A Study Project on Zigbee Wireless Sensor

Networks Based Forest Fire Detection

Adnan Jafar, Ehtisham,Naseer, IhsanUllah

1(Department of Electronics Engineering , Islamia University Bahawalpur)

2(Department of Electronics Engineering , Islamia University Bahawalpur )

3( Department of Electronics Engineering , Islamia University Bahawalpur)

Engr.adnan13@yahoo.com, Photon134@yahoo.com , ihsanullah5528@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Forest Fires are Very indispensable disasters of
today. They create a very dangerous and harmful
effect on Environment and in Ecosystems. The
necessity for choosing this project is the some
demerits present in Our earlier Systems like
Watch Towers, MODIS based systems etc. thats
not more accurate and efficient for detection due
to their Disadvantages for larger processing time
and due to low Resolution in Cloudy and
Unpleasant Day. So a Modern based Zigbee
Networks that is designed to meet above
requirements. There are two main modules that is
used in our project are the Monitoring Area
Module and the Forest Area Module. The Whole
project is divided into Four Sub Modules in Step by
Step. Those include Maximum Power Point. The
Outcome of above implemented project shows
that Resolutions and Processing time increased
and also cost of Above System is reduced due to
the Use of PC Based Web Server
Kewords- MODIS, Zigbee, Web Server, MPPT,
Serial Communication
1.Introduction
Forest are a very important and necessary part of
Living things and their Environment. Through the
process of Photosynthesis, Oxygen gas is
produced and Without that gas we cannot live .
Forests are homes for very animals .So prevention
for the Forest Fire is a great and global concern of
today. In Recent years, Forest Fires have been
increased considerably due to climate changes,
human activities and other factors. There are
many systems presents that are used in detection
for Forest fires like Watch Tower, Satellite based
MODIS system and many others but these
systems are not very efficient in terms of
processing and Resolution. A Satellite based
MODIS System is used to track the position of
forest fires but they are not good for tracking
small parts of forest and due to its low resolution
and large processing time . So in order to meet
above deficiencies A Zigbee wireless Sensor
Networks based project is more efficient, Fast and
Reliable that Comprised of Two main modules.
One is Forest Area module ands other is
Monitoring Area Module. Forest Area module is
placed in forest that collects information from the
forest area and that information is sent to
Monitoring area that collects information
analyticaly and that analyticaly results will be sent
to some action policy and firefighting department
in order to take some action according to
information received from the forest Areas. So in
general, our projects consists of two parts- one
part collects data from forests and that collected
data was sent to monitoring are through some
wireless sensors networks and then action is
taken according to interpreted data from the
monitoring by sending commands to some action
force and fires department.
2.Satellite Based Forest Fire
Detection
One of most Commonly used Satellite
based Fire detection is MODIS-The
Moderate Resolution imaging Spectro
diameter as show in Fig.
MODIS based Forest Fire Detection
NASA uses these systems to sent it into
the space in order to detect forest fires.
But a main problem associated with these
systems is their larger Scanning angle.
These systems almost takes two days in
order to cover the whole earth for
capturing the entire earth surface before
sending these information into earths base
station.
So a total time for these system is equal to
time taken for capturing the entire earth
surface plus time taken to send these
information to the earth surface plus
processing and analyzing time pulse
distributing these information to some
action forces. So a such huge time is spent
in order to take action on that earth part.
And another problem associated with these
systems is their low Resolution because in
cloudy day, the cloud may masks that part
as shown by figure below in which cloud
masks the forest fire parts that cannot be
shown by these MODIS based systems.
So all above problmes associated with
these MODIS based systems shows that
these systems are not good one for
detection of forest fires.
3. Forest Fire detection through
Basic wireless Sensors network
Wireless Sensor network that were initially made
after deploy of Satellite based forest detection
consists of Radio frequency module and a some
Harvester Energy module that is shown in figure
RF module that was used for wireless
communication is based on CC2430 which have
many disadvantages and there are other many RF
modules used from Texas instrument for that
purpose. These modules are very good when the
separation b/w two transmitting and receiving
module is not long enough. When the separation
b/w these two modules is increased then power
losses grows on exponentially and other main
disadvantage for these RF module is that they use
large power for its operation as it is about 21mA
during receiving operation and 25mA during
transmitting operation and that,s power is very
large enough so these modules are not good for
use in Forest Fire as the power loss is very large.
Fig2 shows the Basic Scheme of Forest Fire
detection through wireless Sensor Network. This
scheme comprises of computer and
communication technology connects with the
technology of sensors and that is too much
important in future for human civilization.
A RF module(SimplicTI Module EZ430-RF2500)
was used as wireless Communication From Texas
Instrument.
3.1.Inside Wireless Sensor Node
A wireless Sensor Network is a basic component in
the Forest Fire Detection project. It consists of
Sensor moduel like Temperature,Pressure,
Microcontroller that is used for Processing,
Wireless Communication Module like Zigbee and
Power module which is a main component that is
used to feed other three or power these
components.
A proposed block diagram of Wireless Sensor
Node is Show in Fig
Wireless Sensor Node
3.2.SimplicTI EZ430-RF2500 Module
A SimplicTI EZ430-RF2500 from Texas instrument of antenna of both transmitter and Receiver
is chosen as a wireless Standard module. It is respectively.
chosen because of its relatively low Cost, Low
Power and due to its Simplicity.

It consists of Following Sub modules or

components as show

So from the above two experimentally, it is shown

that RF module is not best mean for efficient in
Forest Fire detection.
In Fig.

Ez430-RF2500 consists of completely tool of

Hardware and Software required to implement a
wireless communication Project. It consists of two
2.4GHz microcontroller unit MSP430F2274 that
used a low power relatively than other.
It consists of Battery unit that is used to power the
other sub modules.
4.Advance Proposed Model in Forest
Fire Detections
A Block diagram of New Proposed Model of Forest
Fire is Show below in Fig that Overcomes all
deficiencies in above mentioned system .

This tool includes a emulator that is powered by

USB used to debug and Program user application
within the System and also contains Multichannel
Transcievers and USB stick

3.3.Performance of SimplicTi Module

and Results
As it is Mentioned earlier that Power loss in the RF
module go on increasing when separation B/w two
Modules is increased.

Experimentally Results of power and distance as

show by plots in fig below

4.1.Sensors and their

implementation with AVR
Three Sensors namely Temperature,Pressure, and
Rain are used to detect the Forest fires.
Temperature Sensor Used Component is RL0703-
624-73-MS. The main Reason for Chosing this
component is that it is very efficient in tracking
the temperature changing variation in different
regions of Forest than Fire Sensors. The main
reason for using the rain sensor is that when rain
falls occur near the Forest area then peoples living
near the forests may be subjected to some Floods
and other dangerous occurrence.

AS it is shown in the Plot of PER and distance that
Range of RF module in which it can send the data
is about 30km which is very small because
perhaps we wish with maximum distance b/w
transmitter and Receiver and also this maximum
distance is also greately dependent on orientation
Pressure Sensor MPX2010D is used to detect the
pressure variation in the forest perhaps may be
due to trespassing or trespassing of Some wild
life.
Interfacing and simulations of pressure and
temperature sensors are done initialy with
embedded c code written that is used latterly in
hardware when project is in full platform
Coded is tested for temperature sensor interfacing
in proteus 7.0 software that is running correctly
Similarly interfacing of pressure sensor in proteus
7.0 for embedded c code is tested and it is
running correctly that will use latterly in hardware
implementation
And rain sensors interfacing is same as pressure
sensor and it is tested with embedded c coded
that is working properly will be used latterly.
So in forest area module the sensors module are
covered now
4.2.Rain Sensor Development
Aluminium Lines fabricated that are some
distance separated form a Rain Sensor. Now these
aluminium lines can be used as a rain Sensor.
These Rain Sensor are formed in Express PCB
software whose results are shown in figure and
after etching its hardware can be implemented.
5. Optimization of Solar Energy
Harvesting and various Algorithm
pbut they are not so efficient because may be
cloud masks the sunlight and may be leaves or
other shadows did not allow the sunlight to reach
on Harvester. So Design and optimization in Solar
Harvester Is a critically concern because the
efficiency of above harvesters are very low. So
there are many algorithms are implemented on
maximum power point tracking in order to
overcome the efficiency deficiency and maximum
power power tracker. Conduction algorithm is so
complex so it is not discussed here. Perturb and
Observe algorithm are much more efficient and
relatively easily which is discussed below
5.1.Flow Chart and Working of P &
O algorithm
Pertub and observer algorithm is based on two
tactics Comparison and Updation. Suppose that
initaly when system is switched on and irradiation
is present then operation temperature must be
decreased. Here Pk is the current calculated
operating power and Pk-1 is the previous acquired
power Value. This Technique is under the infinite
time loop that system check the current and
previous Value and according to correct decision
that is builten in the System will update according
to it. Above Maximum Power point Tracking
Algorithm is Implemented in Mat lab simulik and it
is running correctly.
5.2. Hardware Design of Solar
Harvester
The Hardware tool that is used to implement the
Solar Harvester is show in block diagram that
describes the various component required in order
to implement this Solar Harvester as shown in Fig
Here it is moncrystaline solar panel is used that
have low internal losses and other losses. For
MOSFET Driver and DC-DC input Storage two
switches namely Darlington Pair and Mosfet are
used as a Switching. Alternating current to Direct
Current Conversion is performed by Rectifier Tree 4 35500 Large than
Circuit and PWM and Voltage measurement are Mesh
performed by AVR microcontroller that is used in Mesh 3 33000 0.001secon
this project. ds* faster

As it is show the Results of Tree and Mesh

6.Serial Communication Module and
Selection of best Network Topology
For Serial Communication Xigbee Series2 module
was used. Before using this module it is necessary
to understand that how actually this Serial
Communication take place b/w controller and
Zigbee or Zigbee to Computer etc. This Serial
Communication is done with Different Softwares
named as AVR Studio6, HAPSIM,PUTTY and
COM0COM.
Topology in Opnet Modeler Software that Mesh
topology is best one Choice in terms of Number of
HOPS or jumps , Load that it can transmit large
number of bits than tree topology and also End-
End delay in Mesh topology is less than Tree
Topology and it is shown from the Table that Mesh
Topology transmits 0.001s times earlier than Tree
Topology.

It is also necessary for the best Network topology

because Various ZIgbee module is placed in
different places So it is necessary to optimize
best Selection of their topology in order to get
efficient way of Communication.

Opnet Modeler 14.0 is Used for Simulation of

these Network topologies. But there are many
network topologies namely Star,Mesh and tree
etc. but among from these Tree and Mesh
topologies are more Stable and accurate from
others.

Various Parameters that is used for Selection of

best network topology namely Loads in bit/s,
number of HOOS, and End-End delay.

Tree topology is not so good because if backbone

gets fail then entire does not work. Then two
network topologies are remaining their
Comparison are done in Opnet Modeler 14.0 by
keeping in mind the above Various Parameters

Their Simulation is Done in the Opnet Modeler

14.0 and their Comparison Table is show below

Topolog Number Load(bit End-End

y Name of HOPS /s) Delay