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ME 2353 Finite Element Analysis
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UNIT 1
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1. Name the variational methods.
1. Ritz method
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2. Rayleigh Ritz method
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1. Point collocation method
2. Sub-domain collocation method
3. Least squares method
4. Galerkins method. no
3. What is Raleigh Ritz method?
Rayleigh-Ritz method is an integral method which is useful for solving complex
structural problems, encountered in finite element analysis. This method is
possible only if a suitable functional is available.
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assemblage.
the inaccuracy of the solution increases. The aspect ratio should be close to
unity as for as possible.
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1. Primary boundary condition
2. Secondary boundary condition
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8. What are the methods generally associated with the finite element analysis?
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Force method and Displacement or stiffness method are the two methods.
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In force method, internal forces are considered as unknowns of the
problem. In displacement or stiffness method, the displacements are
considered as unknowns of the problem. Among the two methods ,
displacement method is desirable.
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10.Why polynomial type of interpolation functions are mostly used due to the
following reasons:
1. It is easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations
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2. It is easy to perform differentiation or integration
3. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the
order of the polynomial.
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13. Differentiate between global and local axes.
Local axes are established in an element, they change with change in
orientation of the element. The direction differs from element to
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element.Global axes are defined for the entire system. They have the same
direction for all the elements even though the elements are differently
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oriented.
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UNIT 2
ONE DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
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1. Body force (f)
2. Traction force (T)
3. Point load (P) no
2. Define body force.
A body force is distributed force acting on every elemental volume of
the body. Unit: force per unit volume
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5. What are the basic steps involved in the finite element modeling.
Finite element modeling consists of the following:
1. Discretisation of the structure
2. Numbering of the nodes.
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1. Global co-coordinates
2. Local Co-ordinates
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3. Natural co-ordinates
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A natural co-ordinate system is used to define any point inside the
element by a set of dimensionless numbers, whose magnitude never exceeds
unity. This system is useful in assembling of stiffness matrices.
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8. Define shape function.
In finite element method, field variables within an element are generally
expressed by the following approximate relation:
1 1+ N2 2 + N3
no 3 1 2 3 4 are the
values of
the field variable at the nodes and N1 N2 N3 N4 are interpolation function. N1
N2 N3
N4 are called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry
or shape of the element.
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1. The shape function has unit value at one nodal point and zero
value at the other nodes.
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reasons:
1. Differentiation and integration of polynomials are quite easy.
2. The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the
order of the polynomial.
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Where, [B] matrix is a strain displacement matrix
[D] matrix is stress, strain relationship matrix
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12. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for one dimensional
element bar element.
AE 1
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Stiffness matrix [K] =
l 1
Where, A is the area of the bar element
E is the youngs modulus of the bar element
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L is the length of the bar element
General finite
element equation
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16. Write down the expression of stiffness matrix for a truss element.
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l2 lm l2 lm
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= l
2 m2 lm
l
lm l 2 lm
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e
l
m m 2 lm m2
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E is the youngs modulus
Le is the length of the elment
L,m are direction cosines
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17. Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u
for one dimensional bar element.
For on dimensional bar element,
l x
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Displacement function, u = N1 u1 + N2 u 2
total strain energy U and the potential energy of the external forces, (W)
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The boundary conditions which are in the differential form of field variables is
known as secondary boundary condition.
20. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value
problem?
The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which
satisfies some specified conditions known as boundary conditions
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If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with initial conditions
then it is known as initial value problem.
If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary
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conditions then it is known as boundary value problem.
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Unit 3
TWO DIMENSIONAL FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
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1. What is a CST element?
Three nodded triangular element is known as constant strain triangular
elelment. It has 6 unknown degrees of freedom called u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3.
The element is called CST because it has constant strain throughout it.
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2. What is LST element?
Six nodded triangular element is known as Linear Strain Triangular
element. It has 12 unknown displacement degrees of freedom. The
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displacement function for the element are quadratic instead of linear as in the
CST.
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u(x, y N1 0 N2 0 N3
Displacement function u = v 1
1
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0
0 u2
v(x, y) N1 0 N2 0 v
1
N3
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N2 N3 are shape functions. u
3
v
3
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7. Write a strain displacement matrix for CST
element is,
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q 0 q 0 q
1 1 2 3
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[B] = 0 r 0 r 0 r
2A 1 2 3
r q r q r q
1 1 2 2 3 3
q3= y1-
q1 = y2-y3 q2= y3-y1 y2
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r3= x2-
r1 = x3-x2 r2= x1-x3 x1
8. Write down the stress strain relationship matrix for plane stress
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condition.
For plane stress problems, stress strain relationship matrix
is ,
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1 0
[D] =
E 1 0
1
2
1
0 0
2
Where, E = youngs modulus
= Poissons ratio
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condition. For plane strain problems, stress strain relationship
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matrix is,
s.
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no
t ar
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) 0
E
[D] = 0 ) 0
m
(1
0 0 )
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2
10. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for two dimensional CST element.
T
Stiffness matrix [K] = B
s.
D B At Where, [B] is the strain
displacement matrix
[D] is the stress-strain
matrix A is the area of the
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element
t is the thickness of the element
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11. Write down the expression for the shape function for a constant area
triangular element.
2
2A
N p3 q3 x r3
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y
3
2A
Where, p1 x2 y3 x3 y2
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p2 x3 y1 x1
y3
p3 x1 y2 x2
y1
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Unit 4
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
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2 Give the Lagranges equations of motion.
The Lagranges equations of motion in the independent generalized,
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s.
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no
t ar
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d T
T
F
m
q
dt q
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q q
3. What are the conditions for a problem to axi symmetric?
1. The problem domain must be symmetric about the axis of rotation.
2. All the boundary conditions must be symmetric about the axis of
rotation.
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3. All loading conditions must be symmetric about the axis of rotation.
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consistent mass matrix but to scale them in such a way that total mass of the
element is preserved.
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e
no
2
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6 1
4. Give the consistent mass matrix for Beam
N
t
1
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N
e 2
N N3 N 4
m
N 1 N2 dx
0 3
N
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T
K rA B D B
r1 r 2 r3
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r
3
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7. What are the ways in which a three dimensional problem can be reduced
to a two dimensional approach.
1. Plane Stress: on dimension is too small when compared to
other two dimensions. Example: Gear thickness is small
2. Plane Strain: one dimension is too large when compared to
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other two dimensions. Examples: Long Pipe (length is long compared
to diameter)
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no
t ar
5s
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Unit 5
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APPLICATIONS IN HEAT TRANSFER & FLUID
MECHANICS
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1. What is the purpose of Iso parametric elements?
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drawback, iso parametric
elements are used i.e for problems involving curved boundaries, a family of
elements known as iso parametric elements are used.
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2. Write down the element level heat transfer equation for bar element
with heat conduction.
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k 1 T /2 Q
k o
q
0
1 T /2 Q
k1
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3. Write down the equation for the Jcobian matrix for four nodded quadrilateral
element.
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natural co-ordinates.
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4. Write down the stiffness matrix equation for four nodded iso parametric
quadrilateral element.
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1 1
Stiffness matrix, K t BT D B *J* *
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Where, t is the thickness of the element
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J is the determinant of the Jacobian.
-ordinates
Matrix B is strain-Displacement matrix and matrix D is the
atress-strain relationship matrix
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5. Write down the element force vector equation for four nodded quadrilateral
element.
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6. Write down the Gaussian quadrature expression for numerical integration.
If the number of nodes for defining the geometry is more than the number of
nodes used for defining the displacements is known as super parametric
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element.
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If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than the
number of nodded used for defining the displacements is known as sub
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parametric element.
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of
nodes used for defining the displacements then it is called iso parametric
element.
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