Chapter 11

1. The exhaust of a 1-MW combustion turbine operating with a 940 C turbine inlet
temperature and a compressor ratio of 10 transfers heat to operate an absorption
chiller with a COP of 0.80. The exhaust gases leave the chiller at 160 C. The
compressor inlet conditions are 101.3 kPa and 20 C, and the compressor and
turbine efficiencies are 0.86 and 0.91, respectively. How many tons (12000 Btu/ton)
of refrigeration are produced by the chiller?

kJ J
kJ := 1000 J cp := 1.004 k := 1.4 R := 287 Air
kg K kg K

kJ
cpp := 1.148 kp := 1.33 Combustion products
kg K

kJ
ca p := 1.076 ka := 1.367 Average
kg K
T1 := 293 K P1 := 101.3 kPa PR := 10.0 c := 0.86 e := 0.91
3 3
P2 := PR P1 P2 = 1.013 10 kPa P3 := 1.00 P2 P3 = 1.013 10 kPa T3 := 1213 K

k1
1 k
T2 := T1 1 + PR 1 T2 = 610.087 K
c
kp 1
P1 kp
PRt := PRt = 0.1 T4 := T3 1 e 1 PRt T4 = 732.592 K
P3
cp ( T1 T2 ) + cpp ( T3 T4 )
t := t = 0.359
ca p ( T3 T2 )
Powerout -1
Powerout := 1 MW mdot := mdot = 4.289 kg s
t ca p ( T3 T2 )

The energy extracted by the chiller corresponds to an exit temperature of 433 K.

3 BTU
Qmax := mdot ca p ( T4 433 K) Qmax = 1.383 10 kW COP := 0.8 ton := 12000
hr
Tons := Qmax COP Tons = 314.511 ton
2. The exhaust of a 2-MW gas turbine operating with a 960 C turbine inlet
temperature and a compressor ratio of 9 transfers heat without loss to operate an
absorption chiller with a COP of 0.8. The exhaust gases leave the chiller at a
temperature of 130 C. The compressor inlet conditions are 105 kPa and 25 C,
and the compressor and turbine isentropic efficiencies are 0.82 and 0.89,
respectively. How many tons (12,000 BTU/hr) of refrigeration are produced by the
chiller?

kJ J
kJ := 1000 J cp := 1.004 k := 1.4 R := 287 Air
kg K kg K

kJ
cpp := 1.148 kp := 1.33 Combustion products
kg K

kJ
ca p := 1.076 ka := 1.367 Average
kg K
T1 := 298 K P1 := 105.0 kPa PR := 9.0 c := 0.82 e := 0.89

P2 := PR P1 P2 = 945 kPa P3 := 1.00 P2 P3 = 945 kPa T3 := 1233 K

k1
1 k
T2 := T1 1 + PR 1 T2 = 615.422 K
c
kp 1
P1 kp
PRt := PRt = 0.111 T4 := T3 1 e 1 PRt T4 = 771.819 K
P3
cp ( T1 T2 ) + cpp ( T3 T4 )
t := t = 0.317
ca p ( T3 T2 )
Powerout -1
Powerout := 2 MW mdot := mdot = 9.49 kg s
t ca p ( T3 T2 )

The energy extracted by the chiller corresponds to an exit temperature of 403 K.

3 BTU
Qmax := mdot ca p ( T4 403 K) Qmax = 3.766 10 kW COP := 0.8 ton := 12000
hr
Tons := Qmax COP Tons = 856.715 ton
3. A food-processing facility has the monthly electricity and gas consumptions and
costs shown in the following tables. Because of the complexity of the electrical rate
schedule, use an average value per kWh (often called the blended cost of
electricity) for electrical cost estimates. Acceptable values for component
efficiencies are presented in chapter. A gas turbine is specified as the prime
mover.
(a) Plot the monthly electricity and gas usages.
(b) Compute and plot the electrical load factor.
(c) What are the costs for 106 BTU of electricity and gas. What is the spark
spread?
(d) Does the operation meet the three criteria for a candidate for a
cogeneration system?
(e) Assess the potential for cogeneration of this facility. This facility
operates in mode B, so all the recovered energy cannot be used.
(f) Assess the potential for cogeneration of this facility if the electrical usage
remains the same, but the natural gas usage and costs are doubled. This
places the operation in mode D.
 (a) Plot the monthly electricity and gas usages.

ORIGIN 1
3
kWh := kW hr ccf := 100 ft
i := 1 .. 12

1899750 3292 30 76516

2033500 3419 31 72818
2163250 3598 30 66398
2368500 4006 31 66110

2503750 4053 31 52601
2479250 4105 30 58558
EE := kWhDemand := kW DM := NG := ccf
2170500
3891
31 60410

1957250 3754 30 65191
2100750 3241 31 80040

1896750 3216 31 79876
1823750 3156 28 80101
1782750 3068 31 74742

 3 .10
6

Electricity Usage, kWh

2.5 .10
6

2 .10
6

1.5 .10
6

1 .10
6

5 .10
5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months (starting with April)

9 .10
4

8 .10
4
Natural Gas Usage, ccf

7 .10
4

6 .10
4

5 .10
4

4 .10
4

3 .10
4

2 .10
4

1 .10
4

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months (starting with April)

(b) Compute and plot the electrical load factor.

EE
i
UF :=
i Demand DM 24 hr
i i

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
Use Factor

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months (starting with April)

(c)What are the costs for 106 BTU of electricity and gas. What is the spark
spread?

EEy := 25179750 kWh Demandy := 42799 kW Ecost := 1282264

Ecost 1 6
costkWh := costkWh = 0.051 MMBTU := 10 BTU
EEy kWh

kWh 1
EperM := costkWh EperM = 14.925
3412 BTU MMBTU

NGy := 833362 ccf Gcos := 676072

Gcos 1
costccf := costccf = 0.811
NGy ccf
ccf 1
GperM := costccf GperM = 8.113
100000 BTU MMBTU

1
SparkSpread := EperM GperM SparkSpread = 6.813
MMBTU
 (d)Does the operation meet the three criteria for a candidate for a
cogeneration system?
The three CHP attributes:
1. A use for the electricity generated,
2. A use for the thermal energy recovered, and
3. A sufficient spark spread

Based on the utility bills, the facility has a use for the electricity and the
thermal energy recovered. The general rule of thumb for a sufficient spark
spread is $12/MMBTU. This facility has a spark spread of $6.81/MMBTU.
Thus, for an economic standpoint, the spark spread is not encouraging for
a CHP system. Factors other than economics are also important.

(e)Assess the potential for cogeneration of this facility. This facility operates
in mode B, so all the recovered energy cannot be used.

e := 0.30 r := 0.34 boiler := 0.85

At a generation efficiency of 30 percent, the natural gas required to generate the electricity
is:

EEy ccf 6 0.811

NGelecy := NGelecy = 2.864 10 ccf NGccfy :=
e 100000 BTU ccf
r 6
Erecy := NGelecy Erecy = 1.146 10 ccf
boiler

The energy recovery, 1.146 10 6 ccf, exceeds the total natural gas usage of 833,362 ccf.
More thermal energy can be recoverd than can be used; set the recovered energy equal to
the natural gas usage.

Erecy := NGy

This is mode B of the narrative for which the electricity is supplied. The natural gas required
is the old plus the new (electricity generation) minus the recovered.

6
NGreqy := NGy + NGelecy Erecy NGreqy = 2.864 10 ccf
6
NGcosty := NGreqy NGccfy 1.015 NGcosty = 2.357 10

0.005 5 O&M cost--not in

OMcosty := EEy OMcosty = 1.259 10
kWh problem statement
6
CHPcosty := NGcosty + OMcosty CHPcosty = 2.483 10

6
ConvCost := 1282264 + 676072 ConvCost = 1.958 10
 5
CHPsavingy := ConvCost CHPcosty CHPsavingy = 5.25 10
800
TurbineCost := 4250 kW 6
kW TurbineCost = 3.4 10
TurbineCost
Paybacky := Paybacky = 6.476
CHPsavingy

(f) Assess the potential for cogeneration of this facility if the electrical usage
remains the same, but the natural gas usage and costs are doubled. This
places the operation in mode D.

EEy := 25179750 kWh Demandy := 42799 kW Ecost := 1282264

Double the natural gas usage and costs

6 6
NGy := 2 833362 ccf NGy = 1.667 10 ccf Gcos := 2 676072 Gcos = 1.352 10

At a generation efficiency of 30 percent, the natural gas required to generate the electricity
is:
EEy ccf 6 0.811
NGelecy := NGelecy = 2.864 10 ccf NGccfy :=
e 100000 BTU ccf
r 6
Erecy := NGelecy Erecy = 1.146 10 ccf
boiler

The energy recovery, 1.146 10 6 ccf, is less than the total natural gas usage of 1,352,000 ccf.
This is mode D of the narrative for which the electricity is supplied. The natural gas required
is the old plus the new (electricity generation) minus the recovered.
6
NGreqy := NGy + NGelecy Erecy NGreqy = 3.385 10 ccf
6
NGcosty := NGreqy NGccfy 1.015 NGcosty = 2.786 10

0.005 5 O&M cost--not in

OMcosty := EEy OMcosty = 1.259 10
kWh problem statement
6
CHPcosty := NGcosty + OMcosty CHPcosty = 2.912 10

6
ConvCost := 1282264 + 676072 ConvCost = 1.958 10

5
CHPsavingy := ConvCost CHPcosty CHPsavingy = 9.54 10
800
TurbineCost := 4250 kW 6
kW TurbineCost = 3.4 10
TurbineCost
Paybacky := Paybacky = 3.564
CHPsavingy
Both gas usages show a negative payback period, meaning that the system will not payback.
However, CHP systems are often evaluated on other metrics; so even if the economics are not
favorable, the CHP approach may still be a good choice.
4. Using the utility bills of Problem 3, answer the following questions:
(a) What is the cost of 106 BTU of electricity?
(b) What would be the electrical output rating of an internal combustion
engine-generator set required to make the facility grid independent?
(c) What is the cost of 106 Btu of gas energy?
(d) Does air conditioning account for significant electrical energy usage in
this facility? Explain.
(e) Estimate the natural gas used for heating?

EEy := 25179750 kWh Demandy := 42799 kW Ecost := 1282264

Ecost 1 6
costkWh := costkWh = 0.051 MMBTU := 10 BTU
EEy kWh
kWh 1
EperM := costkWh EperM = 14.925
3412 BTU MMBTU

With a maximum demand of 4053 kW, the electrical output would have to be at least 4053 kW.
However, this would be an odd size, so a likely size is 4500 kW or 5000 kW.

NGy := 833362 ccf Gcos := 676072

Gcos 1
costccf := costccf = 0.811
NGy ccf
ccf 1
GperM := costccf GperM = 8.113
100000 BTU MMBTU

1
SparkSpread := EperM GperM SparkSpread = 6.813
MMBTU
Examine the plot of kWh usage:

3 .10
6
Electricity Usage, kWh

2.5 .10
6

2 .10
6

1.5 .10
6

1 .10
6

5 .10
5

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months (starting with April)

The months of May-October exhibit some usage above the other months. With a base of
about 2,000,000 kWh/month for the non-cooling months, the estimated usage for cooling is

6 6
Ecool := EEy 12 2 10 kWh Ecool = 1.18 10 kWh
Ecool
percentcool := percentcool = 4.685 %
EEy

Examine the plot of natural gas usage:

9 .10
4

8 .10
4
Natural Gas Usage, ccf

7 .10
4

6 .10
4

5 .10
4

4 .10
4

3 .10
4

2 .10
4

1 .10
4

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Months (starting with April)

The heating months exhibit some usage above the other months. With a base of about
60,000 ccf/month for the non-heating months, the estimated usage for heating is
5
Gheat := NGy 12 60000 ccf Gheat = 1.134 10 ccf
Gheat
percentheatl := percentheatl = 13.603 %
NGy