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'16
Lecture 2:
e-
E e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
t
An oscillating charge emits light
in all direction to the direction of oscillation.
oscillation
e-
emission
Since X-rays are not polarized...
, oscillation is not
in a line
e-
so, emission is not
polarized
Scattering
X-rays are waves of oscillating electric field.
Charged particles are accelerated by an electric field.
Electrons have almost zero mass.
Electrons oscillate with a much higher amplitude than nuclei.
Oscillating charges emit light of the same frequency as the
oscillation.
The frequency of oscillation is roughly 2x1018 s-1, much faster
than the speed of travel of e- around the nucleus.
X-rays hit electrons like they are standing still. (No Doppler
effect!)
5
The general equation for wave
Remember:
Photons are
oscillating electric E Amplitude A
fields*. t phase
(phase)
E(t) = A cos(t + )
wavelength
The instantaneous electric field at time t
=2c/
*also has an oscillating magnetic field of the same frequency, 90 degrees out of phase.
Wave addition by field addtion
Rule #1:
The sum of two waves with wavelength
+ always produces a wave of wavelength .
=
Constructive interference: amplitude increases.
Constructive interference
adding
field lines
adding
field lines
a wave 5.0
-60
=
t=0
cosine part 2.5
+
4.33
sine part
t=0
Decomposing a wave into sine and cosine
If two waves have the same wavelength, then their sum has
that wavelength, too.
12
The sum of angles rule
E(t) = A cos(t + )
Using the sum of angles rule:
amplitude of amplitude of
cosine part sine part
sine part
A
cosine part
y-axis= x-axis=
Reference wave -sint
Reference wave cost
Cosine parts and Sine parts of waves can be summed
independently, like orthogonal coordinates.
Total amplitude is Pythagorean, like orthogonal
coordinates.
Result: Waves can be expressed in orthogonal
coordinates!!
(1.
,-6
)0
(4.,
(5.
,-6
+12
0
)
0)
Conclusion:
Wave addition is vector addition!!!!
16
For mathematical convenience, a wave
can be represented as a complex number.
i
Eulers Theorem: e = cos + i sin
Proof: write cos and isin as Taylor series and sum them.
You get the Taylor series for ei.
2 4 6
cos = 1 2!+ 4! 6!!
isin = i i 3!+ i 5! i 7!+ !
3 5 7
i 2 3 4 5
e = 1+ i 2! i 3!+ 4!+ i 5!!
Argand diagrams
(Acos, sin) Aei
A A
cosine part r
cosine part = real part
Argand diagram
-60
A1ei1 + A2ei2
+90
B2.5 -36
-60
20
Try it: Add these waves using a protractor and ruler
Start at the origin. Add head to tail.
3.0, -30
2.0, 180
0.5, +90
2.0, +45
1.0, +135
2.0, +120
0.5
0.5, -120 1.0
2.0
3.0
Use these bars to calibrate a makeshift ruler, if necessary.
Every electron has a location in
the crystal relative to the origin.
The location determines the
phase of scatter.
proof to follow...
22
Rayleigh Scatter: Light turns a corner at
the crystal
X- tor
de
ray
tec
X-ray
source e-
ab = axbx+ayby+azbz
a
b
b
r
e- rs
Difference in pathlength = rs - rs0
Relative phase: = 2(rs - rs0)/
det
= [a+rs0+b-rs - (a+b)]2/ = 2(rs0 - rs)/
ect
or
rs0
e- s
source
s0 r
a
-rs b
origin
Definition of scattering vector S
phase of a point in space r:
r = 2(rs - rs0)/
simplifying...
(r1s - r1s0)/ = r1(s - s0)/ -s0/
1 = 2 Sr1
r2s
origin of unit cell 2 = 2 Sr2
F(s,s0)=A1ei1+A2ei2 = k Akei
k
F(S)= Akei2Srk
k
Amplitude of scatter from a point is
proportional to its electron density.
F(S)= Akei2Srk
k
i 2 S r1 i2 S r2
( r1 )e Ak=+ (r2 )e
dr k
dr + ...
=electron density
30
Wave math 3
When a wave turns a corner (scatters from), its phase
depends on where it turned the corner.
We arbitrarily choose the origin (scatter from the origin) to have
phase = 0.
The phase for a wave scattered from incident unit vector s0 to
scattered unit vector s, turning at r is
r = 2(rs - rs0)/
The Scattering vector S (capital S) is defined as
(s - s0)/
S is a vector in reciprocal space the inverse of real space
where the units are reciprocal distances.
The amplitude of scatter from point r is proportional to the
number of electrons at r.
31
Fourier transform is the sum waves from
all points in the crystal
The amplitude of scatter from each volume unit dr is proportional
to the electron density at the point, (r), times the volume unit
dr, and the phase is 2Sr. This is summed over all dr, so the
total wave summation can be written as
limit
dr->0
[ ( r )e
1
i 2 S r1
dr + (r2 )e i2 S r2
dr + ... ]
i2 S r
=
(r )e dr
34