
4 6 6 4
Thencos= + + =
171717 17 ABCDisarhombus.

cos=cos =
thetriangleisanisoscelestriangle. Q3)IfQbethefootoftheperpendicularfrom
P(2,4,3)onthelinejoiningthepointsA
Hence,thedirectioncosinesofthesidesof
(1,2,4)andB(3,4,5),dindcoordinates
2 2 3 ofQ.
thetriangleare , , P(2,4,3)
17 17 17
Ans.
2 3 2
, ,
17 17 17

4 5 1
, ,
42 42 42
A(1,2,4) Q(,,)
xyz B(3,4,5)
anditisanisoscelestriangle.

3DGeometry

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MaheshTutorialsScience 35

LetQ=(x ,y ,z) Q5)IfpointsA(1,3,),B(2,0,1)andC(4,

d.r.s.ofAQare:x1,yz,z4 ,3)arecollinear,showthatpointD(2,
12,9)isonthesameline.
d.r.s.ofABare:31,42,54,
Ans.ThedirectionratiosoflineABare
i.e.2,2,1
2+1,03,1 i.e.1,3,1
SinceAQandABaresegmentsofthesame
line DirectionratiosoflineACare

4+1,3,3 i.e.3,3,3
x 1 y 2 z 4
= = =1(say)
2 2 1 SinceA,B,Carecollinear.

x = 2t+1,y=2t+2,z=t+4 AB||AC

Q = (2t+1,2t+2,t+4) 1 3 1
= =
3 3 3+
d.r.s.ofPQare2t+12,2t+24,t+43

i.e.2t1,2t2,t+1 1 3 1
i.e. = =
SincePQAB, 3 3 3+

(2t1)2+(2t2)2+(t+1)1=0 Solving,wehave,=6,=3
4t2+4t4+t+1=0 DirectionratiosofABare1,3,2or1,3,2
9t5=0 and

5 DirectionratiosofADare2+1,123,93
t = i.e3,9,6
9

Q = (2t+1,2t+2,t+4) 1 3 2
Now = =
3 9 6

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= 2 5 +1,2 5 +2,+4
5
HenceAB||AD,pointAiscommon.
9 9 9
ABandADarealongthesameline.
192841
= , , ThepointD(2,12,9)isonthelinecontaining
9 9 9
A,BandC.

Q4)A(3,2,6),B(1,4,5)andC(3,5,3)arethe
verticesoftriangleABC.FindmABC.

Ans.Weknowthatthedirectionratiosoftheline
segmentjoining(x 1,y 1,z1)and(x 2,y 2,z2)are
x 2 x 1,y 2 y 1,z2 z1

DirectionratiosofBAare31,24,65

i.e2,2,1

DirectionratiosofBCare31,54,35

i.e2,1,2

letmABC=then

2 2+21+12

cos= 2 2
2 2 2 2
()
2+2+1.2+1+2 ()

422
cos= =0
9.9

= 900

3DGeometry

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