Student no:

17

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ( BFC 32403)

SEM 2 2016/2017
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (5%)

Student name : WAN AHMAD YUSRI BIN WAN HAZMAN

Matrix ID : CF150195

Submission date : 18 Mei 2017

COGNITIVE LEVEL : C2

CHAPTER 6

Q1. Explain smog

Smog, a yellow-brown cloud that reduces visibility, makes it hard for people with lung
conditions to breathe. Smog is formed when sunlight and its heat react with the gases and
fine particles in atmosphere. It is purely caused by air pollution. Several sources
contribute to air pollution, including factory effluent, automobile exhaust, forest fires and
things that you may use daily, like hair spray and house paint. Those were contribute to
the component of the smog which is nitrogen oxide, VOCS, Peroxyacetyl nitrates and
ozone.

Nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide formed when nitrogen binds to oxygen. Burning
carbon-based fossil fuels produce these gases in processes such as energy production and
driving automobiles. These gases contribute to heart and lung problems, as well as
cancer. Painting your walls, especially with oil-based paints, releases solvents that are
used to keep the paint fluid. These solvents, known as volatile organic compounds, or
VOCs. There are hundreds of different VOCs in the atmosphere. VOCs also contribute to
the smog's color, adding a blue to brown tinge to the cloud. VOCs make smog more
irritating to eyes, lungs and throat. When nitrous oxide combines with VOCs, excluding
methane they form a third component of smog: peroxyacetyl nitrates then makes smog
more irritating to your eyes and lungs and can damage the protein molecules that
composed by human body. When sunlight strikes nitrogen dioxide it breaks the molecule
down and releases ozone, or O3. Ozone is poisonous, causing serious respiratory
problems and eye irritation, as well as having a sharp unpleasant smell. Ozone is reactive
 with many metals and breaks down rubber and plastics. It also impairs the growth of
plants.

Q5. Explain API.

The ambient air quality measurement in Malaysia is described in terms of Air Pollutant
Index (API). The API is developed in easily understood ranges of values as a means of
reporting the quality of air instead of using the actual concentration of air pollutants. This
index also reflect its effect on human health ranging from good to hazardous. For API
scale range from 0 to 50, the air quality is good. While for range 51 to 100 the air quality
is moderate then for 101 to 200, the air quality is unhealthy and for 201 to 300, very
unhealthy and lastly hazardous for range 301 and above.

Q10. Explain one (1) method to control air pollution without using emission control devices.

Dilution of the contaminants in the atmosphere is another method to the control of air
pollution. If the pollution source releases only a small quantity of the contaminants then
pollution is not noticeable as these pollutants easily diffuse into the atmosphere but if the
quantity of air contaminants is beyond the limited capacity of the environment to absorb
the contaminants then pollution is caused. However, dilution of the contaminants in the
atmosphere can be accomplished through the use of tall stacks which penetrate the upper
atmospheric layers and disperse the contaminants so that the ground level pollution is
greatly reduced. The height of the stacks is usually kept 2 to 21/2 times the height of
nearby structures.

Dilution of pollutants in air depend on atmospheric temperature, speed and direction of

the wind. The disadvantage of the method is that it is a short term contact measure which
in reality brings about highly undesirable long range effects. This is so because dilution
only dilutes the contaminants to levels at which their harmful effects are less noticeable
near their original source whereas at a considerable distance from the source these very
contaminants eventually come down in some form or another.
COGNITIVE LEVEL : C3 & C4

CHAPTER 4
1) Book cover 2 original question

A primary tank design with respect 15(width) x 2(height) x 30(length). Using detention of time,
1.5h, determine the flow and then evaluate the overflowrate.
The detention of time,

V
t= Q
 30 2 15
1.5h= Q

m3 1h
Q= 900 h x 3600 s

m3
= 0.167 s

Overflowrate,
m3
0.167 s
V0= s x 86400 day
30 15

m
= 32 day

: This is acceptable flowrate

CHAPTER 5

1. Book cover 2. Original

question
A new landfill site with an area 20 Ha about to be build. Determine the height of the landfill for a
projected life of 20 years with population of 25000 generating 2.02 kg.capita-1.day-1. The density
of compacted waste is 300 kg/m3.

vol . of landfill
Project life= vol . of refuse per year

Vol. of generate refuse per year

kg
25000 ppl 2.02
capita . day day
= kg 365 year
300
m3

m3
= 61320 year

Hence,
 m2
20 Ha 10000 h
Ha
20 year= m3
61320
year

20000 h m2
20 year= m3
61320
year

h= 6m