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Printed in Great Britain. J.;1993 Pergamon Press Ltd
A. PROKIt:
K&e Kapetana, 1iOO0Belgrade, Serbia, Yugoslavia
Abstract-A new warping function for thr~-dimensional thin-walled beams is proposed that enables the
analysis of structures made up of members with arbitrary open and closed cross-sections. An updated
Lagrangian formulation is used to give the stiffness matrix. The method is illustrated by examples.
The classical theory of thin-walled beams with an Consider a thin-walled beam with an open or
arbitrary open cross-section, perfectly rigid in its closed multi-cellular cross-section. The mid-line of
plane, is based on Vlasovs assumptions: the shear the cross-section is idealized by a number of straight
strains in the middle surface can be neglected and the lines connected by discrete points, i = 1,2,. . . , n
normals to the middle surface remain undeformed (Fig. 1).
and normal during deformation. The z axis of the rectangular coordinate system
According to these assumptions the displacement coincides with the longitudinal centroidal axis, and x
field can be described by three displacement com- and y coincide with the principal axes of the cross-
ponents in the plane of the cross-section and the axial section.
displacement of the cross-section as rigid. Distri- As well as the usual assumptions of linear theory
bution of normal stresses, due to warping, is given by of elasticity, further assumptions are adopted: (I) the
sectorial coordinates, and is qualitatively the same for cross-section is perfectly rigid in its own plane, (2) the
all cross-sections. Shear stresses r, are proportional to longitudinal displacements vary linearly between any
the distance from the mid-line of the cross-section. two neighbou~ng points, and (3) relative warping of
Torsion shear stresses, TV,uniformly distributed over the section in relation to the mid-line is qualitatively
the thickness cannot be calculated directly from the defined with the solution of Saint-Venants torque.
shear strains. The stresses can be obtained from an Starting from the first assumption the in-plane
equation of static equilibrium of the beam, as a incremen~i displa~ments Au, and An, of an arbi-
function of normal stresses. The consequence of this trary point can be defined by three componential
is the discrepancy between the strain and stress fields, displacements Au, Au and A9 of the centroid, where
namely the strains calculated from the stress com- the angle of twist is sufficiently small for any incre-
ponents do not satisfy compatibility conditions. mental load
However, this theory by reason of its simplicity has
a wide use and for a thin-walled beam with open Au,=Au-~69, Av,=Av+xA$. (1)
cross-sections gives satisfactory results, as is proved
by experiment. longitudinal incremental displacements consist of
The theory of thin-walled beams with closed cross- two parts. The first represents displacements of the
sections is considered separately. Profiles, even in the cross-section as a plane surface
case of pure torsion, the shear stresses r,,., are much
greater than 7_ so retaining the above assumptions Av, = An+,+ y A$, - x AI,&,, (2)
is unjustifiable. Therefore, the warping function is
qualitatively described by a function given before- where Aw, is the translation and A@,vand A$ are the
hand, and the most frequently used is Saint-Venants rotations of the cross-section about the x and y axes.
function of free-warping for beams with closed cross- The second part defines warping
sections.
In this paper a new warping function is proposed Aw, = Aw; + Aw;, (3)
that enables simultaneous analysis of thin-walled
structures with open and closed cross-sections. It has where
no need of the above ass~ptions. The shear stresses
can be derived directly from corresponding strains. Aw:,=~n(x,y)A~~(z) (4)
1065
1066 A. PROKIk
Fig. 2.
Fig. I.
Fig. 3.
Warping function for thin-walled beams 1067
N=[l-3<+25 45(1-r)
Sn:, = a<, dF
N,.=[l -t Cl
z, = y2dF
N 0 -yN 0 0 0 0 ... 0
= 0 N xN 0 0 0 0 ... 0
Using a well-known updated Lagrangian formulation the linear and geometric stiffness matrices can be
represented. Only the linear stiffness matrix is given here
4, 4 4, 4, 4, A% .. Aq, ..
GFK2 0 -GS,.< K2 0 - GFKS 0 .. GSnjvK7 ..
GFK, -GS,,v K, 0 0 GFK, .. G&i;, K, ..
GZ,K, 0 GS,,.vKS -G&v K, .. G (Iti!, - Z,o!, )K, ..
EFK, 0 0 .. 0
ZXK, + GFK, 0 .. EZdjKs-GS*!v& .*
K, =
E&K2 + GFK, .. &,K, + GSW K, ..
EZnJ&
. . . G (Zm_<,.,
+ Zo:>
I>1)K,
1068 A. hOKI6
E-21000 Kr@m2
Fig. 4.
I
66.7
(6617)
4. NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
Table I
Elements 9
2 0.01384
4 0.01402
0.01419
6 0.01410
8 0.01413
Warping function for thin-walled beams 1069
C
PB,
+x
_ 2
,:
t=0.005
d
Table 2
1 > .%
18; Classical theory Sixteen elements
1.00 9 1.971 1.979
-+--- wI*-wIB OM4268 0.044265
Fig. 6. b--w13
- 0.026560 -0.026555
Fig. 7.
8 = 0.09829
G&<ji?jj 8= 0.49870
Fig. 8.
1070 A. hOKI6