B Answers Momentum

TOPIC B: MOMENTUM ANSWERS SPRING 2016
(Full worked answers follow on later pages)
Q1. (a) 2.26 m s2

(b) 5.89 m s2
Q2. 8.41 m s2 and 4.20 m s2; 841 N
Q3. (a) 1.70 m s1

(b) 1.86 s
Q4. (a) 456 N

(b) 227 N
Q5. 1.41 m s2
Q6. 0.550
Q7. (a) 0.24
Q8. (a) 0.492

(b) 5 m s2
(c) 1.00 m s1
Q9. 10.1 s
12.5 6.25
Q10. (a) v1 m s 1 ; v 2 m s 1 ;
0 10.83
12500 4690
mv1 kg m s 1 ; mv 2 kg m s 1
0 8120
9.82
(b) m s 1
4.64
(c) 17.2 m
Q11. (a) 2.29 m s1; 10.3 m s1

(b) After right-hand ball collides with wall: (2.29 m s1); 7.2 m s1;
After a second collision between balls: 5.03 m s1; 2.56 m s1;
After right-hand ball collides with wall again: (5.03 m s1); 1.79 m s1.
Q12. 3.54 m from the wall; speed 15.0 m s1
Q13. (a) 24.7 m s1

(b) 20.0 m
Q14. (a) 0.764 m s1;

18.3
(b) N s
15.0
Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 1 David Apsley

(c) 0.779
Q15. (a) 10.2 m s1

3.49
(b) m s 1
7.26
(c) 0.693
Q16. (a) 2.55 m s1

(b) 0.631
(c) 45.1%
r 1
1 e
Q17. vr v1
2
Q18. (a) v = 6.04 m s1

(b) = 85.9
(c) = 165 mm
Q19. 3.17 m s1 at 40.9 to right of original direction; 4.16 m s1 at 30 to left of original

direction; percentage loss of energy = 24.0%
Q20. (a) 35.6 m s1

(b) 34.3, 55.7
(c) 2.59 m
Q21. (across, up) = (0.275, 0.331) m, relative to the bottom left corner
Q22. (across, up) = (7.31, 1.88) cm, relative to the bottom-left corner
Q23. (a) TPA = 10 N; TQB = 20 N

(b) 14.0
Q24. 1.62 m
Q25. (a) topples

(b) no movement

Question 1.
(a) Let a be the acceleration of the 50 kg mass upward or the 80 kg mass downward. Let T be
the tension in the rope.
Resolving upward for the 50 kg mass:

T 50 g 50a
Resolving downward for the 80 kg mass:
80 g T 80a
Adding, to eliminate T:
30 g 130a
30 30
a g 9.81 2.264 m s 2
130 130
Answer: 2.26 m s2.
(b) Resolving upward for the 50 kg mass:

T 50 g 50a
However, this time, T = 80g. Hence:
80 g 50 g 50a
30 30
a g 9.81 5.886 m s 2
50 50
Answer: 5.89 m s2.

Question 2.
Let x1 be the distance moved to the right by the 100 kg mass and x2 be the distance moved
down by the 300 kg mass. Let T be the tension in the rope.
Considering the amount of rope passing over the pulley from each side,
x1 2x2
Hence,
x2 12 x1
There must be the same proportionality between accelerations:
a2 12 a1
Resolving to the right for the 100 kg mass:

T 100a1 (A)
Resolving downward for the 300 kg mass:
300 g 2T 300a2
or
300 g 2T 150a1 (B)
Eliminating T by 2(A) + (B):
300 g 350a1
Hence,
300 300
a1 g 9.81 8.409 m s 2
350 350
Then,
a2 12 a1 4.204 m s 2
T 100a1 840.9 N
Answer: accelerations of 100 kg and 300 kg masses are 8.41 m s2, 4.20 m s2 respectively;
tension = 841 N.

Question 3.
(a) Let x and v be the upward displacement and velocity of the weight. The net pull from the
two sides of the cable on the weight is 2F. Hence,
dv
m 2 F mg
dt
dv
m 2(15 3e t ) 30 6e t
dt
Integrating from v = 0 when t = 0,

t
m(v 0) 6e t 0
6
v (1 e t )
m
Putting t = 2, and noting that weight mg = 30N, so that m 30 / 9.81 3.058 kg ,
v 1.962(1 e 2 ) 1.696 m s 1
Answer: 1.70 m s1.
(b) From part (a),

dx 6
(1 e t )
dt m
Integrating from x = 0 when t = 0:

t
x 0 1.962 t e t 0
x 1.962(t e t 1) (*)
This is not invertible analytically. Instead, solve numerically to find t when x = 2 m.
There are many possible methods. Two such are given below.
Method 1: (repeated trial)

Denoting the RHS of (*) by f(t), we find
f(1) = 0.7218, f(2) = 2.228
x increases monotonically with t (as v is always positive) and so a solution to f(t) = 2 must lie
between t = 1 and t = 2. Homing in on a solution by repeated trial gives
t = 1.864 s
Method 2: (iteration)
When x = 2, one way of rearranging (*) is
2
t 1 e t
1.962
This can be iterated (use the [ANS] button on your calculator) from, e.g., t = 1, to give
t = 1.000, 1.651, 1.828, 1.859, 1.863, 1.864, 1.864, ...
Answer: 1.86 s.

Question 4.
m = 50 kg
= 0.25
a = 2 m s2
(a)
Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
R T sin 30 mg cos 30
R mg cos 30 T sin 30
Since the block is moving, friction is given by

F R (mg cos 30 T sin 30)
Resolving along the plane:

T cos 30 mg sin 30 F ma
T cos 30 mg sin 30 (mg cos 30 T sin 30) ma
T (cos 30 sin 30) m(a g sin 30 g cos 30)
Hence,
a g sin 30 g cos 30
T m
cos 30 sin 30
2 9.81sin 30 0.25 9.81cos 30
50
cos 30 0.25 sin 30
455.5 N
Answer: 456 N.
(b) As above for R and F. This time, resolving along the plane and noting that there are pulls
of magnitude T (but different directions) from either side of the pulley:
T T cos 30 mg sin 30 F ma
T T cos 30 mg sin 30 (mg cos 30 T sin 30) ma
T (1 cos 30 sin 30) m(a g sin 30 g cos 30)
Hence,
a g sin 30 g cos 30
T m
1 cos 30 sin 30
2 9.81sin 30 0.25 9.81cos 30
50
1 cos 30 0.25 sin 30
226.7 N
Answer: 227 N.

Question 5.
m = 40 kg
= 0.4
T = 100 N
(a)
Resolving perpendicular to the plane:
R 2T sin 30 mg
R mg 2T sin 30 40 9.81 2 100 sin 30 292.4 N
The maximum friction is then:
Fmax R 0.4 292.4 117.0 N
The motive force along the plane is

2T cos 30 2 100 cos 30 173.2 N
This exceeds the maximum friction force. Hence, the block moves, friction is maximal
(F = Fmax) and the acceleration a is given by
2T cos 30 F ma
2T cos 30 F 173.2 117.0
a 1.405 m s 2
m 40
Answer: 1.41 m s2.

Question 6.
The resultant of the weight component toward the centre ( mg sin ) and friction F must
provide the required centripetal force to keep the mass moving in a circle:
m 2 r m 32 0.45 4.05m
Friction may act in either direction. Initially ( = 0) it must act inward because there is no
component of weight to provide the centripetal force. For larger it must act outward to
prevent the mass sliding downhill. Arbitrarily take the positive direction of F as outward.
Then, resolving toward O:
mg sin F 4.05m
Hence,
F m( g sin 4.05)
The normal reaction is given by balancing forces perpendicular to the rod:

R mg cos
The mass will not slip provided

F

R
Hence,
g sin 4.05

g cos
or, for < /2,
0.4128
tan
cos
0.4128
The function tan is monotonic increasing (differentiate it and see) with negative
cos
value 0.4128 when = 0. Hence, for the particle not to slip outward immediately,
0.4128. When = 50 the function has positive value 0.5496. If the particle is not to slip
until = 50 then the latter value is the limiting one, so that 0.5496.
Answer: 0.550.

Question 7.
(a) At the limiting state (minimum coefficient of friction) the friction force F is maximal and
given by F = R and exactly balances the horizontal hydrostatic pressure force on the front
wall of the dam.
If L is the length of the dam in metres then the mass of the dam is
m 3105 L
Balancing forces vertically:

R mg
Balancing forces horizontally:

average pressure area = friction force
p hL R
If h is the depth of water then p 12 gh (the pressure at the centroid). Hence,
1
2 gh 2 L mg
1
gh 2 L 1
1000 12 2 gL
2
2
0.24
mg 3 10 5 gL
Answer: minimum coefficient of friction = 0.24.
(b) In reality, water will seep underneath the dam, producing upthrust and reducing R. The
coefficient of friction would then have to be higher to provide the same friction force. It is
useful to key the dam into the underlying bedrock, both to provide resistance to horizontal
motion and reduce the seepage underneath it.

Question 8.
(a) The tension in the rope may be determined from
power = force velocity
4000 Tv
4000 4000
T 2000 N
v 2
Resolving forces along the slope:

T F mg sin 40 0
F T mg sin 40 2000 200 9.81 sin 40 738.9 N
Resolving forces perpendicular to the slope:

R mg cos 40 0
R mg cos 40 200 9.81 cos 40 1503 N
Since the mass is moving, friction is maximal, so

F 738.9
0.4916
R 1503
Answer: 0.492.
(b) Power is halved, so instantaneously (same v) the tension is halved; i.e. reduced by
1000 N. Since friction and weight components stay the same there will be a net downslope
force of 1000 N. Resolving upslope:
1000 ma
1000 1000
a 5 m s 2
m 200
Answer: 5 m s2.
(c) Resolving downslope:

dv
mg sin 0 F P m
dt
Hence,
dv F P
g sin 0
dt m m
Thus,
dv 2.611 0.5t 2 , t 4

dt 5.389, t4
For the first part of the motion (up to t = 4 s):

dv
2.611 0.5t 2 , with v = 12 at t = 0
dt
Integrating between t = 0 and general t:

0.5t 3
v 12 2.611t
3
At t = 4 this gives v = 11.78 m s1.
For the second part of the motion (t > 4 s):

dv
5.389 , with v = 11.78 at t = 4
dt
Integrating between t = 4 and general t:
v 11.78 5.389(t 4)
At t = 6 this gives
v = 1.002 m s1
Answer: 1.00 m s1.

Question 9.
Initial velocity:
km 1000 m
90 90 25 m s 1
hour 3600 s
Using:
impulse = change of momentum
(mg sin 5 6000)t 0 mu
mu 1800 25
t 10.09 s
6000 mg sin 5 6000 1800 9.81sin 5
Answer: 10.1 s.

Question 10.
(a) 1000 kg vehicle:
12.5
v1 m s 1
0
12500
mv1 kg m s 1
0
750 kg vehicle:
12.5 cos 60 6.25
v 2 m s 1
12.5 sin 60 10.83
4688
mv 2 kg m s 1
8123
(These can be rounded for a final answer).
(b) Total momentum before = total momentum after

Hence,
12500 4688
1750v
0 8123
which gives:
9.822
v m s 1
4.642
(This can be rounded for a final answer).
(c) Magnitude of velocity in part (b) is

u 9.822 2 4.642 2 10.86 m s 1
The acceleration is
F 6000
a 3.429 m s 2
m 1750
Using
v 2 u 2 2as
v2 u2 0 10.86 2
s 17.18 m
2a 2 (3.429)
Answer: 17.2 m.

Question 11.
(a) Momentum:
2 10 0 2v A 1.5vB
2v A 1.5v B 20 (A)
Restitution:
vB v A 0.8 10
vB v A 8 (B)
(A) + 2(B):
3.5v B 36
v B 10.286 m s 1
From (B):
v A v B 8 2.286 m s 1
Answer: 2.29 m s1; 10.3 m s1
(b)
First collision between balls
At the end of the first collision, the balls are at x = 5 m, the total time is 0.5 s and the
velocities of the balls are vA = 2.286 m s1, vB = 10.286 m s1.
First collision of B with the wall

Ball B must next collide with the wall. This occurs at time
5
t 0.5 0.5 0.4861 0.9861 s
10.286
After the collision, the velocity of B is
0.7 10.286 7.200 m s 1
After the collision, the velocity of A is still 2.286 m s1 and it is at position
x 5 2.286 0.4861 3.889 m
At the end of this collision, the balls are at x = 3.889 m and 0 m, the total time is 0.9861 s
and the velocities of the balls are vA = 2.286 m s1, vB = 7.200 m s1.
Second collision between balls

The balls are now 3.889 m apart and have a closing speed of 2.286 7.200 9.486 m s 1 . A
second collision between the balls must therefore occur after a further time
3.889
0.410 s ;
9.486
(i.e. at total time 1.396 s) and position
x 3.889 2.286 0.410 2.952 m
Momentum:
2 2.286 1.5 7.2 2v A 1.5vB
2v A 1.5vB 6.228 (C)

Restitution:
vB v A 0.8 9.486
v B v A 7.589 (D)
(C) + 2(D):
3.5v B 8.950
v B 2.557 m s 1
From (D):
v A v B 7.589 5.032 m s 1
At the end of this collision, the balls are at x = 2.952 m, the total time is 1.396 s and the
velocities of the balls are vA = 5.032 m s1, vB = 2.557 m.
Second collision of B with the wall

Ball B must collide with the wall again. This occurs at time
2.952
t 1.396 2.550 s
2.557
After the collision, the velocity of B is
0.7 2.557 1.790 m s 1
The velocity of A is still vA = 5.032 m s1. From the speeds and directions, B can never catch
A again.
(c)
t (s)
2.55
1.40
0.99
0.5
x (m)
-10 -5 -2.95 wall

Question 12.
Horizontally, the ball travels toward the wall at 20 m s1 and travels back from it at
0.7 20 14 m s 1
Vertically, the balls motion is not changed by the wall (it is the component parallel to the
surface), so, since uy = 0 and ay = g, its vertical displacement from initial position is given
for all t (i.e. before and after hitting the wall) by
y 0 12 gt 2
Setting y = 1.5 m gives time to first bounce on the ground: t = 0.5530 s.
Time taken to reach wall at 20 m s1 horizontally is

6 / 20 0.3 s
The remaining time to the first bounce on the ground is 0.2530 s. The horizontal distance
travelled back at 14 m s1 is then
14 0.2530 3.542 m
Velocity and speed when it first hits the ground:

v x 14 m s 1
v y 0 gt 9.81 0.5530 5.425 m s 1
v v x2 v y2 15.01 m s 1
Answer: 3.54 m from the wall; speed 15.0 m s1.

Question 13.
(a) Initial velocity:
u x v0 cos
u y v0 sin
Displacement (as a function of t) by constant-acceleration formulae:
x (v0 cos )t
y (v0 sin )t 12 gt 2
x
Substitute t in the latter displacement formula to get the trajectory:
v0 cos
2
x
y x tan g
1
2

0
v cos
Substituting x = 25 m, y = 10 m, = 35,
4569
10 17.51 2
v0
v0 = 24.67 m s1
Answer: 24.7 m s1.
(b) Time to hit the wall,

x 25
t 1.237 s
v0 cos 24.67 cos 35
The velocity components at this time are:
v x u x v0 cos 24.67 cos 35 20.21 m s 1
v y u y gt v0 sin gt 24.67 sin 35 9.81 1.237 2.015 m s 1
Restitution affects only the velocity component perpendicular to the wall (i.e. the horizontal,
x, component). Hence, the constant-acceleration motion in the second part of the motion has:
u x 0.6 20.21 12.13 m s 1
u y 2.015 m s 1
The time for a vertical displacement of y = 10 m (from the height at which it hit the wall to
when it hits the ground) is given by
y u y t 12 gt 2
10 2.015t 12 9.81 t 2
4.905t 2 2.015t 10 0
2.015 2.015 2 4 4.905 10
t 1.648 s (or a meaningless negative time)
2 4.905
The horizontal position (relative to the wall) is then
x u x t 12.13 1.648 19.99 m
Answer: 20.0 m back from the wall.

Question 14.
(a) Conservation of x-momentum:
10 3 cos 30 34v
v 0.7641 m s 1
Answer: 0.764 m s1.
(b) Use:
Impulse = change of momentum
0.7641 3 cos 30 18.34
Impulse m(v u) 10 N s
0 3 sin 30 15
18.3
Answer: N s .
15.0
(c)
KEbefore 12 10 32 45 J
KE after 12 34 0.76412 9.925 J
Fraction of energy lost:
loss of KE 45 9.925
0.7794
original KE 45
Answer: 0.779.

Question 15.
Work relative to initial point. Then x = 6 m and y = 2 m at C.
Initial velocity:
u x v0 cos
u y v0 sin
Displacement (as function of t) by constant-acceleration formulae:

x (v0 cos )t
y (v0 sin )t 12 gt 2
x
Substitute t in the latter displacement formula to get the trajectory:
v0 cos
2
x
y x tan g
1
2

0
v cos
Rearranging:
x g
v0
cos 2( x tan y )
Set x = 6 m and y = 2 m to get

6 9.81
v0 10.21 m s 1
cos 70 2(6 tan 70 2)
Answer: 10.2 m s1.
(b) The time taken is given by

x 6
t 1.718 s
v0 cos 10.21cos 70
Then
v x v0 cos 10.21 cos 70 3.492 m s 1
v y v0 sin gt 10.21 sin 70 9.81 1.718 7.259 m s 1
3.49
Answer: m s 1
7.26
(c) After oblique collision, only the component of velocity perpendicular to the wall is
changed. After collision:
v x e 3.492 m s 1
v y 7.259 m s 1
Since

vx
tan
vy
we have
1 3.492e

3 7.259
e 0.6929
Answer: 0.693.

Question 16.
(a) The speeds of the driver before and after may be determined from energy (Topic C) or
from the constant-acceleration formula v 2 u 2 2as .
Taking positive direction downward:

Before (u = 0, a = 9.81 m s2, s = 2 m): velocity hitting pile = 6.264 m s1.
After (v = 0, a = 9.81 m s2, s = 0.1 m): velocity leaving pile = 1.401 m s1.
By momentum conservation:
800 6.264 0 800 1.401 2400v pile
v pile 2.555 m s 1
Answer: 2.55 m s1.
(b) Coefficient of restitution:

separation speed 2.555 1.401
e 0.6315
closing speed 6.264
Answer: 0.631.
(c)
KEbefore 12 800 6.264 2 15700 J
KE after 12 800 1.4012 12 2400 2.5552 8619 J
Percentage of energy lost
energy lost 15700 8619
100 100 45.10%
initial energy 15700
Answer: 45.1%.

Question 17.
Consider the collision between the (r 1)th and the rth sphere. The first of these has velocity
vr1 before collision and wr1 after.
Momentum:
mvr 1 0 mwr 1 mvr
wr 1 vr vr 1 (A)
Restitution:
vr wr 1 ev r 1 (B)
Adding (A) + (B) to eliminate wr1:

2vr (1 e)vr 1
Hence,
1 e
vr vr 1
2
and so, inductively,
r 1
1 e 1 e 1 e
2
vr vr 1 vr 2 v1
2 2 2
r 1
1 e
Answer: v r v1
2

Question 18.
(a)
Use:
unchanged sphere velocity parallel to surface (oblique collision);
total momentum unchanged in the x-direction;
restitution (components perpendicular to the surface).
Note that we cannot use total momentum in the y-direction because the supporting rollers
exert a force in this direction.
Let the velocity components of the sphere after the collision be vpar parallel to the surface and
vperp perpendicular (and away from) the surface. Let the (horizontal) velocity of the carriage
after collision be w.
Sphere velocity parallel to surface:

v par 10 cos 60 5 m s 1
Total momentum unchanged in the x-direction:

2 10 10w 2v par cos 60 2v perp cos 30
20 10w 5 v perp 3
10w v perp 3 15 (A)
Restitution (perpendicular to surface):

w cos 30 v perp e 10 cos 30
3
w v perp 3 3
2
3
w v perp 3 9 (B)
2
Adding (A) + (B) gives

11.5w 24
w 2.087 m s 1
(A) then gives
10w 15
v perp 3.389 m s 1
3
Speed:
v v 2par v 2perp 5 2 3.389 2 6.040 m s 1
Answer: 6.04 m s1.
(b) The angle between path of the sphere and the surface of the carriage is given by
v perp 3.389
tan 0.6778
v par 5

34.13
Hence,
120 85.87
Answer: 85.9.
(c) For the carriage:

loss in KE = gain in elastic PE (see Topic C)
2 mw 2 k
1 2 1 2
m 10
w 2.087 0.1650 m
k 1600
Answer: 0.165 m.

Question 19.
By trigonometry (see the diagram) the line of centres when the balls y
collide obliquely is 30 from the original direction of motion. Adopt
new x and y coordinates along the tangent to the surfaces at collision
and along the lines of centres respectively. The second particle must
x
move off in the direction along the line of centres (v2x = 0). o r
30
1
Note that u1 = 6 m s . r
r
Momentum along tangent surface:
mu1 sin 30 mv1x
v1x 3 (A)
u1
Momentum along line of centres:
mu1 cos 30 mv1 y mv2 y
v1 y v2 y 3 3 (B)
Restitution:
v2 y v1 y e u1 cos 30
v2 y v1 y 1.8 3 (C)
Adding (B) + (C) gives:

2v2 y 4.8 3
v2 y 2.4 3
(B) then gives

v1 y 3 3 v2 y 0.6 3
3
In the new coordinate system, sphere 1 has velocity v1 . The magnitude and
0.6 3
direction are, respectively:
v1 32 (0.6 3 ) 2 3.175 m s 1
3
tan 1 70.89 to right of line of centres (or 40.89 to original direction)
0.6 3
0
In the new coordinate system, sphere 2 has velocity v 2 , with magnitude
2.4 3
v 2 2.4 3 4.157 m s 1
and is directed along the line of centres.
Percentage of energy lost:

2 mu1 ( 2 mv1 2 mv2 )
1 2 1 2 1 2
energy lost
100 1 2
100
initial energy 2 mu1
v12 v 22
1 100
u12
3.175 2 4.157 2
1 100
62
24.00%
Answer: Sphere 1: 3.17 m s1 at 40.9 to the right of the original direction; sphere 2:
4.16 m s1 at 30 to left of original direction; percentage loss of energy = 24.0%

Question 20.
(a) Impulse = change in momentum
1.6 0.045 (V 0)
V = 35.56 m s1
Answer: 35.6 m s1.
(b) Horizontal and vertical displacements from constant-acceleration formulae:

x (V cos )t
y (V sin )t 12 gt 2 t (V sin 12 gt )
Range (y = 0) corresponds to time
2V sin
t
g
and distance
2V sin V 2 2 sin cos V 2 sin
x (V cos )
g g g
35.56 2
120 sin
9.81
sin 0.9310
2 = 68.59 or 111.41
= 34.30 or 55.71
Answer: 34.3 or 55.7.
(c) Time to first bounce:

x 120
t 4.085 s
V cos 35.56 cos 34.30
Velocity components just before first bounce:
v x V cos 29.38 m s 1
v y V sin gt 20.03 m s 1
Actually, the latter is obvious. By energy or symmetry the downward velocity on return is
equal to initial upward velocity: V sin 20.04 m s 1 (last digit different due to rounding).
Velocity components after first bounce (oblique collision with e = 0.6):

u x 29.38 m s 1 (parallel component unchanged)
u y 0.6 20.03 12.02 m s 1 (perpendicular component subject to restitution)
Further time to hit the wall:
65
t 2.212 s
ux
y u y t 12 gt 2 2.588 m
Answer: 2.59 m.

(d)
vx (m/s)
29.38
Horizontal component: constant (no acceleration,

and unaffected by the bounce)
0 t (s)
vy (m/s)
bounce hits wall

20.03
Vertical component: constant downward slope
12.02 (acceleration dvy/dt = 9.81 m s2); reverses sign
4.085 6.297 and magnitude changes by factor e = 0.6 at the
0 t (s)
bounce on the ground.
-20.03

Question 21.
For a uniform plane lamina the centre of mass coincides with the centre of area.
Measure coordinates x, y horizontally and vertically from (e.g.) the bottom-left corner. The
frame can be obtained by subtracting rectangle 2 from rectangle 1 where the areas and
centroids of the original rectangles are as follows. So that they can be used in a summation
formula, subtracted areas are marked negative.
Rectangle 1 (outer rectangle):

a1 = 0.5 0.7 = 0.35 m2
x1 = 0.25 m
y1 = 0.35 m
Rectangle 2 (inner rectangle):

a2 = 0.2 0.35 = 0.07 m2
x2 = 0.15 m
y2 = 0.425 m
Then,
A ai 0.35 0.07 0.28 m 2
x
a xi i

0.35 0.25 0.07 0.15
0.275 m
A 0.28
y
ai y i
0.35 0.35 0.07 0.425
0.33125 m
A 0.28
Answer: (across, up) = (0.275, 0.331) m, relative to the bottom left corner.

Question 22.
Divide the shape into three parts (triangle / rectangle / triangle) whose areas and individual
centres of mass / centres of area are:
1
a1 5 5 12.5 cm 2
2
2
x1 5 3.333 cm
3
1
y1 5 1.667 cm
3
5
a2 5 (16 5 ) 11.70 cm 2
tan 30
1 5
x2 5 (16 5 ) 6.170 cm
2 tan 30
1
y 2 5 2.5 cm
2
1 5
a3 5 21.65 cm 2
2 tan 30
2 5
x3 16 10.23 cm
3 tan 30
1
y3 5 1.667 cm
3
Then:
A ai 12.5 11.70 21.65 45.85 cm 2
x
a xi i

12.5 3.333 11.70 6.170 21.65 10.23
7.314 cm
A 45.85
y
ai y i
12.5 1.667 11.70 2.5 21.65 1.667
1.880 cm
A 45.85
Answer: (across, up) = (7.31, 1.88) cm, relative to the bottom-left corner.

Question 23.
(a) The centroid of a triangle lies at 1/3rd of the altitude from any side; here it is 50 mm from
AB and 100 mm from BC. The weight of 30 N acts through this point.
Taking moments about B:

TPA 0.3 30 0.1
TPA 10 N
Taking moments about A:

TQB 0.3 30 0.2
TQB 20 N
Answer: TPA = 10 N; TQB = 20 N.
(b)
50
tan 0.25
200
14.04
Answer: 14.0.

Question 24.
Take coordinates x and y from the corner at which the lamina is suspended, with y along the
long side.
By symmetry, x 0.35 m .
The shape can be formed by subtraction of a circle from a rectangle. Working in metres
throughout we have the following. So that they can be used in a summation formula,
subtracted areas are marked negative.
Part 1 (rectangle):
a1 0.7 L
y1 12 L
Part 2 (circle):
a2 0.32 0.2827
y 2 0.35
Then
y
a yi i

0.7 L 12 L 0.2827 0.35

0.35L2 0.09895
a i 0.7 L 0.2827 0.7 L 0.2827
But, from the angle of suspension,

x
tan 20 0.3640
y
whence
x 0.35
y 0.9615
0.3640 0.3640
Hence,
0.35L2 0.09895
0.9615
0.7 L 0.2827
0.35L2 0.09895 0.6731L 0.2718
0.35L2 0.6731L 0.1729 0
Solving a quadratic equation:
0.6731 0.67312 4 0.35 0.1729
L 1.618 or 0.305
2 0.35
Since L is the longer side, here it takes the value 1.618 m.
Answer: 1.62 m.

Question 25.
One must consider, in this order:
toppling, if the vertical through the centre of mass lies outside the base;
sliding, if the downslope component of weight is greater than maximum friction.
(a) The centre of mass is at height 12 0.4 m 0.2 m . The distance from the cylinder axis at
which this acts on the slope is
x 0.2 tan15 0.0536 m
This is greater than the base radius 0.05 m, so that the line of action of the weight lies outside
the base of the cylinder. The weight then produces an unbalanced moment about the bottom
of the cylinder, so the cylinder will topple over.
Answer: topples.
(b) The centre of mass is at height 12 0.35 m 0.175 m . The distance from the cylinder axis
at which this acts on the slope is
x 0.175 tan15 0.0469 m
This lies within the confines of the base of the cylinder and hence the cylinder does not
topple.
The maximum friction force is

Fmax R mg cos 15
The component of weight downslope is

Fll mg sin 15
The ratio of these two along-slope forces is

Fmax mg cos 15 0.3
1.12
Fll mg sin 15 tan15
so that friction is sufficient to prevent motion.
Answer: no movement.

B Answers Momentum

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B Answers Momentum

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TOPIC B: MOMENTUM ANSWERS SPRING 2016

(Full worked answers follow on later pages)

Q1. (a) 2.26 m s2

Q2. 8.41 m s2 and 4.20 m s2; 841 N

Q3. (a) 1.70 m s1

Q4. (a) 456 N

Q7. (a) 0.24

Q8. (a) 0.492

Q11. (a) 2.29 m s1; 10.3 m s1

Q12. 3.54 m from the wall; speed 15.0 m s1

Q13. (a) 24.7 m s1

Q14. (a) 0.764 m s1;

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 1 David Apsley

Q15. (a) 10.2 m s1

Q16. (a) 2.55 m s1

Q18. (a) v = 6.04 m s1

Q19. 3.17 m s1 at 40.9 to right of original direction; 4.16 m s1 at 30 to left of original

Q20. (a) 35.6 m s1

Q23. (a) TPA = 10 N; TQB = 20 N

Q25. (a) topples

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 2 David Apsley

Resolving upward for the 50 kg mass:

Answer: 2.26 m s2.

(b) Resolving upward for the 50 kg mass:

Answer: 5.89 m s2.

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 3 David Apsley

Resolving to the right for the 100 kg mass:

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 4 David Apsley

Answer: 1.70 m s1.

(b) From part (a),

Method 1: (repeated trial)

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 5 David Apsley

Since the block is moving, friction is given by

Resolving along the plane:

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 6 David Apsley

The motive force along the plane is

Answer: 1.41 m s2.

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 7 David Apsley

The normal reaction is given by balancing forces perpendicular to the rod:

The mass will not slip provided

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 8 David Apsley

Balancing forces vertically:

Balancing forces horizontally:

Answer: minimum coefficient of friction = 0.24.

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 9 David Apsley

Resolving forces along the slope:

Resolving forces perpendicular to the slope:

Since the mass is moving, friction is maximal, so

(c) Resolving downslope:

For the first part of the motion (up to t = 4 s):

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 10 David Apsley

For the second part of the motion (t > 4 s):

Answer: 1.00 m s1.

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 11 David Apsley

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 12 David Apsley

(b) Total momentum before = total momentum after

(c) Magnitude of velocity in part (b) is

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 13 David Apsley

Answer: 2.29 m s1; 10.3 m s1

First collision of B with the wall

Second collision between balls

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 14 David Apsley

Second collision of B with the wall

Mechanics Answers to Examples B (Momentum) - 15 David Apsley