FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:

TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
TRANSFERS

EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

FORCE CONVECTION HEAT
AMENDMENT
EXCHANGER
DATE:

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFERS LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNQ 20204

EXPERIMENT NO. EXPERIMENT 6
EXPERIMENT TITLE FREE AND FORCE CONVECTION HEAT EXCHANGER
DATE
GROUP NO.
LECTURER/INSTRUCTOR/ 1)
TUTOR 2)
DATE OF REPORT
SUBMISSION
ATTENDANCE/PARTICIPATION/DISCIPLINE: /5%
INTRODUCTION: /5%
PROCEDURE: /5%
RESULTS& CALCULATIONS /15%
DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS ANALYSIS /15%
FOR LABORATORY DISCUSSIONS: /20%
REPORT: ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS /15%
CONCLUSION /10%
SUGGESTIONS& RECOMENDATIONS /5%
REFERENCES: /5%
TOTAL: /100%

EXAMINER COMMENTS: RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP:

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LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

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AMENDMENT
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KOD ETIKA PELAJAR

(KEP)

JABATAN TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN

Saya dengan ini mengaku bahawa saya telah menyediakan laporan ini dengan daya usaha

saya sendiri. Saya juga mengaku tidak menerima atau memberi sebarang bantuan dalam

menyediakan laporan ini dan membuat ikrar ini dengan kepercayaan bahawa apa-apa yang

tersebut di dalamnya adalah benar.

Ketua Nama:

Kumpulan No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)
Ahli 1 Nama:

No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)
Ahli 2 Nama:

No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)
Ahli 3 Nama:

No. Matriks:

(Tandatangan)
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TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

FORCE CONVECTION HEAT
AMENDMENT
EXCHANGER
DATE:

1.0 OBJECTIVE

To study the free and forced convection heat exchanger unit.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

Construct the model of conduction, convection, radiation, diffusion and mass convection
effectively.
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

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AMENDMENT
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3.0 INTRODUCTION / THEORY

3.1 Free Convection

A heated surface dissipates heat primarily through a process called convection. Heat is also
dissipated by conduction and radiation, however these effects are not considered in this
experiment. Air in contact with the hot surface is heated by the surface and rises due to a
reduction in density. The heated air is replaced by cooler air which is in turn heated by the
surface and rises. This process is called free convection.
The hotter the temperature of the surface, the greater the convective currents and more heat
(power) will be dissipated. If more power is supplied to a surface, the temperature of the
surface must rise to dissipate this power.

Watt

t -t
tH - HtA A

Figure 1: Typical graph of power against surface temperature

3.2 Forced Convection

In free convection the heat transfer rate from the surface is limited by the small
movements of air generated by this heat. More heat is transferred if the air velocity is
increased over the heated surface. This process of assisting the movement of air over the
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

FORCE CONVECTION HEAT
AMENDMENT
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heated surface is called Forced Convection. Therefore a heated surface experiencing

forced convection will have a lower surface temperature than that of the same surface in
free convection, for the same power input.

Velocity
m/s

tH tA
Figure 2: Typical graph of air velocity against surface temperature

3.3 Extended Surface

Heat transfer from an object can be improved by increasing the surface area in contact
with the air. In practice it may be difficult to increase the size of the body to suit. In these
circumstances the surface area in contact with the air may be increased by adding fins or
pins normal to the surface. These features are called extended surfaces. A typical
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example is the use of fins on the cylinder and head of an air cooled petrol engine. The
effect of extended surfaces can be demonstrated by comparing finned and pinned
surfaces with a flat plate under the same conditions of power input and airflow.

Air
Velocity

m/s

o
C
o
C
tH - tA

Figure 3: Typical graph of air velocity against surface temperature

3.4 Temperature Distribution along an Extend Surface

For a heat exchanger to be 100% efficient, the whole of the extended surface must be at
the same temperature as the backplane. In practice, this cannot occur because the flow of
heat along the pins or fins by conduction causes a temperature gradient to occur. The
greater this gradient, the less efficient the heat exchanger will be.
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The efficiency of the heat exchanger must not be confused with the effect of a change in
surface area e.g. comparing pinned and finned. For example, if the pinned and finned heat
exchangers supplied with the equipment are compared, the pin is more efficient than the
fin (slightly smaller temperature gradient) but the finned exchanger has a significantly
larger surface area than the pinned exchanger and can dissipate more heat for the same
surface temperature.

TUBE BUNDLE
FINNED

Distance,
Figure 4: Graph of surface temperature against distance from back plate

3.1 Horizontal and Vertical Flat Plane in Free Convection

When a temperature difference is established between a wall and a stationary fluid, the
fluid adjacent to the wall will move upward if the wail temperature is higher than that of the
fluid and downward if the wall temperature is lower. Density gradients are set up in the
fluid resulting in buoyancy forces and free convective currents. The rate of heat transfer
depends mainly on the fluid motion. The orientation of the plate affects this movement of
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air. A horizontal plate restricts the movement of air and reduces the heat transfer. The
same plate mounted vertically will give improved heat transfer.

4.0 PROCEDURE

Start-up Procedures

1. Connect the mains input power supply plug to a nearest single-phase electrical supply
of 240VAC/50Hz.
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LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

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2. Turn the heater power control knob and fan speed control knob fully anti-clockwise.
3. Connect the fan supply lead to the socket at the side of the control panel.
4. Connect the temperature probe lead to the socket beneath the control panel.
5. Clamp the flat plate heat exchanger into the duct using the two toggle clamps and
connect the heater power supply lead to the socket on the cover.
6. Connect the plate temperature (TH) connector to the socket on the heat exchanger.
7. Place the meter into the bracket situated on the side of the duct.
8. Ensure that the sensor hole is aligned with the direction of the airflow when inserting
the probe through the wall of the duct.
9. Switch on the main power.
10. Check that the L.E.D. temperature meter and wattmeter are illuminated. Check that
the temperature meter indicates ambient temperature.
11. Increase the heater power in the exchanger by rotating the power control knob
clockwise. The power supplied to the exchanger should be shown in watts on the
meter.
12. Switch on the fan and increase the speed by rotating the fan speed control knob
clockwise.
13. Observe that the air velocity is indicated on the indicator.
14. Check that the plate temperature (TH) increases.
15. Set the heater power control and fan speed control knob to minimum.
16. Now you are ready for the following experiments.

4.2 Shut Down Procedures

1. Switch off the heater and turn the power control knob fully anti-clockwise. Set the fan
speed control knob to maximum to cool down the hot plate heat exchanger.
2. Turn off the main power supply after plate heat exchanger has cooled down to room
temperature.

EXPERIMENT 1

OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface temperature in free convection..
 FACULTY: ENGINEERING EDITION:
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LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

FORCE CONVECTION HEAT
AMENDMENT
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EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Procedures:

1. Remove the fan assembly from the top of the duct.

2. Place the finned heat exchanger into the test duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 20 Watts (clockwise).
4. Allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions before noting the heated plate
temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA) into the table below.
5. Repeat this procedure at 40, 60 and 80 Watts.
6. Plot a graph of power against temperature (t H-tA).

Input Power Plate Temp (tH) Ambient Temp (tA) tH tA

Watts C C C
20
40
60
80

EXPERIMENT 2

OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate the relationship between power input and surface temperature in forced convection.
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LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
REVISION NO:
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

FORCE CONVECTION HEAT
AMENDMENT
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EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Procedures:
1. Place the fan assembly on to the top of the duct.
2. Place the finned heat exchanger into the duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 50 Watts (clockwise). Allow sufficient time to achieve
steady state conditions before noting the heated plate temperature (t H) and the
ambient temperature (tA).
4. Set the fan speed control to give a reading of 0.5m/s on the thermal anemometer,
allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions. Record heated plate
temperature (tH) and ambient temperature (tA).
5. Repeat this procedure at 1.0m/s and 1.5m/s.
6. Plot a graph of air velocity against temperature. ( t H tA)
Power input = 50 Watts
Air Velocity Plate Temp (tH) Ambient Temp (tA) tH t A
m/s C C C
0
0.5
1.0
1.5

EXPERIMENT 3

OBJECTIVES
To demonstrate the use of extended surface to improve heat transfer from the surface.
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LABORATORY: HEAT AND MASS
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EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Procedures:
1. Place the fan assembly on to the top of the duct.
2. Place the flat plate heat exchanger into the duct.
3. Set the heater power control to 75 Watts. Allow the temperature to rise to 80 0C, and
then adjust the heater power control to 15 Watts until a steady reading is obtained.
Record heated plate temperature (tH) and the ambient temperature (tA).
4. Set the fan speed control to give 1.0m/s using the thermal anemometer.
5. Repeat this procedure at 2.0m/s and 2.5m/s for the flat plate. Repeat the experiment
by replacing the flat plate with the finned plate and tube bundle.
6. Plot graphs of velocity against temperature (t H - tA) for each of the plates.

Input power = 15 Watts

Velocity Plate Temp (tH) Ambient Temp (tA) tH - tA

m/s C C C
0
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1
2
2.5

Note: Comment on the correlation between total surface area of the heat exchanger and
the temperature achieved.

Further Experiments: Increase power input and repeat experiments

EXPERIMENT 4

OBJECTIVES
To determine the temperature distribution along an extend surface.
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EXPERIMENT: FREE AND EFFECTIVE DATE: 18/2/2013

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EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

Procedures:
1. Measure from the back plate the distance of the three access holes on the pinned and
finned heat exchangers.
2. Place the fan assembly on to the top of duct.
3. Place the pinned heat exchanger into the duct.
4. Set the heater power control to 50 watts. Allow sufficient time to achieve steady state
conditions before noting the heated plate temperature (t H) and the ambient
temperature (tA).
5. Insert the temperature probe into the duct through the hole nearest the heated plate
ensuring that the tip of the probe is in contact with the pin. A small amount of heat
conducting compound on the tip will ensure a good thermal contact. Note this
temperature (t1).
6. Record the pin temperatures (t2 and t3) using the remaining two holes. Repeat this
procedure at 1.0m/s and 2.0m/s.
7. Remove the tube bundle heat exchanger and replace with the finned heat exchanger.
Repeat complete experiment.
8. Plot graphs of surface temperature against distance from back plate for the two heat
exchangers at various air velocities.

Pinned Heat Exchanger

Input power = 50 Watts
Distance of nearest hole, 1 = 8.00mm
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Distance of middle hole, 2 = 34.00mm

Distance of furthest hole, 3 = 60.00mm

Finned Heat Exchanger

Input power = 50 Watts
Distance of nearest hole, 1 = 8.00mm
Distance of middle hole, 2 = 34.00mm
Distance of furthest hole, 3 = 60.00mm

Air Temperature, (C)

Velocity, t1 t2 t3 tA
(m/s) Pinned Finned Pinned Finned Pinned Finned Pinned Finned
0
1
2

EXPERIMENT 5

OBJECTIVES
Comparison of a horizontal and vertical flat plate in free convection.

EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

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Procedures:
1. Remove the fan assembly from the top of the duct.
2. Place the flat plate exchanger horizontally onto a suitable surface.
3. Set the heater power control to 15 Watts.
4. The surface temperature of the flat plate (t P) can be recorded using the temperature
probe, the tip of the probe being held in contact with the surface by hand. To ensure
good contact the thermal compound should be used.
5. Allow sufficient time to achieve steady state conditions before noting the surface plate
temperature (tP) and the ambient temperature (t A). The plate temperature should be
taken at the centre of the plate.
6. Repeat the experiment by placing the flat plate vertically .Take care not to touch the
heated surface with your hands.

Plate Surface Temp (tP) Ambient Temp (tA) tP-tA

Position C C C
horizontal
vertical
Note: Comment on the effects of plate orientation on surface temperature.

5.0 Results
(I) Result for Experiment 1

Ambient air temperature (tA) = ________ C

Input Power Plate Temp (tH) Ambient Temp (tA) tH tA
Watts C C C
20
40
60
80
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(II) Result for Experiment 2

Input Power = ________ Watts

Air Velocity Plate Temp (tH) Ambient Temp (tA) tH t A

m/s C C C
0
0.5
1.0
1.5

(III) Result for Experiment 3

Input power = ________ watts

Velocity Plate Temp (tH) Ambient Temp (tA) tH - tA

m/s C C C
0
1
2
2.5

(IV) Result for Experiment 4

Pinned Heat Exchanger

Input power = 50 Watts
Distance of nearest hole, 1 = 8.00mm
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Distance of middle hole, 2 = 34.00mm

Distance of furthest hole, 3 = 60.00mm

Finned Heat Exchanger

Input power = 50 Watts
Distance of nearest hole, 1 = 8.00mm
Distance of middle hole, 2 = 34.00mm
Distance of furthest hole, 3 = 60.00mm

Air Temperature, (C)

Velocity, t1 t2 t3 tA
(m/s) Pinned Finned Pinned Finned Pinned Finned Pinned Finned
0
1
2

(V) Result for Experiment 5

Input power = _________ watts

Plate Temp (tP) Ambient Temp (tA) tH tA

C C C
Horizontal
Vertical

6.0 DATA ANALYSIS

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7.0 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSION

Approved by / Disahkan oleh :

Prepared by / Disahkan oleh:

Signature / Tandatangan :
Signature/Tandatangan:
Name / Nama : PM. DR ANGZZAS SARI
Name/Nama: DR. NOR FAIZAH BINTI RAZALI
BINTI MOHD KASSIM

Date/Tarikh :
Date / Tarikh :