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1
DEFINING SIMPLE 2-BODY PROBLEMS
Shape More like a circle, or stretched out?
Size Mostly nearby, or farther into space?
Orbital Plane Orientation Pitch, Yaw, and Roll
Satellite Location Where are we in this orbit?
2
DEFINING SIMPLE 2-BODY PROBLEMS
Each planet moves along an elliptical orbit with the sun at one
focus
r
a 1 e2
1 e cos
4
KEPLERS 2ND LAW
The line joining the sun and the planet sweeps out equal areas
in equal times
Day
Day Day
40
50 30
Day
Day
60
20
Day
70
Day
80
Day
d 90
h r2 constant Day
dt Day
10
100
Day Day
110 Day
0
120
5
KEPLERS 3rd LAW
In Aliens language:
2 3
P 1
a 2
In English:
6
Newtons 1st Law
Every body continues in its state of rest or in
uniform motion in a straight line unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces
acting upon it
7
Universal Law of Gravitation
Gravitational constant
6.67408 10-11 m3 kg-1 s-2
Gravitational force
Mass for body 1 Mass for body 2
between two mass in
vector
1 2
= 2 Unit vector in the
direction of force
distant
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EQUATIONS OF MOTION of TWO BODY PROBLEM
1 2
=
2
1 2
= 2
= 2 2
Equation of
motion of 2 body
problem
+ 3 =0
11
EQUATIONS OF MOTION of TWO BODY PROBLEM
= 3
where
(km2/s3)
12
ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND THE ORBIT FORMULAS
13
ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND THE ORBIT FORMULAS
14
ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND THE ORBIT FORMULAS
Components of the velocity of m2, viewed above the plane of the orbit.
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ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND THE ORBIT FORMULAS
= 3
= 3 ( )
2 1
r=
1+
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ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND THE ORBIT FORMULAS
Transverse component of v:
Radial component of v:
(constant)
The total energy per unit mass e is the sum of the kinetic and
potential energies per unit mass.
19
CONIC SECTION
20
ORBIT PARAMETER
p a 1 e2 ra
p
1 e
a1 e b a 1 e2
21
CIRCULAR ORBIT ( e = 0)
The time T required for one orbit is known as the period.
22
CIRCULAR ORBIT ( e = 0)
If a satellite remains always above the same point on the earths equator, then it is
in a circular, geostationary equatorial orbit (GEO).
23
CIRCULAR ORBIT ( e = 0)
24
CIRCULAR ORBIT ( e = 0)
The sidereal day is the time it takes the earth to complete one rotation relative to
inertial space (the fixed stars).
The synodic/solar day is the time it takes the sun to apparently rotate once
around the earth, from high noon one day to high noon the next.
25
CIRCULAR ORBIT ( e = 0)
While the earth makes one absolute rotation around its axis, it
advances 2/365.26 radians along its solar orbit.
GEO radius:
GEO speed:
26
ELLIPTICAL ORBITS (0<e<1)
27
ELLIPTICAL ORBITS (0<e<1)
Semi-major axis Velocity Energy
2a rp ra 2 1 v2
v e 0
r a 2 r 2a
Eccentricity
Orbital period Flight path angle
ra rp
e
ra rp a3 h rv cos
T 2
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ELLIPTICAL ORBITS (0<e<1)
The maximum value of r is reached when = 180. That point is
called the apoapsis.
29
ELLIPTICAL ORBITS (0<e<1)
Specific energy of an elliptical orbit:
30
ELLIPTICAL ORBITS (0<e<1)
Since all five ellipses have the same major axis, their periods and
energies are identical.
31
ELLIPTICAL ORBITS (0<e<1)
A useful formula for calculating the eccentricity of an elliptical orbit:
32
PARABOLICS TRAJECTORIES ( e=1)
Semiminor axis b =
aiming radius D.
Semimajor axis:
(positive)
Characteristic energy:
39
Tool Box of Equations Necessary for Solving Two-
dimensional Curvilinear Orbital Problems That do not
Involve Time
Parabolas (e = 1)
40
AREAL VELOCITY & ORBITAL PERIOD
Areal velocity
Orbital Period
2 3
P 1
a 2
41
TYPES OF ORBIT
Centric classifications
42
TYPES OF ORBIT
Altitude classifications
1. Low Earth orbit (LEO):.
An orbit that extends from the Earths surface at sea level to an altitude of
2,000 km (lies within the Earths atmosphere)
This region is close enough for a panoramic view of the Earth but just far
enough that most space craft can stay in orbit without being pulled down
to the surface by Earths gravitational field
Satellites at this altitude have to move at extraordinary speeds to partially
escape the pull of Earths gravity. A satellite in low Earth orbit travels at a
mean velocity of 26,000 to 27,000 km per hour or 17,000 miles per hour
43
TYPES OF ORBIT
Altitude classifications
2. Medium Earth orbit (MEO):
45
TYPES OF ORBIT
Altitude classifications
4 High Earth orbit:
46
TYPES OF ORBIT
Inclination classifications
1. Polar orbit:
47
TYPES OF ORBIT
48
TYPES OF ORBIT
Inclination classifications
A nearly polar orbit that passes the equator at the same local solar time on
every pass. Useful for image-taking satellites because shadows will be the
same on every pass.
49
TYPES OF ORBIT
Inclination classifications
Non - Inclined orbit: An orbit whose inclination is equal to zero with respect
to some plane of reference.
50
TYPES OF ORBIT
Synchronicity classifications
An orbit whose period is a rational multiple of the average rotational period of
the body being orbited and in the same direction of rotation as that body. This
means the track of the satellite, as seen from the central body, will repeat
exactly after a fixed number of orbits. In practice, only 1:1 ratio
(geosynchronous) and 1:2 ratios (semi-synchronous) are common.
51
TYPES OF ORBIT
Molniya Orbit
52
Tundra Orbit
TYPES OF ORBIT
Tundra orbit is a class of a highly elliptic orbit with inclination of 63.4
and orbital period of one sidereal day (almost 24 hours).
A satellite placed in this orbit spends most of its time over a
designated area of the earth, a phenomenon known as apogee dwell.
54
SIDEREAL TIME
One solar day is the time from high noon to high noon on a given
meridian
At noon UT (Universal Time) the sun is on the Greenwich meridian
One sidereal day is the time between passages of a meridian through
the vernal equinox ().
55
SIDEREAL TIME
The SUN is at the vernal equinox. It must be the first day of spring!
A view of the
sky above the
eastern horizon
from 0
longitude on the
equator at 9 am
local time, 20
March, 2004.
(Precession
epoch AD 2000).
56
SIDEREAL TIME
57
SIDEREAL TIME
58
SIDEREAL TIME
59
SIDEREAL TIME
ALGORITHM 1.1
1. Using the year, month and day, calculate J0 using equation (2)
2. Calculate T0 by means of equation (3)
3. Compute from equation (4). If lies outside the range 0 < <
360, then subtract the multiple of 360 required to place in that range.
4. Calculate using equation (5)
5. Calculate the local sidereal time by means of equation (6), adjusting the
final value so it lies between 0 and 360 by subtracting.
60
SIDEREAL TIME
EXAMPLE 1.1
Use algorithm 1.1 to find the local sidereal time ( in degrees) of Tokyo, Japan
on 3 March 2004 at 4:30:00 UTC. The east longitude of Tokyo is 139.80.
61
SIDEREAL TIME
EXAMPLE 1.1
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SIDEREAL TIME
EXAMPLE 1.1
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