JENRM, Vol. 2, No.

1, 30-36, 2015
Research Article

Critical Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management

in Ghana
Michael Addaney* , Rose Anarfiwaah Oppong**

Abstract
Solid waste management is one of the major challenges confronting cities and towns mostly in developing countries. This study
sought to identify as well as subject to critical analysis, certain key factors that are responsible for solid waste management
in Ghana. From the study, 72 percent of households are commonly infected with the Cholera and Malaria pandemic. This
underscores the adverse impacts of indiscriminate littering and irregular collection of waste. The study further discovered that
all actors have very high level of commitment to achieving a sustainable solid waste management. However, the low level of
technical and financial capacity of these actors and the absence of a coordinative framework greatly impedes their operations.
Moreover, the departments within the Municipal Assemblies in Ghana which are responsible for environmental management are
also ill-resourced. The study therefore argues that achieving sustainable solid waste management largely depends on these critical
factors: effective and relevant legal framework; institutional strengthening and capacity building for the private sector as well
as implementation of cost recovery regimes. Others include development of sound partnerships with the private sector, waste
reduction and mainstreaming of recycling activities. Poor environmental conditions challenge the Assemblies efforts at meeting
the health and environment components of the Millennium Development Goals. People, households and communities lose time
as well as money to illness leading to short life spans with workers being less productive. There is little or no financial savings
and investments. Moreover since environmental sustainability is endangered. It is recommended that the Government should
create an enabling working environment that is legally friendly, technically and financially sound as well as market oriented for all
actors who have a stake in solid waste management.
Keywords
Environmental HealthSanitationSolid WasteWaste Management
* Quality
Assurance and Planning Unit, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani - Ghana. E-mail: appl.adm@gmail.com
** Environmental
Protection and Agricultural Food Production, Faculty of Agriculture University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart Germany. Email:
rmaoppong@gmail.com

Contents could be attributed to the rapid population growth rate

which eventually translates into generation of copious
1 Introduction 30 amounts of solid waste and the lack of technical and fi-
2 Materials and methods 31 nancial resources of Municipal Authorities in Africa to
address the related challenges ([20]; [17]; [15]). Schbeler
3 Results and Discussion 32
(1996 in [6]) defined waste management as any activity
3.1 Solid Waste Management Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
that aims at minimizing the impacts of municipal solid
3.2 Financing of Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . 33 waste on public health and the environment including
3.3 Improper Solid Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 characterization and measurement, collection and trans-
3.4 Public Awareness on Solid Waste Management . . . . 33 portation, separation and resource recovery, processing
3.5 The Assemblys Capacity for Solid Waste Management 34 as well as disposal.
3.6 The Role of the Private Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 The United Nations Conference on Human Settlement
3.7 Preferred Provider of Waste Collection System . . . . . 34 reports that one-third to one-half of solid waste generated
4 Conclusion 35 within most cities in low and middle income countries
4.1 Towards a Sustainable Solid Waste Management System 35 are not collected; but however end up as illegal dumps
on streets, open spaces and waste lands ([18]). African
References 35
Development Banks study on waste management in 2002
opines that Ghana generates about 3.6 million tons of solid
1. Introduction waste per year which are mainly organic compostables
Municipal Solid Waste Management is an issue of great such as food, yard and wood wastes as well as paper,
concern to urban governance in most developing and plastic, glass and metal.
transitional economies [19] because of solid waste effects Ghana like other developing countries has over the
on environmental health most especially in Africa. This years had difficulties in municipal solid waste management
 Critical Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ghana 31/36
with regards to infrastructural and technical inefficien-
cies. The impact of poor environmental sanitation and
solid waste in cities and communities in Ghana threaten
the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) especially the MDG 7 (Ensuring Environmen-
tal Sustainability) as well as poverty eradication which
are being prioritised by the government in national is-
sues. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) have therefore
emerged as promising supporters for arresting the situa-
tion but has been less successful due to the inability of
government to fulfil its financial obligations to the pri-
vate firms assigned to collect and dispose waste in their
respective jurisdictions.
Problems associated with sanitary conditions in rapidly
expanding urban and sub-urban areas cause the spread
of a number of air and waterborne diseases (Songsore
and McGranahan, 1993). Malaria, diarrhoea, intestinal
worms and acute upper respiratory tract infections which
are examples of poor-sanitation related diseases consti-
tute about 85 percent of the reported cases at outpatient
facilities in the country with seasonal epidemic outbreaks
of cholera ([11]). A study undertaken by [2] in Teshie,
a suburb of Accra in Ghana revealed that the type of
solid waste collection method used and the incidence of
malaria are moderately but significantly correlated. The
unsanitary conditions render the suburb prone to malaria,
thereby indicating relevance of the study and its findings.
Earlier studies have also shown that some components
of municipal solid waste collect water and hence, become
potential breeding sites of mosquitoes. Similar situations
can be observed in other cities including Kumasi, Tema
and Sekondi-Takoradi.
Waste collection and transportation though the first
in the waste management concept has proven to be a
disorganized system. According to [10] only 80 percent
of the waste generated in the Accra Metropolis is col-
lected. This percentage falls to 35 percent in Kumasi
(Ghanas second largest city) and close to 10 percent
in the northern towns of Bolgatanga, Tamale and Wa.
The national policy recommends small-scale incineration
plants for the treatment and disposal of health care and
hazardous wastes. Therefore in most towns with health
facilities, small incinerators have been built as part of
the health provision infrastructure. The incinerators are
simple designs built with lateritic bricks, cement blocks
and metal with firewood as a source of energy and are
easily operated and maintained. [10] asserts that many of
such facilities have no environmental controls and often
comprise of nothing more than combustion of medical
and chemical waste in an oven or open pit.
The three solid waste collection methods practiced
in Ghana are; kerbside, house-to-house and communal
collections. Kerbside collection system involves collection
of deposited waste on specific days at the kerbside. Waste
collection crew picks up the waste from each household
and community to be emptied into collection vehicles
with bins returned thereafter in household and commu-
nal collection methods respectively. The level of service
delivery is however different within income areas (Tsiboe,
2004). [13] opines that waste collection service delivery
is generally very poor in low income areas while that of
middle and high income areas are comparatively better
since they pay more than the government who pays for
low income areas.
This study was conducted in the Awutu Senya East
Municipality of Ghana. It is located in the Eastern part
of the Central Region of Ghana within Latitudes 5 45
South and 6-00 North with Longitudes of 020 West to
035 East. It shares common boundaries with the Ga
South Municipal (in the Greater Accra Region) at the
East, Awutu Senya District at the North and Gomoa East
District at the West. The Municipality covers a total
land area of approximately 180sq km which is about 18%
of the total area of the Region. Kasoa, the Municipal
Capital is located at the south-eastern part, about 13km
off Accra, Ghanas capital. Strategically located, Kasoa
serves as a dormitory town for about 60 percent of the
inhabitants. The overriding aim of the study is to analyze
the current municipal solid waste management practices
and determine the most reliable management mix that
will help keep the Municipality clean.
The specific objectives of the study are;
1. to examine the current solid waste management
practices in the Municipality;
2. to determine the core problems of managing solid
waste
3. to recommend practical interventions to ensure ef-
fective and sustainable solid waste management in
Ghana
2. Materials and methods
Data was collected primarily from field through structured
questionnaires and interviews with key informants as well
as relevant resource persons including four private waste
collectors, the District Health Directorate, Town and
Country Planning Department and the Environmental
Health Department. Questionnaires were administered
using stratified random sampling technique. A sample size
of 100 households considering a margin error of 10 percent
and another sample size of 30 non-domestic generators
(institutions) with a margin error of 17 percent were used.
Data collected was edited to ensure that the needed data
has been captured. Subsequently, the result of the cleaned
data was collated using Statistical Programme for Social
Scientists (SPSS). Moreover, secondary data relevant to
municipal solid waste management were obtained from
technical publications and journals to elicit contemporary
knowledge on the subject. The syntheses of findings
 Critical Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ghana 32/36

were analysed and discussed with the necessary inferred As shown in table 1 above, about 45 percent of house-
recommendations proposed. holds do not have access to durable waste storage contain-
ers thereby resorting to the use of sacks and polythene
bags since it is relatively a cheaper alternative. Most of
3. Results and Discussion the refuse is kept close to kitchens and rooms, causing
3.1 Solid Waste Management Practices diseases such as cholera and typhoid fever. Conversely,
the proportion of non-domestic generators using sacks
There are no well defined systems of dealing with waste
and polythene bags and other unsustainable materials is
as per the survey. However, practices adopted are skewed
lower than that of households (30 percent). Moreover, 39
towards waste collection with little emphasis on reduction,
percent of households use either metal or plastic contain-
recycling and re-use of waste.
ers with covers for waste storage and are mostly middle
and higher income earners who patronize private waste
3.1.1 Waste Generation and Characterization
collection. Refuse containers are usually emptied twice
From the study, the Municipality generates about 15
every month. It could be inferred that in spite of the
tons of solid waste daily which are mainly organic and
type of material used for storing waste the frequency of
composed of compostables (such as kitchen, yard and
emptying these containers is crucial to the health of the
wood wastes), paper, plastic, glass and scrap metal. Oth-
people. This is because improperly stored waste that is
ers include textiles, leather coconut husks and electronic
kept over a long period of time could be dangerous to
wastes. It was further discovered that due to the high
public health especially those using baskets, containers,
level of urbanization, the waste generation has increased
sacks and polythene bags.
from 15 tons in 2009 to 23 tons in 2014. It could be
inferred that the rapid sprawling of the Municipality has 3.1.3 Solid Waste Collection System
greatly increased the amount of solid waste produced. Cognizant of the severity of indiscriminate dumping and
This pattern in waste composition is attributed to high littering with a greater proportion of waste left uncollected
spending among rich people and a relatively low level of in the Municipality, the Assembly engages the services of
recovery of components such as plastics and papers ([5]. private waste collectors to complement the collection of
Moreover, compared with results from available studies residential and commercial solid waste. Of the total waste
by [8] conducted in Kumasi, the proportions of organics generated per week (105 tons), only 25 percent of the
in the waste from all areas are relatively lower. Generally, quantity is collected (26 tons), which is 5 percent lesser
the composition of household waste in the study area than the national collection rate. This leaves behind
presents a good opportunity for waste recycling. This a total of 80 tons uncollected waste. Comparing this
however requires intensive education of residents to prac- collection rate to the Municipal Assemblys target of 80
tice separation of waste at source since approximately half percent collection, there is a huge shortfall of 55 percent.
of the waste could be considered for recycling through This trend threatens the health of the inhabitants and the
composting. [21] underscores the importance of recycling illegal piles of waste attest to this fact. With regards to
organic components to ensure sustainable solid waste collection composition, the Municipal Assembly collects
management. 35 percent whiles the private sector collects the remaining
55 percent. It is important to note that the quantity of
3.1.2 Solid Waste Storage waste left uncollected does not serve only as a nuisance
Storage of solid waste generated domestically from com- to public health but as points for scavenging activities
mercial premises or institutions is the first activity in the where recoverable wastes are collected and recycled too.
Solid Waste Management process and collection. Wide However, waste picked for this activity is very minimal due
ranges of equipment are used by waste generators in to the composition of the waste and the lack of support
storing their waste. These include metal and plastic con- for the scavengers and recyclers in the Municipality.
tainers, basket and carton containers as well as sacks and
polythene bags. The table below presents the forms of 3.1.4 Solid Waste Disposal
containers available for waste storage to be disposed by Solid waste is disposed off in several ways but the main
households and non-domestic generators. method adopted by households and other generators is
the house-to-house collection system. Table 3.3 provides
Table 1. An Assessment of Container Availability for details of refuse disposal methods in the Kasoa Township.
Waste Storage The table above indicates that most waste generators
patronize house-to-house collection which accounts for 53
percent and 50 percent respectively. This phenomenon
Domestic Waste Generators (Households) Non-Domestic Generators
Type of Container Frequency Percentage (%) Frequency Percentage (%)
Metal and Plastic
Basket and Carton
39
16
39
16
13
8
43.7
26.3 could be explained by the urbanized nature of the Mu-
Others (sack, polythene bags) 45 45 9 30
Total 100 100 30 100 nicipality and the absence of public dumps as well as
Source: Field Survey, February 2014 refuse containers for residential areas. The second dis-

Table 2. Refuse Disposal Methods by Households and
Non-Domestic Generators
Domestic Waste Generators Non-Domestic Generators
Method of Disposal Frequency Percentage (%) Frequency
Burning 19 19 7 23.3
26 26 8 26.7
Dumping
Buried 2 2 - -
House-to-House 53 53 15
Total 100 100 30
Source: Field Survey, February 2014
posal method by households is dumping where waste is
disposed in communal containers placed at vantage points
or anywhere. It could therefore be inferred that house-
holds with low incomes resort to this method though some
are made to pay for disposal at the only private dumpsite
located at river in the Ayigbe locality. This could pose
great health threats to the residents since water from this
river is used for domestic purposes. About 19 percent
of households and 7 percent of non-domestic generators
burn their waste. This includes those who cannot afford
user charges by subscribing to private waste collection.
3.2 Financing of Solid Waste Management
The management of municipal solid waste has tradition-
ally been the sole responsibility of the government and
consumes 35 percent of municipal budgets besides peri-
odic financial support from development partners with no
marked improvement ([12]). The situation is no different
from the study area since the total budget for solid waste
management as obtained from the survey amounted to
GH130,000 per year representing 35 percent of the total
budget. Of this amount, about 10 percent is spent on
sweepings public streets and public areas in the municipal-
ity and 25 percent on maintenance of waste management
equipment. Due to the fact that the Municipal Assembly
is incapable of financing the entire waste stream, other
avenues such as user charges have been introduced to
complement the Assembly sources of funds. The user
charge regime is also operated by the private formal and
informal sectors where households and commercial waste
generators subscribe to pay an amount for a quantity
of waste generated. The study revealed that 79 percent
of households pay for disposing off their refuse either
by house-to-house collection or dumping. Out of these
households, 43 percent patronize private formal collection
(from three registered firms); 10 percent patronize pri-
vate informal collection (5 unregistered groups and cart
pushers) and the rest patronize a commercial dumpsite.
3.3 Improper Solid Waste Management
Improper solid waste management poses serious envi-
ronment threats through air, land and water pollution.
Environmental conditions in the Municipality is abysmal
such that solid waste has clogged most of the few available
drains creating stagnant water for insect breeding and
floods during rainy seasons. Large open spaces in the
Critical Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ghana 33/36
Municipality are dotted with heaps of refuse very close
to residential areas. The situation worsens when liquid
wastes from houses are openly disposed, causing further
stagnation. Greenhouse gases are generated from the de-
Percentage (%)
composition of organic wastes in landfills and untreated
leachate pollutes surrounding soil and water bodies. The
50 use of burning as a method of disposal by almost 20
100
percent of households causes air pollution and possibly
contributes to global warming. Open burning of plastic
waste by residents could result in air pollution with as-
sociated health problems due to heavy metal additives
([8]). Moreover, littering of the environment with plas-
tics also cause environmental nuisance through choking
of drains and reducing the aesthetic beauty of the envi-
ronment. The Municipal Health Service has identified
four human diseases (Malaria, Cholera, Typhoid and Res-
piratory infections) as a result of improper disposal of
waste in the Municipality. This discovery validates the
results obtained from the households interviews on the
diseases which commonly affect them. Figure 1 provides
information on diseases that commonly affect households
in the Municipality.
Figure 1. Diseases that Commonly Affects Households
The chart above indicates that Malaria is the common
household disease; accounting for 72 percent. Majority
(97 percent) of the household respondents agreed that
these diseases are as a result of the insanitary conditions
in the Municipality. The study further discovers Cholera
as the second common disease that affects households.
Factors responsible include choked gutters and stagnant
water which is rife in the Municipality. Moreover, due to
the fact that human faecal matter is commonly found in
residential waste, insect and rodent vectors are attracted
to it and spread diseases such as cholera and dengue
fever. Apparently, contaminated water used for domestic
purposes as well as the preparation of food for commercial
consumption is another contributing factor.
3.4 Public Awareness on Solid Waste Management
Households were asked questions regarding their aware-
ness of and involvement in environmental management
programmes and projects in the Municipality and whether
they have received any education on environmental cleanli-
ness as well as where they obtained the education. About
46 percent of this had education through Community
 Critical Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ghana 34/36

Based Organizations. However, 25 percent of households Table 3. Waste Collection Systems by Households and
indicated that they have been given training by the Mu- Commercial Institutions
nicipal Assembly through the Environmental Health De-
Domestic Waste Generators Non-Domestic Generators
partment. It can therefore be concluded that some public Preferred Provider Frequency Percentage (%) Frequency Percentage (%)
14 14 5 16.7
awareness is being created with little yielded results due
Local Government
Private Company 60 60 13 43.3
No difference 26 26 12 40
to the rising of indiscriminate disposal and littering in Total 100 100 30 100

the Municipality. Source: Field Survey, February 2014

3.5 The Assemblys Capacity for Solid Waste Man- the private and public sector and therefore would like any
agement of them to provide them with collection services.
The Municipal Assembly through the Environmental
Health and Sanitation Department (ESHD) is in charge
of solid waste management in the Municipality. This
mandates the EHSD to develop as well as maintain clean
human settlements to promote the socio-economic and
physical well-being of the population. Although to collect
80 percent of all refuse generated is one objective of the
department, only 25 percent of the generated waste is
collected and disposed in the Municipality from findings
of the study. Out of this percentage, the department
is able to collect 45 percent while the rest is collected
by the private sector. Moreover, environmental health
personnel in the Municipality were 34 technicians and 75
non-technicians in the Municipality. However, the Assem-
bly needs about 60 technicians and 120 non-technicians.
Therefore the Municipality ought to adequately cater for
available staff by building their capacity as well as recruit
more staff to improve the situation.

3.6 The Role of the Private Sector

Competent as well as committed human and financial
resources are required to effectively manage municipal
solid waste. Therefore, private sectors well-known to
have financial, managerial and technical capacity to prop-
erly manage waste help government out in this regard.
Therefore the Municipal Assembly has encouraged private
sector participation with three registered private collec-
tion firms in the collection and disposal of solid waste.
General services provided include the collection of residen-
tial solid waste and collection of commercial waste from
large hotels, offices, markets or stores both by private
subscription. The study revealed that the main sources
of fund for these actors are user charges and banks loans.

3.7 Preferred Provider of Waste Collection System

Table 3.7 below presents waste collection services pre-
ferred by households and commercial institutions prefer,
the study confirmed that the private sector is seen capable
of effectively providing solid waste collection services.
As shown in the table above, 60 percent and 43 percent
of households and institutions respectively opted for the
private sector with the remark that the private sectors
were more efficient than the public sectors. Interestingly,
26 percent and 40 percent of households and institutions
respectively saw no difference between the operations of
 Critical Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Ghana 35/36
4. Conclusion
4.1 Towards a Sustainable Solid Waste Management
System
In the quest to achieve a sustainable integrative Solid
Waste Management System, several recommendations
have been made by various stakeholders focusing on capi-
tal intensiveness and recycling, waste reduction, capacity
building of the local government as well as private sec-
tor development among others to be applied in varying
contexts. From this study, achieving a sustainable and
integrative approach to Municipal Solid Waste Manage-
ment depends on a range of programmes and policies. It
is imperative to note that environmental health cannot
be ruled out of economic growth and sustainable devel-
opment. Thence, the need to rethink waste as a huge
resource stream that when properly tapped could and
would contribute to economic prosperity and sustainable
development; with the acknowledgement that unmanaged
waste defeats the sustainability concept. The following
key issues should therefore be taken into consideration;
1. Establish a Legal Framework that is relevant to Sus-
tainable Solid Waste Management at the Local level:
Government should in collaboration with other ac-
tors review existing environmental and sanitation
regulations to include other waste management ac-
tivities such as recycling and waste reduction. Such
revised framework should clearly identify and de-
fine the roles of key actors as well as inculcate their
activities into public policies. Government should
also charge user fees in order to reduce its financial
burden.
2. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building:
Municipal Assemblies and private sectors should
have financial, technical and logistical resources
to operate. Municipal Assemblies and Zoomlion
Ghana Limited must be provided with the nec-
essary logistics and resources for the provision of
environmental sanitation services. The Environ-
mental Health Units within Municipal Assemblies
should be regularly trained in the areas of environ-
mental planning and management, public health
promotion, contract management and supervision
as well as planning and monitoring. It is therefore
recommended that high priority be given to the
training and recruitment of professionals, techni-
cians and auxiliary personnel in the environmental
institutions with the introduction of attractive con-
ditions of service by government and other relevant
institutions.
3. Enforcement of Environmental Sanitation Regula-
tions and Bye-Laws: The study revealed that the
major cause of the poor environmental solid waste
conditions can be attributed to the poor attitude
of the people towards cleanliness. Voluntary com-
pliance cannot be relied on to ensure that waste
producers engage in good environmental sanitation
behavior. The people know what constitutes de-
cent environmental sanitation practices but would
not engage in these practices. Municipal Assem-
blies should therefore make conscious effort to im-
plement and enforce the environmental sanitation
regulations and bye-laws. Enforcing these bye-laws
would result in compliance and cost savings for the
Assemblies.
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