Progressive Damage

of Fiber-Reinforced
Composites
in
ANSYS V15.0

2014 CAE Associates

Progressive Damage

Damage initiation and propagation in fiber-reinforced composites

composites, first
introduced in version 14.0, has been extended in version 15.0.

Technique requires definition of linear elastic orthotropic material

properties, and three material models:
Damage initiation criteria: TB,DMGI
Damage evolution law: TB DMGE
TB,DMGE
Material strength limits: TB,FCLI

In MAPDL
MAPDL, input and post-processing
post processing must be performed via commands
commands,
no GUI input.

In Workbench, material input and post-processing is available, although

the newest damage evolution law added in version 15.0 is not yet
available.

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Progressive Damage

In ANSYS 14
14.0,
0 the term progressive
progressive damage
damage refers to spatial
progression.
The only available damage evolution law is Material Property Degradation
Method (MPDG), which is an instant
instant stiffness reduction
reduction..
Thus, once the stress reaches the damage limit, the material stiffness is
immediately reduced to a user-specified value.
In this case, damage
g can p progress
g throughg the model into other elements in
the mesh as the load is increased, but the damage within a particular element
is modeled as a step function: either undamaged or damaged.

In ANSYS 15.0, an additional damage evolution law has been added,

called the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) Method.
In this model, damage variables increase gradually based on energy amounts
di i t d
dissipated.
Damage can therefore progress within an element as well as throughout the
mesh.

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Damage Initiation

Damage initiation defines the criterion type for determining the onset of
material damage (TB,DMGI).
Can select a separate criterion for tensile and compressive failure, and for both
fiber and matrix.
Criteria include:
Maximum strain
Maximum stress
Puck
Hashin
LaRc03
L R 04
LaRc04
User can also define up to 9 user-defined criteria.

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Damage Evolution

Damage evolution defines how the material degrades following the

initiation of damage (TB,DMGE).
Setting TBOPT = 1 sets the evolution law to the Material property degradation
method (MPDG), which models instant stiffness reduction.
The input to this law are the instant reduction factors for tensile and
compressive stiffness, in both tension and compression.
The values can rangeg between 0 ((no damage) g ) and 1 ((complete
p damage).
g )

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Damage Evolution

Damage evolution defines how the material degrades following the

initiation of damage (TB,DMGE).
Setting TBOPT = 2 sets the evolution law to the continuum damage mechanics
method (CDM), which models gradually increasing damage.
The input to this law is the energy dissipated per unit area and the viscous
damping coefficient for each damage mode (8 constants total).
The damping
p g coefficients are used to help p overcome convergence
g difficulties
that can occur for softening material.
The Hashin failure criterion must be selected in the TB,DGMI command.

Error in
8 documentation

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Damage Evolution

Energies dissipated per unit area Gc:

Gc represents fracture toughness.
Standard tests are used to obtain these values.

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Damage Evolution

Viscous damping coefficients are specified as:

The lower the damping coefficient, the more severe the damage accumulation.
Damping
p g is used to slow the accumulation of damage
g and overcome
convergence difficulties from material softening.

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Material Strength Limits

This input is used to define the maximum stresses or strains that a

material can sustain before damage occurs (TB,FCLI).
The values to be input are based on the damage initiation criterion selected.

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Post-Processing Damage

Result quantities are used to plot the extent of damage:

PLESOL,PDMG,STAT
Damage status (0 = undamaged, 1 = damaged, 2 = completely damaged)
PLESOL PDMG <damage variable>:
PLESOL,PDMG,<damage
FT = Fiber tensile damage variable
FC = Fiber compressive damage variable
MT = Matrix tensile damage
g variable
MC = Matrix compressive damage variable
S = Shear damage variable
SED = Energy dissipated per unit volume
SEDV = Energy per unit volume due to viscous damping

Note that for the MPDG instant stiffness evolution, damage status is only 0
or 1
1.

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Damage Test Case: MPDG Method

Plate with hole under tension load

load.
2D plane stress formulation.
Orthotropic material properties.
Use maximum stress damage criterion in all directions
directions.
Assume stiffness at damage is instantly reduced by 50% for all directions.
Far-field stress = 4,000 psi.
Damage initiation stress = 10
10,000
000 psi in fiber direction (x)
(x), 8
8,000
000 psi in matrix
direction (y).

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Damage Test Case : MPDG Method

Comparison of x-displacement for undamaged and damaged models at full

load (same contour range):

Max deflection = 0.00174 Max deflection = 0.00187

Undamaged Damaged

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Damage Test Case : MPDG Method

Comparison of x-stress for undamaged and damaged models at full load

(same contour range):

Max stress = 31.1 ksi Max stress = 24.5 ksi

Undamaged Damaged

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Damage Test Case : MPDG Method

Stress-strain behavior in fiber (x) direction

direction, comparing no damage and
damage cases, at critical location at edge of hole:

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Damage Test Case : MPDG Method

Damage status at full loading for test case:

Damage status can only be either 0 or 1 for the MPDG method.
Intermediate values are due to the averaging of integration points within a
given element
element.

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Damage Test Case : MPDG Method

Fiber tension damage variable at full loading for test case:

Reduction value was specified as 0.5, so any fiber tensile damage will have a
value of either 0.0 or 0.5.

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Damage Test Case: CDM Method

Progressive damage of notched sample

sample.
Shell181 elements used to model 24-layer [90/0/45] composite specimen.
Requires Hashin damage criterion in all directions.
Thermal and mechanical loading via applied displacements are applied
applied.
Fracture toughness values:
GFT = 81.5 N/mm
GFC = 106.3
106 3 N/mm
GMT = 0.2774 N/mm
GMC = 1. N/mm
Viscosityy value = 0.005

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Damage Test Case : CDM Method

Fiber tension damage variable at end of analysis in 1st layer showing

failure.

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Damage Test Case : CDM Method

Fiber compression damage variable in 1st layer.

layer

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Damage Test Case : CDM Method

Plot of the total reaction force versus the applied displacement applied to
the specimen.

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Damage in Workbench

The damage material properties are available in Engineering Data

Data.
The DMGE CDM input is not available.

MP

FCLI

DMGI

DMGE (MPDG)

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Damage in Workbench

In Mechanical
Mechanical, if a damage model is included
included, the Damage result
quantities will be available.

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Damage in Workbench

Can plot the Damage Status (below),

(below) or other damage results as usual
usual.

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Material Damage Properties

Material damage property assessment for the MPDG approach is based

on a step reduction in stiffness:
Define limits where damage occurs.
Define factor by which the stiffness will be reduced when the limits are
reached.
Select composite failure approach (max stress, max strain, etc.).

Material damage property assessment for the CDM approach is a

toughness-based failure criterion:
Define limits where damage initiates
initiates.
Supply energy dissipation and viscous damping values that define how the
damage will initiate and accumulate.
Uses Hashin failure criterion.

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