Facilitating Human Learning

1. A student knows that the examination week is approaching, but instead of studying, he chose
to spend his time playing computers games. On the examination day itself, he opted to pray for
miracles rather than studying. Which attitude towards religion is displayed?
a. Religion as fake b. Religion as magic c. Religion as authentic d. Religion
as real
2. ___________ is/are used as medium/media of instruction in schools during the Spanish era.
a. The vernacular b. English c. Spanish d. Spanish and the vernacular
3. The use of the integrated approach in both secondary and primary level subjects is a result of
the implementation of the ___________.
a. Program for Decentralized Education c. Basic Education Curriculum
b. School-based management d. School first initiative
4. What government program allows students who are not accommodated in community public
schools to enroll in a private school at the governments expense?
a. Government Assistance Program c. Educational Service Contract System
b. Study now pay later d. National Scholarship Program
5. __________ was the 1980s foremost educational issue.
a. Bilingual Education b. Values Education c. Accountability d.
Mainstreaming
6. The governments education program on _________ made the Philippine Education Placement
Test Accessible for adults and out-of-school-youth.
a. Equitable Access b. Quality c. Quality and relevance d. Relevance
7. College students are required to take a constitution course for them to _________.
a. Develop students into responsible and thinking students.
b. Acquaint students with the historical development of the Philippine Constitution.
c. Make students experts in terms of Philippine Constitution.
d. Prepare the students for law making.
8. __________ supports equitable access but on the other hand, quality might be compromised.
a. Open admission c. Deregulated tuition fee hike
b. School accreditation d. Selective retention
9. Educational institutions efforts of developing work skills inside the school are aimed at
__________.
a. Developing moral character c. Inculcating love of country
b. Teaching the duties of citizenship d. Developing vocational efficiency
10. In Piagets concrete operational stage, a teacher should provide __________.
a. Activities for hypothesis formulation
b. Learning activities for evaluation purposes
c. Activities for evaluation purposes
d. Stimulating environment with ample objects to play with
11. Interpersonal intelligence is best shown by a student who ___________.
a. Works on his/her own
b. Keeps interest to himself/herself
c. Seeks out a classmate for help when problem occurs
d. Spends time meditating
12. A student is finding it hard to read. When the guidance counselor traced the childs history,
the counselor was able to find out that the student came from a dysfunctional family, aside from
that, the child was abused and neglected. What could have caused the students reading
disability?
a. Emotional factors b. Poor teaching c. Neurological factors d. Immaturity
13. A child was punished for cheating in an exam. For sure the child wont cheat again in short
span of time, but this does not guarantee that the child wont cheat ever again Based on
Thorndikes theory on punishment and learning, this shows that _________.
a. Punishment strengthens a response
b. Punishment removes response
c. Punishment doesnt remove a response
d. Punishment weakens a response
14. Laughing at a two-year-old child who uttered a bad word is not a proper thing to do because
in this stage of the childs life, the child is __________.
a. Considering the views of others c. Socializing
b. Distinguishing sex differences d. Distinguishing right from wrong
15. Men are built not born. This quotation by John Watson states that ___________.
a. The ineffectiveness of training on a persons development
b. The effect of environmental stimulation on a persons development
c. The absence of genetic influence on a persons development
d. The effect of heredity
16. A child who is cold towards the people around him might have failed to attain what basic goal
based on Eriksons theory on psychological development?
a. Autonomy b. Trust c. Initiative d. Mistrust
17. A boy is closer to his mother and a girl is close to her father. These instances are under
___________.
a. Oedipal Complex b. Latent stage c. Phallic stage d. Pre-
genital stage
18. ____________ are rights that cannot be renounced because they needed for a person to fulfill
his/her primordial obligations.
a. Perfect rights b. Alienable rights c. Acquired rights d. Inalienable
rights
19. A grade 1 pupil likes to play with his friends, but gets angry when defeated. Piagets theory
states that this pupil is under what developmental stage?
a. Concrete operation b. Sensor motor c. Formal operation d. Pre-
operation
20. Which describes Philippine education during the Spanish regime?
a. Establishment of a normal school c. Vernaculars as medium of instruction
b. Separation of church and state d. Emphasis on religious instruction
21. Some Filipino teachers are sent abroad to study. We call them ____________.
a. Insulares b. Pensionados c. Peninsulares d. Reformists
22. Jose Rizal said that national redemption can be achieved by ____________.
a. Gaining economic recovery c. Opening our doors to foreign influence
b. Stabilizing political situation d. Upgrading the quality of the Filipinos
through education
23. A foreigner who is studying here in the Philippines was turned-off by the Filipinos lack of
punctuality and poor word choice.
a. Ethnocentrism b. Colonial mentality c. Xenocentrism d. Culture
shock
24. If you are a wise voter, you would vote ___________.
a. A candidate who has the making of a public servant
b. A neighbor who is closest to you in times of need
c. A candidate who helped you by giving cash
d. A godfather who gave your father a job
25. A pregnant, unmarried woman aborted her baby to avoid disgrace. Is she morally justified to
do that?
a. No, the unborn child cannot be made to suffer the consequences of the sins of his/her
parents.
b. Yes, if can save her and the child from disgrace when he grows up.
c. No, abortion is immoral.
d. Yes, it is better to prevent the child from coming into the world who will suffer very
much due to the absence of a father.
26. This constitutional provision is the full and partial integration of the capable deaf and blind
students in the classroom.
a. Creating scholarship for poor and deserving students.
b. Academic freedom
c. Providing citizenship and vocational training to adult citizens and out-of-school-youths.
d. Protecting the promoting the rights of all citizens to quality education.
27. The difference between Christian and Muslim marriage, the former being monogamous and
the latter being polygamous is called _____________.
a. Ethical Relativism b. Enculturation c. Acculturation d. Cultural
relativism
28. A perfect duty is exemplified by:
a. Supporting a poor but deserving student to school.
b. Paying the worker the wage agreed, upon.
c. Donating an amount for a noble project
d. Giving alms to the needy.
29. Teachers are tasked with so many things to do aside from teaching. Something these tasks
adversely after their teaching. Does this mean that teachers should be only preoccupied with
teaching?
a. Yes, if they are given other assignments justice demands that they be properly
compensated.
b. No, because every teacher is expected to provide leadership and initiative in activities
for betterment of communities.
c. Yes, because other community leaders, not teachers, are tasked to lead in community
activities.
d. Yes, because teaching is enough full time job.
30. The brains left hemisphere is involved in _________ function.
 a. Intuitive b. Visual c. Nonverbal d. Logical
31. The Professional Teachers Code of Ethics does not cover _____________.
a. Teachers in the tertiary level
b. All full time or part time public and private school teachers and administrators
c. Teachers in all educational institutions at the pre-school, elementary and secondary
levels.
d. Teachers of academic, vocational, special, technical or non-formal institutions.
32. __________ is the start of education in human rights.
a. loving other b. liking others c. Caring for others d. Respect towards
others
33. This is the objective of the continuous progression scheme that was introduced in the
elementary level in the school year 1970 to 1971.
a. Mastery of three rs c. Mass promotion
b. Pupils progression according to capacity d. Access to education
34. Scheme theory states that:
a. We learn by the process of conditioning
b. We are passive learners
c. We organize what we learn according to patterns
d. We are totally conditioned by our environment
35. If one is asked to develop himself to the fullest, what need is he trying to satisfy according to
Maslows hierarchy of needs?
a. Safety needs b. Physiological needs c. Belongingness d. Self-
actualization
36. Fear of something that was caused by a painful experience in the past is an example of:
a. Insight b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d.
Imitation
37. Filipinization is violated if:
a. An educational institution is owned by a corporation of which 40% of the capital is
owned by Filipino Citizens.
b. An Educational institution owned by a religious order.
c. An American serving as president of the educational institution.
d. An educational institution owned by a charitable institution.
38. Education during the American regime can be characterized as:
a. Religious b. Centralized c. Filipinistic d. Decentralized
39. According to the Republic Act 7836 the licensure exam for teachers is with:
a. CHED b. PRC c. DECS d. Civil Service
Commission
40. Libel violates what particular human right?
a. The right to ones own life c. The right to make a livelihood
b. The right to ones honor d. The right to property
41. We owe todays widespread Philippine educational system to:
a. The first Filipino political leaders c. The Japanese
b. The Americans d. The Spaniards
42. Thomasites are:
a. The soldier who doubted the success of the public educational system to be set in the
Philippines.
b. The first American teacher recruits to help establish the public educational system in
the Philippines.
c. The first religious group who came to the Philippines on board the US transport named
Thomas.
d. The devotees of St. Thomas Aquinas who came to evangelize.
43. During the American regime, they named the American soldiers, who were recruited to
help set the public educational system, as Thomasites because:
a. They arrived here during the feast of St. Thomas.
b. They first taught at UST.
c. They were devotees of St. Thomas Aquinas.
d. They disembarked from the CIS Tranport called Thomas.
44. The following functions are done by the brains right hemisphere except:
a. Nonverbal functions b. Intuitive functions c. Detail-oriented function d.
Visual function
45. The right brain involves ___________ functions.
a. Visual, intuitive, Logical c. Visual, Nonverbal, logical
b. Visual, Intuitive, Nonverbal d. Visual, Logical, Detail-oriented
46. This is Filipino trait involves practicing conflicting values in different regions and social
groups.
a. Crab mentality b. kanya-kanya mentality c. Procrastination d. Existential
intelligence
47. In Philippine culture, the term bahala na implies:
a. Lack of self reliance b. Willingness to take risks c. Lack of foresight d. Indolence
48. Who is the forerunner of the presence of the Language Acquisition Device?
a. Watson b. Gardner c. Chomsky d. Piaget
49. A teacher rewards a child for doing things correctly. This technique is called:
a. Conditioning b. Fading c. Chaining d. Reinforcement
50. Erikson said that children aged 3-5 is most likely:
a. Mischievous b. Ego-centric c. Lazy d. Altruistic
51. Erikson labeled children who are two years of age as terrible two because ____________.
a. They are inquisitive. b. They are sickly. c. They are playful d. They are assertive
52. A person who is friendly and has a capacity to make people laugh possesses:
a. Naturalistic intelligence c. Intrapersonal intelligence
b. Spatial intelligence d. Interpersonal intelligence
53. A child who always fight with his/her classmates, who has a very short attention span, and
who has frequent tantrums is believed to be suffering from:
a. Mental retardation c. Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
b. Downs syndrome d. Learning disability
54. When is a teacher prejudicial against a leaner?
a. When she refuses a pupil with a slight physical disability in class.
b. When she makes a farsighted pupil to sit at the back.
c. When she makes a nearsighted pupil to sit in front.
d. When she considers multiple intelligences in the choice of her teaching strategies.
55. The effectiveness of learning is based on the fulfillment of the basic needs in the hierarchy of
needs. This is based on the theory of __________.
a. Rogers b. Murray c. Horney d. Maslow
56. ___________ are the first American teacher in the Philippines.
a. Elementary graduates c. Missionaries
b. Graduates of the Philippine Normal School d. Soldiers
57. Utilizing both sides of the brain is important in achieving holistic learning; cognitive and
affective, and the logical along with the _____________.
a. Behavioral b. Intuitive c. Musical d. Rational
58. Philippine Education during the Revolutionary period was focused on the:
a. Mastery of the Spanish language c. Mastery of basic skills
b. Strengthening of the moral fiber of the people d. Establishment of nationhood
59. The government controls, regulates and supervises which schools?
a. Public, private sectarian, and non sectarian schools.
b. Public schools
c. Private schools
d. Sectarian and non sectarian school
60. ___________ was adopted to provide universal access to basic learning, and to eradicate
illiteracy.
a. Paaralan-sa-Bawat-Baranggay c. Values Education Framework
b. Education for all d. Science and Education Development Plan
61. A student with Attention Deficit Disorder exhibits:
a. Care for his/her personal things
b. Impatient while waiting for his/her turn during games
c. Completes work before shifting to another
d. Excessively quiet
62. Which among the statements below is true about Human Rights?
a. Human rights are unlimited c. All human rights are
inalienable
b. Human right is a moral power not a physical power d. Human right is might

63. A child with ADHD is characterized by:

a. Inability to read b. Inattention c. Poor health d. Inability to spell
64. ___________ embodies a teachers duties and responsibilities as well as the proper decorum in
performing them
a. Code of Ethics for Teachers c. Bill of Rights
b. Magna Carta for Public School Teachers d. Philippine Constitution of 1987
65. A child treats his friends highly aggressive. The reason behind this attitude is his past
experiences with his father who is also highly aggressive. This is demonstrated on what theory?
a. Social cognitive theory c. Operant conditioning
b. Cognitive development theory d. Classical conditioning
66. Based on Jungs psychological theory, a child who is shy and prefer to be alone falls under
what classification?
a. Extrovert b. Ambivert c. Paranoid d. Introvert
67. _________ puts emphasis on the importance of sensitive periods in development.
 a. Ecological theory b. Social Cognitive theory c. Psychoanalytic theory d.
Ethnological theory
68. Contrary to Freuds concept that the primary motivation of human behavior is sexual in
nature, Eriksons is _________ in nature.
a. Social b. Cultural c. Physical d. Biological
69. Lately, authorities advice parents of left handed children to:
a. Train the child with left-hand tendency to use the right
b. Train the left handed child to use both right and left hands
c. Allow children to use the hand they want
d. Discourage the child in using his left hand
70. _________ Is described by Freud as the component(s) of personality that is concerned with the
idea of right or wrong.
a. Superego b. Super-ego and ego c. Id d. Ego
71. What idea about age is not right?
a. Chronological age is different from biological and psychological age.
b. Chronological age, biological age, psychological and social age are related.
c. Psychological age and social age are two different things.
d. Chronological age is the same as biological and psychological age.
72. __________ reflects the teachers understanding of development as results of maturation and
learning
a. Patience when dealing with the slower ones
b. Creativity with the classroom strategies or task
c. Fairness when giving grades or school marks
d. Cheerfulness and enthusiasm when discussing
73. ___________ is Eriksons, Piagets and Freuds thought about play.
a. Contributes to the childs mastery of his physical and social environment
b. Makes a childs life so enjoyable that he will tend to hate school life later
c. Prepares a child for an excellent academic performance in formal schooling
d. Develops in the child highly competitive attitude because of the nature of play
74. A student has been starting at a puzzle. He/she is figuring out how to solve it and suddenly,
an idea flashed in the students mind and excitedly she was able to learn how to solve the
puzzle. This exemplifies __________.
a. Metacognition b. Insight learning c. Analytical learning d. Trial and error
learning
75. The importance of providing free public education for both in primary and secondary levels is
highlighted in Article XIV section 2. This is needed because:
a. Elementary and Secondary school provides formal education.
b. These levels provide the foundation for life functions and roles.
c. No one goes to college without passing the grade and high schools.
d. A few people cannot afford the expensive quality of private schools.
76. When we say that rights and duties are correlative, we meant that _________.
a. Right and duties regulate the relationship of men in society.
b. Each right carries with it one or several corresponding duties.
c. Rights and duties ultimate come from God.
d. Rights and duties arise from the natural law.
77. A teacher attempting to develop a students metacognitive skills teachers the student to:
a. Recall past lesson b. Visualize c. Formulate hypothesis d. Think about
their thinking
78. A teacher maximizers the cognitive development of students by having an environment that
gives multisensorial stimulation. In this situation, the teachers role is:
a. Molder of character b. Facilitator of learning c. Dispenser of knowledge d.
Evaluator of learning
79. According to Friedrich Froebel, education should awaken the childs dormant potentials and
develop them in the best way possible. This showcases the teachers role as:
a. Molder of character b. Facilitator of learning c. Dispenser of knowledge d.
Evaluator of learning
80. An adolescent exhibits what common characteristics?
a. Reasonable and secure
b. Feels intense emotions and sensed of disequilibrium
c. Slow but steady physical growth
d. Passive and obedient
81. In rural areas, most students absent themselves especially during planting seasons. What
could be an innovative solution to this problem?
a. Refusing readmission of pupils who have been absent for long
b. Observance of seasonal school calendar
c. Giving lecture to parents on the importance of schooling
d. Keeping a record of absences for information
82. The school director emphasizes the necessity of clean and green environment to contribute
to effective teaching and learning. This is an example of:
a. Providing an atmosphere conducive to learning
b. Providing adequate physically facilities
c. Utilize educational technology
d. Establish rapport between teachers and pupils
83. A child with ADHD exhibits the following characteristics except:
a. Hyperactivity b. Focus c. Inattention d. Impulsivity
84. They say that rights and duties are correlative. This statement means:
a. Right and duties regulate the relationship of men in society.
b. Each right carries with it one or several corresponding duties.
c. Rights and duties ultimate come from God.
d. Rights and duties arise from the natural law.
85. According to Jocano, _________ is the strength of the Filipino people.
a. Sense of commitment to nationalistic ideals
b. Sense of historical or national identify
c. Sense of humor
d. Sense of national pride
86. Teachers Professionalism Act is _________.
a. RA 7836 b. RA 4670 c. RA 7722 d. RA 9293
87. Instincts are under what mental dimension?
a. Ego and super-ego b. Ego c. Id d. Super-ego
88. A child cannot do __________, according to Piagets concrete operational stage.
a. Doing mentally what was just physically done
b. Reasoning applied to specific example
c. Classifying objects into different sets
d. Imagining the steps necessary to complete an algebraic equation
89. What should teachers teach students to eradicate bullying among kids in school?
a. Full development of talents c. Respect for the dignity of persons
b. Athletic skills d. Full development of physical power
90. Education is the acquisition of the art and the utilization of knowledge. This statement
means:
a. A learners application of what she has learned is necessary
b. A learners interest in art commendable
c. A learners acquisition of information is sufficient
d. A learners acquisition of information is not important
91. Students initiative is stifled by:
a. Rationalism b. Extreme authoritarianism c. Utang na loob d.
Bahala na
92. A piece of music may sound sad, but when each note is played, there is nothing sad about it.
This is based on the doctrine that says:
a. The whole experience is equal to the sum of its parts.
b. The whole experience is more than the sum of its parts.
c. The whole of experience is less than the sum of its parts.
d. The whole of experience is not in any way related to the sum of its parts.
93. Unlike the Spanish, American taught us their ____________.
a. Government b. Art c. Language d. Religion
94. As envisioned by the Department of Education, a Filipino learner should be:
a. Makabayan, makasarili, makakalikasan at maka-Diyos
b. Makabayan, makatao, makahalaman at maka-Diyos
c. Makabayan, makakaragatan, makata at maka-Diyos
d. Makabayan, makatao, makakalikasan at maka-Diyos
95. Pataasan ng ihi this quote debunks ______________.
a. iniative b. Flexibility c. Teamwork d. Religiously
96. Which among the words below does not prevent the emergence of truth which the learners
and teachers are in search of?
a. Mindset b. Mask c. Open mind d. Defense
97. A research was conducted about the future dreams of Filipino children. Nobody said that they
want to be a citizen of another country. This finding shows __________.
a. Inferiority of other nationalities c. Superiority of other nationalities
b. Superiority of the Filipino ` d. Filipinos sense of national pride
98. Confucius supports ________ when he said that there should be no distinction of classes in
education.
a. Moral recovery program c. Education for all
b. Back to the Basics d. Values education
99. The curriculum is designed this way to provide for individual differences.
a. Some degree of flexibility is provided.
 b. Realistic and meaningful experiences are provided.
c. Minimum learning competencies are included.
d. Social skills are emphasized..
100. What a teacher should do if students are misbehaving in class?
a. Send the misbehaving pupils to the guidance counselor
b. Involve the whole class in setting rules of conduct in the whole class
c. Make a report to the parents about their childrens misbehavior
d. Set the rules for the class to observe
101. Is it moral if someone will put up a school in a far barrio in order to get votes for an
unworthy candidate?
a. No, the candidate is undeserving
b. Yes, the votes were in exchange for the school built.
c. Yes, it was his duty to strategize for his candidate to win.
d. No, his motive was not meant for a good effect.
102. ___________ introduced the idea of childs garden or Kindergarten.
a. Maria Montessorib. Edward Paparazzi c. Friedrich Froebel d. John Locke
103. If a teacher believes in the concept of education that makes every individual a useful citizen
to the state, then, he is influenced by the concept of:
a. Conformity b. Security c. Humanitarianism d. Utilitarianism
104. Teenagers stealing school equipment is becoming a common problem in community
schools. What is the implication of this incident?
a. Inability of schools to hire security guards
b. Deprivation of Filipino schools
c. Prevalence of poverty in the community
d. Communitys lack of sense of co-ownership
105. What is an inappropriate method in teaching young children?
a. Individual differences are expected and accepted b. Integrated teaching-
learning
c. Isolated skill development d. Positive guidance techniques
106. What statement would inspire a fresh graduate to cling unto his ideals on being a teacher?
a. Introduction of educational innovations c. Pressure of work
b. Support of living models d. High salary
107. Based on the results of the results of the survey conducted by Hirsch-Pasek, et al in 1989,
there are harmful effects caused by giving highly academically oriented early childhood
education program. What is a proper recommendation to solve this issue?
a. Give children the total freedom to do as they please inside the classroom
b. Do not give assessment activities for pre-school students
c. Plan engaging academic lessons
d. Do not engage students in highly structured direct instruction in pre-school
108. If a teacher believes that a childs mind in TABULA RASA, then the teacher will most likely
engage the students in ___________ process for them to learn.
a. Sensory impressions b. Reasoning c. Reflections d.
Metacognition
109. __________ is the weakness of the Montessori approach.
a. Fosters developing of the cognitive skills c. Emphasizes verbal interaction
b. Fosters independence d. Neglects childrens social development
110. A student did not study but spent one hour in the church praying to pass the exam. This
concept displays what attitude towards God and religion?
a. Religion as fake b. Religion as magic c. Religion as real d. Religion as authentic
111. What is a primitive view about the pupil/student?
a. Active participant b. Hypothesis generator c. Empty vessel d.
Module builder
112. The concept of Karma originated from:
a. Hebrews b. Hindus c. Greeks d. Chinese
113. A government position could only be occupied by someone who passed an examination on
Confucian thought. This is an influence from the:
a. Hebrews b. Chinese c. Hindus d. Greeks
114. ___________ introduced kindergarten.
a. Maria Montessori b. Edward Paparazzi c. Friedrich Froebel d. Johann
Herbart
115. Jean Jacques Rousseau said that everyone is essentially good. This view can help a teacher
when _________.
a. Dealing with misbehaving students c. Teaching the students some values
b. Helping the fast learners in class d. Knowing the students potentials
116. A teacher only teaches whenever she wants it. What does she lack?
a. Emotional intelligence c. Competence
b. Integrity and accountability d. Intelligence
117. The way the students learn is as important as what they learn. For this particular idea, what
statement is important?
a. Knowing how to solve problem
b. Getting the right answer to the word problem
c. Determining the given
d. Solving the problem within the time limit
118. When a boy scout said Bahala na before jumping into a pool to save a drowning child,
what attitude was exemplified?
a. A daring attitude c. A daring attitude combined with pagmamalasakit
b. A segurista attitude d. An I dont care attitude
119. If you are a principal and one of your teachers is not acting the way he should be, how
would you address this problem?
a. Explain to the pupils that there are some things that adults can do but children cant
b. Be tolerant about the teachers behavior
c. In writing, express disapproval of the unbecoming behavior of the teacher
d. Talk to the teacher about the importance of being consistent in ones action and in the
rules of discipline enforced inside the classroom
120. The provision on ______________ enables the blind and deaf students to partially Or fully
integrate inside the classroom.
a. Academic freedom for students and teachers
b. Providing vocational training to adult citizens and out of school youth
c. Creating scholarship for poor and deserving students
d. Protecting and promoting the right of all citizens to quality education
121. A teacher complied the outputs of her peers and put her name as the author. Which is
unprofessional in her action?
a. Not giving credit to others for their work
b. Failing to correct what appears to be unprofessional conduct
c. Giving due credit to others for their work
d. Holding inviolate all confidential information concerning associates
122. How can a teacher uphold the high standard of the teaching profession?
a. By working for a promotion in the system
b. By continuously improving themselves personally and professionally
c. By pointing out the advantages of joining
d. By good grooming to change peoples poor perception of teachers
123. The Code of Ethics of Professional teachers covers everyone except:
a. Teachers in the academic, vocational, special, technical or non-formal institutions
b. Teachers in all educational institutions at the pre-school, elementary and secondary
levels
c. Teachers in tertiary level
d. All full time public and private school teachers and administrators
124. Because of the poor writing and content of the project, a student wrapped his project with
nice ornaments. This is an example of:
a. Porma over substance c. Sense of Hiya
b. Ningas Kugon d. Substance over porma
125. According to the Constitution, the State is required to establish and maintain free public and
compulsory education in the _____________.
a. elementary level only c. secondary and tertiary levels
b. secondary level only d. elementary and secondary levels