1.

5 Linear first-order differential equations

Problem 11. Solve equation

xy 2 x 2 y 4 y .
Solution.
Division by x gives:
4
y y 2 x y .
x
1
This is Bernoulli equation with n .
2
y
Let z y11/2 y , then z and the equation becomes
2 y
4 2
2 z z 2 x or z z x .
x x
It is a linear first-order differential equation, where
2
p ( x ) , f ( x) x .
x
Let us solve the equation using the integrating factor
2
dx
( x) e 2ln x
x 2 .
p ( x ) dx
e x e
Thus,
z ( x) x 2 x 2 xdx C x 2 ln x C .

Returning to the variable y ( x ) we obtain the general solution of the given
equation:
y( x) z 2 ( x) x 4 C ln x .
2

Also y 0 is the solution.

Problem 12. Solve equation

xydy y 2 x dx .
Solution.
Division by xy gives:
1 1
y
y .
x y
This is Bernoulli equation with n 1.
 Let z y1( 1) y 2 , then z 2 yy and the equation becomes
2
z z 2 .
x
It is a linear first-order differential equation, where
2
p ( x ) , f ( x) 2 .
x
Let us solve the equation using the integrating factor
2
dx
( x) e p ( x ) dx e x e
2ln x
x 2 .
Thus,
2
z ( x) x 2 x 2 2dx C x 2 C 2 x Cx 2 .
x
Returning to the variable y ( x ) we obtain the general solution of the given
equation:
y( x) z ( x) x Cx 2 .
Also y 0 is the solution.