du 30(2 1/12)

1.34 = = 1.92 105 = 0.014 lb/ft

2
dr 2
(1/12)

2R2 L = 2 + 1000 2R2 L.

du 0.4
1.35 T = force moment arm = 2RL R =
dr R
T 0.0026
= = = 0.414 N.s/m2 .
+ 1000 2 .012 0.2
0.4 0.4
2 + 1000 2R L
2
R 12

2000 2
2 (.5 / 12) 4.006
3

2R L
3
60
1.36 Use Eq.1.5.8: T = = = 2.74 ft- lb.
h .01 / 12
T 2.74 209.4
Hp = = = 1.04 Hp
550 550

du 10
1.37 Fbelt = A = 1.31 10 3 (.6 4) = 15.7 N.
dy .002
F V 15.7 10
Hp = = = 0.210 Hp
746 746

du r
1.38 Assume a linear velocity so = . Due to the area
dy h dr
du r
element shown, dT = dF r = dA r = 2r dr r.
dy

400 2
2.36 10 5 (3 / 12 ) 4
2 3 2 R
R 4

T= r dr = = 60 = 91 105 ft- lb.

0 h h 4 2 .08 / 12

30(2 1/12) du
1.39 = = [32 r / r02] = 32r / r02. r = 0 = 0,
2
(1/12) dr

.25/100 .5/100
r=0.25 = 32 1 103 2
= 3.2 Pa, r=0.5 = 32 1 103 = 6.4 Pa
(.5/100) (.5/100) 2

du
1.40 (A) = = [10 5000r ] = 10 3 10 5000 0.02 = 1 Pa.
dr
u
1.41 The velocity at a radius r is r. The shear stress is = .
y
The torque is dT = rdA on a differential element. We have

5
 0.08 r 2000 2
T = rdA= 2rdx , = = 209.4 rad/s
0 0.0002 60
where x is measured along the rotating surface. From the geometry x = 2 r, so that
0.08 209.4 x/ 2 x 0.08 329000
T = 0.1 2 dx = 329000 x 2 dx = (0.083 ) = 56.1 N . m
0 0.0002 2 0 3

du
1.42 If = = const and = AeB/T = AeBy/K = AeCy, then
dy
du du
AeCy = const. = DeCy.
dy dy
u y D
Finally, du = DeCy dy or u(y) = e Cy 0 = E (eCy 1)
y

0 0 C
where A, B, C, D, E, and K are constants.

= Ae B / T .001 = Ae B / 293
1.43 A = 2.334 106 , B = 1776.
.000357 = Ae B / 353

40 = 2.334 106 e1776/313 = 6.80 104 N.s/m2

1.44 m = V . Then dm = d V + V d. Assume mass to be constant in a volume

dV d
subjected to a pressure increase; then dm = 0. d V = V d, or = .
V

V p V p 2 10
1.45 B= = 2200 MPa. V = = = 0.00909 m3 or 9090 cm3
V B 2200
1.46 Use c = 1450 m/s. L = ct = 1450 0.62 = 899 m

B V 1.3
1.47 p = = 2100 = 136.5 MPa
V 20

1.48 a) c = 327,000 144/1.93 = 4670 fps b) c = 327,000 144/1.93 = 4940 fps

c) c = 308,000 144/1.87 = 4870 fps

1.49 V =3.8 104 20 1 = .0076 m3 .

V .0076
p = B = 2270 = 17.25 MPa
V 1

2 2 .0741
1.50 p= = = 2.96 104 Pa or 29.6 kPa. Bubbles: p = 4/R = 59.3 kPa
R 5 10 6

6
 4 4 .00504
1.51 Use Table B.1: = 0.00504 lb/ft. p = = = 7.74 psf or 0.0538 psi
R 1/32 12

4 cos 4 0.0736 0.866

1.52 See Example 1.4: h= = = 0.130 m.
gD 1000 9.81 0.0002

4cos 4 0.0736 1
1.53 (D) h= = =3m or 300 cm.
gD 1000 9.8110 106

4cos 4 0.032cos130o
1.54 See Example 1.4: h = =
gD 1.94 13.6 32.2 0.8/12
= 0.00145 ft or 0.0174 in

2 cos
1.55 force up = L 2 cos = force down = ghtL. h = .
gt
1.56 Draw a free-body diagram:
The force must balance:
L L
d 2
W = 2L or L g = 2L.
4 needle
W
8
d =
g

1.57 From the free-body diagram in No. 1.47, a force balance yields:
d 2 (.004) 2
Is g < 2? 7850 9.81 < 2.0741
4 4
0.968 < 0.1482 No

1.58 Each surface tension force = D. There is a force on the outside

and one on the inside of the ring. F
F = 2D neglecting the weight of the ring.

1.59 From the infinitesimal free-body shown:

dx
d l cos = gh xdx . cos = .
dl dl
h d l d x/ dl
h(x) h = =
dW gxdx gx
We assumed small so that the element
thickness is x.

7
1.60 The absolute pressure is p = 80 + 92 = 12 kPa. At 50C water has a vapor
pressure of 12.2 kPa; so T = 50C is a maximum temperature. The water would
boil above this temperature.

1.61 The engineer knew that water boils near the vapor pressure. At 82C the vapor
pressure from Table B.1 is 50.8 (by interpolation). From Table B.3, the elevation
that has a pressure of 50.8 kPa is interpolated to be 5500 m.

1.62 At 40C the vapor pressure from Table B.1 is 7.4 kPa. This would be the
minimum pressure that could be obtained since the water would vaporize below
this pressure.

1.63 The absolute pressure is 14.5 11.5 = 3.0 psia. If bubbles were observed to form
at 3.0 psia (this is boiling), the temperature from Table B.1 is interpolated, using
vapor pressure, to be 141F.

1.64 The inlet pressure to a pump cannot be less than 0 kPa absolute. Assuming
atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa, we have
10 000 + 100 = 600 x. x = 16.83 km.

1.65 (C)

p 1013 .
1.66 = = = 1.226 kg/m3 . = 1.226 9.81 = 12.03 N/m3
RT 0.287 ( 273 + 15)

p 101.3 85
1.67 in = = = 1.226 kg/m 3. out = = 1.19 kg/m3 .
RT 0.287 (15 + 273) 0.287 248
Yes. The heavier air outside enters at the bottom and the lighter air inside exits at
the top. A circulation is set up and the air moves from the outside in and the inside
out: infiltration. This is the chimney effect.

p 750 44
1.68 = = = 0.1339 slug/ft 3 . m = V = 0.1339 15 = 2.01 slug.
RT 1716 470

pV 800 4
1.69 (C) m= = = 59.95 kg
RT 0.1886 (10 + 273)

p 100
1.70 W= Vg= (10 20 4) 9.81 = 9333 N.
RT 0.287 293

8
1.71 Assume that the steel belts and tire rigidity result in a constant volume so that m1
= m2:
m1RT1 m2 RT2
V 1 = V 2 or = .
p1 p2
T 150 + 460
p2 = p1 2 = (35 + 14.7) = 67.4 psia or 52.7 psi gage.
T1 10 + 460

1.72 The pressure holding up the mass is 100 kPa. Hence, using pA = W, we have

100000 1 = m 9.81. m = 10200 kg.

Hence,
p V 100 4r 3 / 3
m= = = 10200. r = 12.6 m or d = 25.2 m.
RT 0.287 288

1
1.73 0 = KE + PE = mV 2 + mg ( 10). V 2 = 20 32.2. V = 25.4 fps.
2
1
0= mV 2 + mg ( 20). V 2 = 40 32.2. V = 35.9 fps.
2

1
1.74 W1-2 = KE. a) 200 0 = 5(V f2 102 ). V f = 19.15 m/s.
2
10 1
b) 20 sds = 15(V f2 102 ).
0 2
10 2 1
20 = 15(V f2 10 2 ). V f = 15.27 m/s.
2 2
10 s 1
c) 200cos ds = 15(V f2 102 ).
0 20 2
20 1
200sin = 15(V f2 10 2 ). V f = 16.42 m/s.
2 2

1
1.75 E1 = E2 . 10 402 + 0.2u%1 = 0 + u% 2 . u%2 u%1 = 40000.
2
40000
u% = cv T . T = = 55.8o C where cv comes from Table B.4.
717
The following shows that the units check:
mcar V 2 kg m2 / s2 m 2 kg o C m 2 kg o C
= = = =o C
o
mairc kg J/(kg C) N m s (kg m/s ) m s
2 2 2

where we used N = kg. m/s2 from Newtons 2nd law.

9
 1
1.76 E2 = E1. mV 2 = mH2 OcT .
2
2
1 100 1000
1500 = 1000 2000 106 4180 T . T = 69.2o C.
2 3600
We used c = 4180 J/kg. o C from Table B.5. (See Problem 1.75 for a units check.)

1.77 m f h f = mwatercT . 0.2 40000 = 100 4.18 T . T = 19.1o C.

The specific heat c was found in Table B.5. Note: We used kJ on the left and kJ
on the right.

1.78. (B) Eice = Ewater . mice 320 = mwater c waterT .

5 (40 106) 1000 320 = (2 103) 1000 4.18T . T = 7.66o C.
We assumed the density of ice to be equal to that of water, namely 1000
kg/m3 . Ice is actually slightly lighter than water, but it is not necessary for
such accuracy in this problem.

mRT dV V p
1.79. W = pdV = d V = mRT = mRT ln 2 = mRT ln 2
V V V1 p1
since, for the T = const process, p1 V 1 = p2 V 2. Finally,
4 1
W1-2 = 1716 530ln = 78,310 ft-lb.
32.2 2
The 1st law states that
Q W = u% = mcv T = 0. Q = W = 78,310 ft-lb or 101 Btu.

1.80 If the volume is fixed the reversible work is zero since the boundary does not
mRT T1 T2
move. Also, since V = , = so the temperature doubles if the
p p1 p2
pressure doubles. Hence, using Table B.4 and Eq. 1.7.17,
200 2
a) Q = mc v T = (1.004 0.287)(2 293 293) = 999 kJ
0.287 293
200 2
b) Q = mcv T = (1.004 0.287)(2 373 373) = 999 kJ
0.287 373
200 2
c) Q = mcv T = (1.004 0.287)(2 473 473) = 999 kJ
0.287 473

T1 T
1.81 W = p d V = p(V 2 V 1 ). If p = const,
= 2 so if T2 = 2T1,
V1 V 2
then V 2 = 2V 1 and W = p(2 V 1 V 1) = p V 1 = mRT1.
a) W = 2 0.287 333 = 191 kJ
b) W = 2 0.287 423 = 243 kJ

10
 c) W = 2 0.287 473 = 272 kJ

1.82 c = kRT = 1.4 287 318 = 357 m/s. L = c t = 357 8.32 = 2970 m.
k 1/ k 0.4/1.4
p 500
T2 = T1 2 = (20 + 273) = 151.8 K or 121.2o C
p1 5000

1.83 We assume an isentropic process for the maximum pressure:

k / k 1 1.4/0.4
T2 423
p2 = p1 = (150 + 100) = 904 kPa abs or 804 kPa gage.
T1 293
Note: We assumed patm = 100 kPa since it was not given. Also, a measured
pressure is a gage pressure.

k / k 1 1.4/0.4
T2 473
1.84 p2 = p1 = 100 = 534 kPa abs.
T1 293
w = u = cv (T2 T1 ) = (1.004 0.287)(473 293) = 129 kJ/kg.
We used Eq. 1.7.17 for cv.

1.85 a) c = kRT = 1.4 287 293 = 343.1 m/s

b) c = kRT = 1.4 188.9 293 = 266.9 m/s
c) c = kRT = 1.4 296.8 293 = 348.9 m/s
d) c = kRT = 1.4 4124 293 = 1301 m/s
e) c = kRT = 1.4 461.5 293 = 424.1 m/s
Note: We must use the units on R to be J/kg.K in the above equations.

1.86 (D) For this high- frequency wave, c = RT = 287 323 = 304 m/s.

1.87 At 10 000 m the speed of sound c = kRT = 1.4 287 223 = 299 m/s.
At sea level, c = kRT = 1.4 287 288 = 340 m/s.
340 299
% decrease = 100 = 12.06 %.
340

1.88 a) c = kRT = 1.4 287 253 = 319 m/s. L = c t = 319 8.32 = 2654 m.
b) c = kRT = 1.4 287 293 = 343 m/s. L = c t = 343 8.32 = 2854 m.
c) c = kRT = 1.4 287 318 = 357 m/s. L = c t = 357 8.32 = 2970 m.

11
 C HAPTER 2

Fluid Statics
yz z
2.1 Fy = ma y : p y z ps sin = ay
2 ps
yz yz py z
z
Fz = maz : pz y ps cos = a z + g s
2 2
y
Since s cos = y and s sin = z, we have y
gV
pz y

y z
py p = ay and pz p = ( a z + g)
2 2
Let y 0 and z 0:
p y p = 0
py = pz = p.
p z p = 0

2.2 p = h. a) 9810 10 = 98 100 Pa or 98.1 kPa

b) (0.8 9810) 10 = 78 480 Pa or 78.5 kPa
c) (13.6 9810) 10 = 1 334 000 Pa or 1334 kPa
d) (1.59 9810) 10 = 155 980 Pa or 156.0 kPa
e) (0.68 9810) 10 = 66 710 Pa or 66.7 kPa

2.3 h = p/. a) h = 250 000/9810 = 25.5 m

b) h = 250 000/(0.8 9810) = 31.9 m
c) h = 250 000/(13.6 9810) = 1.874 m
d) h = 250 000/(1.59 9810) = 16.0 m
e) h = 250 000/(0.68 9810) = 37.5 m

2.4 (C) p = Hg h = (13.6 9810) (28.5 0.0254) = 96600 Pa

p 20 144
2.5 S= = = 2.31. = 1.94 2.31 = 4.48 slug/ft3 .
h 62.4 20

2.6 a) p = h = 0.76 (13.6 9810) = 9810 h. h = 10.34 m.

b) (13.6 9810) 0.75 = 9810 h. h = 10.2 m.
c) (13.6 9810) 0.01 = 9810 h. h = 0.136 m or 13.6 cm.

2.7 a) p = 1 h1 + 2 h2 = 9810 0.2 + (13.6 9810) 0.02 = 4630 Pa or 4.63 kPa.

b) 9810 0.052 + 15 630 0.026 = 916 Pa or 0.916 kPa.
c) 9016 3 + 9810 2 + (13.6 9810) 0.1 = 60 010 Pa or 60.0 kPa.

12
2.8 p = gh = 0.0024 32.2 (10,000) = 773 psf or 5.37 psi.

2.9 (D) p = p0 gh = 84000 1.00 9.81 4000 = 44760 Pa

2.10
100 9.81
3 = 13.51 Pa
pg
poutside = o g h = h =
RTo .287 253
pbase = 1.84 Pa
pg 100 9.81
pinside = i g h = h = 3 = 11.67 Pa
RTi .287 293
If no wind is present this pbase would produce a small infiltration since the higher
pressure outside would force outside air into the bottom region (through cracks).

2.11 p = gdh where h = z. From the given information S = 1.0 + h/100 since S(0) = 1 and
S(10) = 1.1. By definition = 1000 S, where water = 1000 kg/m3 .
Then dp = 1000 (1 + h/100) gdh. Integrate:
p 10

dp = 1000(1 + h / 100 )gdh

0 0

10 2
p = 1000 9.81(10 + ) = 103 000 Pa or 103 kPa
2 100
Note: we could have used an average S: Savg = 1.05, so that avg = 1050 kg/m3 .

v p $ p $ p $
2.12 p = i+ j+ k
x y z
( )
= a x i$ y $j z k$ gk$ = a x i$ + a y j$ + a z k$ gk$
v v
= a g
v v v
p = ( a + g )

2.13 p = patm [(T0 z ) / T0 ]g / R

= 100 [(288 0.0065 300)/288]9.81/.0065 287 = 96.49 kPa
100
p = patm gh = 100 9.81 300 / 1000 = 96.44 kPa
.287 288
96.44 96.49
% error = 100 = 0.052%
96.49
The density variation can be ignored over heights of 300 m or less.

13
 g / R
T z
2.14 p = p p0 = patm 0 patm
T0
288.0065 20 9. 81/. 0065287
= 100 1 = 0.237 Pa or 0.000237 kPa
288
This change is very small and can most often be ignored.

dp
2.15 Eq. 1.5.11 gives 310,000 144 = . But, dp = gdh. Therefore,
d
4.464 10 7 d 32.2
gdh = d or = dh
2
4.464 107
Integrate, using 0 = 2.00 slug/ft3 :

d 32.2 h 1 1 2
= dh . = 7.21 10 h or =
-7

2 1 14.42 10 7 h
2 7
2 4.464 10 0
Now,
h h 2g 2g
p = gdh = dh = ln(1 14.42 107 h )
7 7
0 0 1 14.42 10 h 14.42 10
Assume = const:
p = gh = 2.0 32.2 h = 64.4h

a) For h = 1500 ft: paccurate = 96,700 psf and pestimate = 96,600 psf.
96,600 96,700
% error = 100 = 0.103 %
96,700
b) For h = 5000 ft: paccurate = 323,200 psf and pestimate = 322,000 psf.
322,000 323,200
% error = 100 = 0.371 %
323,200
c) For h = 15,000 ft: paccurate = 976,600 psf and pestimate = 966,000 psf.
966,000 976,600
% error = 100 = 1.085 %
976,600

2.16 Use the result of Example 2.2: p = 101 egz/RT.

a) p = 101 e9.81 10 000/287 273 = 28.9 kPa.
b) p = 101 e9.81 10 000/287 288 = 30.8 kPa.
c) p = 101 e9.81 10 000/287 258 = 26.9 kPa.

9.81
2.17 Use Eq. 2.4.8: p = 101(1 0.0065 z /288) 0.0065287 .
a) z = 3000. p = 69.9 kPa. b) z = 6000. p = 47.0 kPa.
c) z = 9000. p = 30.6 kPa. d) z = 11 000. p = 22.5 kPa.

14
 p
2.18 Use the result of Example 2.2: =e gz / RT .
p0
p gz 0.001 32.2 z
ln = . ln = . z = 232,700 ft.
p0 RT 14.7 1716 455

2.19 p = h = (13.6 9810) 0.25 = 33 350 Pa or 33.35 kPa.

2.20 a) p = h. 450 000 = (13.6 9810) h. h = 3.373 m

b) p + 11.78 1.5 = (13.6 9810) h. Use p = 450 000, then h = 3.373 m
% error is 0.000 %.

2.21 Referring to Fig. 2.6a, the pressure in the pipe is p = gh. If p = 2400 Pa, then
2400 = gh = 9.81 h.
2400
a) = = 680 kg/m3 . gasoline
9.81.36
2400
b) = = 899 kg/m3 . benzene
9.81.272
2400
c) = = 999 kg/m3 . water
9.81.245
2400
d) = = 1589 kg/m3 . carbon tetrachloride
9.81.154

1 2 w gh
2.22 Referring to Fig. 2.6a, the pressure is p = wgh = aV 2 . Then V 2 = .
2 a
2 1000 9.81.06
a) V 2 = = 957. V = 30.9 m/s
1.23
2 1.94 32.2 3 / 12
b) V 2 = = 13,124. V = 115 ft/sec
.00238
2 1000 9.81.1
c) V 2 = = 1595. V = 39.9 m/s
1.23
2 1.94 32.2 5 / 12
d) V 2 = = 21,870. V = 148 ft/sec
.00238

2.23 (C) p w = patm + x hx water hw = 0 + 30000 0.3 9810 0.1 = 8020 Pa

2.24 See Fig. 2.6b: p1 = 1 h + 2 H.

5 9.5
p1 = 0.86 62.4 + 13.6 62.4 = 649.5 psf or 4.51 psi.
12 12

2.25 p = p0 + 1 gh1 + 2 gh2 + 3 gh3 + 4 gh4

= 3200 + 9179.810.2 + 10009.810.1 + 12589.810.15 + 15939.810.18
= 10 640 Pa or 10.64 kPa

15
2.26 p1 p4 = ( p1 p2 ) + ( p 2 p3 ) + ( p3 p 4 ) (Use p = gh )
40 000 16 000 = 10009.81(.2) + 13 6009.81H + 9209.81.3.
H = .1743 m or 17.43 cm

2.27 p1 p4 = ( p1 p2 ) + ( p 2 p3 ) + ( p3 p 4 ) (Use p = gh )
po pw = 9009.81(.2) + 13 6009.81(.1) + 10009.81.15
= 12 300Pa or 12.3 kPa

2.28 p1 p5 = ( p1 p 2 ) + ( p2 p 3 ) + ( p3 p 4 ) + ( p 4 p5 )
p1 = 9810(.02) + 13 6009.81(.04) + 9810(.02)+13 6009.81.16
= 15 620 Pa or 15.62 kPa

2.29 pw + 9810 .15 13.6 9810 .1 .68 9810 .2 + .86 9810 .15 = po .
pw po = 11 940 Pa or 11.94 kPa.

2.30 pw 9810 .12 .68 9810 .1 + .86 9810 .1 = po .

With pw = 15 000, po = 14 000 Pa or 14.0 kPa.

2.31 a) p + 9810 2 = 13.6 9810 .1. p = 6278 Pa or 6.28 kPa.

b) p + 9810 .8 = 13.6 9810 .2. p = 18 835 Pa or 18.84 kPa.
c) p + 62.4 6 = 13.6 62.4 4/12. p = 91.5 psf or 0.635 psi.
d) p + 62.4 2 = 13.6 62.4 8/12. p = 441 psf or 3.06 psi.

2.32 p 9810 4 + 13.6 9810 .16 = 0. p = 17 890 Pa or 17.89 kPa.

2.33 (A) pa = H = (13.6 9810) 0.16 = 21350 Pa.

paafter
, = 21350 +10000 = 11350 = 13.6 9810 H after . H after = 0.0851 m

2.34 8200 + 9810 .25 = 1.59 9810 H. H = 0.683 m

H
.273
Hnew = .683 + .273 = .956 m. H = = .1365. H
2
p + 9810 (.25 + .1365) = 1.59 9810 .956. H

p = 11 120 Pa or 11.12 kPa.

2.35 p + 9810 .05 + 1.59 9810 .07 .8 9810 .1 = 13.6 9810 .05.
p = 5873 Pa or 5.87 kPa.

Note: In our solutions we usually retain 3 significant digits in the answers (if a number
starts with 1 then 4 digits are retained. In most problems a material property is used,
i.e., S = 1.59. This is only 3 sig. digits! only 3 are usually retained in the answer!

16
2.36 Before pressure is applied the air column on the right is 48" high. After pressure is
applied, it is (4 H/2) ft high. For an isothermal process p1 V 1 = p2 V 2 using
absolute pressures. Thus,
8467
14.7 144 4A = p2 (4 H / 2 )A or p2 = .
4 H /2
From a pressure balance on the manometer (pressures in psf):
8467
30 144 + 14.7 144 = 13.6 62.4 H + ,
4 H /2
or H2 15.59 H + 40.73 = 0. H = 12.27 or 3.32 ft.

2.37 a) p1 p5 = ( p1 p 2 ) + ( p2 p 3 ) + ( p3 p 4 ) + ( p 4 p5 )
4000 = 9800(0.160.22) + 15 600(0.100.16) + 133 400H + 15 600(0.07H).
H = .0376 m or 3.76 cm
b) 0.6144 = 62.4(2/12) + 99.5(2/12) + 849H + 99.5(2.5/12 H).
H = .1236 ft or 1.483 in.

H 2D 2 / d 2
2.38 a) =
p1 1 + 2 2 + 2( 3 2 ) D 2 / d 2
2(.1/.005) 2
= = 8.487 10 H 6
9800 + 2 15 600 + 2(133 400 15 600)(.1/.005) 2

H = 8.487 10 6 400 = 0.0034 m or 3.4 mm

2( 4 /.2) 2
b) H = .06 144 = 0.01153 ft or 0.138 in.
62.4 + 2 99.5 + 2(849 99.5)( 4 /.2 ) 2

2.39 p1 p4 = ( p1 p2 ) + ( p 2 p3 ) + ( p3 p 4 ) (poil = 14.0 kPa from No. 2.30)

15 500 14 000 = 9800(0.12 + z) + 680(0.1 2z) + 860(0.1 z).
z = 0.0451 m or 4.51 cm

2.40 a) pair = 6250 + 625 = 5620 Pa.

5620 + 9800(2 + z) 13 600 9.81(0.1 + 2z) = 0. z = 0.0025.
h = 0.1 + 2z = .15 m or 15 cm
b) pair = 18 800 + 1880 = 20 680 Pa.
20 680 + 9800(0.8 + z) 13 600 9.81(0.2 + 2z) = 0. z = 0.00715 m
h = .2+ 2z = .214 or 21.4 cm
c) pair = 91.5 + 9.15 = 82.4 psf.
82.4 + 62.4(6 + z) 13.6 62.4(4/12 + 2z) = 0. z = 0.00558 ft.
h = 4/12 + 2 (0.00558) = 0.3445 ft or 4.13 in.
d) pair = 441 + 44.1 = 485 psf
485 + 62.4(2 + z) 13.6 62.4(8/12 + 2z) = 0. z = 0.0267 ft.
h = 8/12 + 2 (0.0267) = 0.7205 ft or 8.65 in.

17
2.41 F = h A = 9810 10 .32 /4 = 6934 N.

5 1 5 5
2.42 (2 ) P = (2 ) [9800 1 3 (2 )]. P = 32670 N a) F = pc A = 9800 2
3 3 3 3
42 = 313 600 N or 313.6 kN
2 2
b) F = pc A = 9800 1 (2 4) + 9800 2 + 9800 1 = 98000 N or 98.0 kN
3 3
c) F = pc A = 9800 1 2 4 2 = 110 900 N or 110.9 kN
d) F = pc A = 9800 1 2 4/.866 = 90 500 N or 90.5 kN

2.43 For saturated ground, the force on the bottom tending to lift the vault is
F = pc A = 9800 1.5 (2 1) = 29 400 N.
The weight of the vault is approximately
W = g V walls = 2400 9.81 [2(21.5.1) + 2(21.1) + 2(.81.3.1)] = 28 400 N.
The vault will tend to rise out of the ground.

2.44 F = pc A = 6660 2 22 = 167 400 N or 167.4 kN

Find in Table B.5 in the Appendix.

2.45 a) F = pc A = 9800 (10 2.828/3) (2.828 2/2) = 251 000 N or 251 kN

where the height of the triangle is (32 12 )1/2 = 2.828 m.
b) F = pc A = 9800 10 (2.828 2/2) = 277 100 N or 277.1 kN
c) F = pc A = 9800 (10 2.828 .866/3) (2.828 2/2) = 254 500 N or 254.5 kN

2.46 a) F = h A = 62.4 27.33 24 = 40,930 lb. y

6 8 3 / 36 (x, y)
y p = 27.33 + = 27.46'. y = 30 27.46 = 2.54'.
27.33 24
8/5.46 = 3/x. x = 2.05. (2.05, 2.54) ft. x

b) F = 62.4 30 24 = 44,930 lb. The centroid is the center of pressure.

y = 2.667'. 8/5.333 = 3/x. x = 2.000' (2.000, 2.667) ft.

c) F = 62.4 (30 2.667 .707) 24 = 42,100 lb.

6 8 3 / 36
y p = 39.77 + = 39.86'. y = 42.43 39.86 = 2.57'
39.77 24
8/5.43 = 3/x. x = 2.04'. (2.04, 2.57) ft.

2.47 (B) The force acts 1/3 the distance from the hinge to the water line:
5 1 5 5
(2 ) P = (2 ) [9800 1 3 (2 )]. P = 32670 N
3 3 3 3

18
2.48 a) F = hA = 9810 6 2 2 = 739 700 N or 739.7 kN.
I 24 / 4
yp = y + =6+ = 6.167 m. (x, y)p = (0, 0.167) m
Ay 4 6

b) F = h A = 9810 6 2 = 369 800 N or 369.8 kN.

24 / 8
yp = 6 + = 6.167 m. x 2 + y2 = 4
2 6

2 2 y
x dA
x p F = pdA = x (6 y) xdy = ( 4 y 2 )( 6 y) dy. dy
2 2 2 2 2 (x, y)
x

2

2 2
x p 6 2 = ( 24 4 y 6 y 2 + y 3 ) dy = 32 . x p = 0.8488 m

(x, y)p = (0.8488, 0.167) m

c) F = 9810 (4 + 4/3) 6 = 313 900 N or 313.9 kN.

3 4 3 / 36
y p = 5.333 + = 5.500 m. y = 1.5 y
5.333 6 x
4/2.5 = 1.5/x. x = 0.9375. (x,y)p = (0.9375, 1.5) m

2
d) F = 9810 (4 + 4 sin 36.9) 6 = 330 000 N 3 4
3 53.13
o

5 2.4 3 / 36
y p = 5.6 + = 5.657 m. y = 0.343 m
6 5.6

3 cos 53.13 = 1.8, 2.5 1.8 = 0.7, 2.4/2.057 = .7 / x1 . x1 = 0.6.

x = 1.8 + 0.6 = 2.4. (x,y)p = (2.4, 0.343) m.

2.49 F = h A = 62.4 11 (6 10 ) = 41,180 lb.

P
I 6 10 3 / 12 yp
yp = y + = 11 + = 11.758'.
yA 11 60
F
(16 11.758) 41,180 = 10P. P = 17,470 lb.

2.50 F = hA = 9810 6 20 = 1.777 106 N, or 1177 kN.

I 4 5 3 / 12
yp = y + = 7.5 + = 7.778 m.
Ay 7.5 20
(10 7.778) 1177 = 5 P. P = 523 kN.

19
2.51 F = h A = 9810 12 20 = 2.354 106 N, or 2354 kN.
I 4 5 3 / 12
yp = y + = 15 + = 15.139 m.
Ay 15 20
(17.5 15.139) 2354 = 5 P. P = 1112 kN.

I H bH 3 / 12 H H 2
2.52 yp = y + = + = + = H . y p is measured from the surface.
Ay 2 bH H / 2 2 6 3
2 1
From the bottom, H y p = H H = H.
3 3
Note: this result is independent of the angle , so it is true for a vertical area or a sloped
area.

1 l
2.53 F = l sin40o 3l . F = (l + 2) P sin40o. l 3 = 2(l + 2) P .
2 3
a) 9810 2 = 2(2 + 2)P. P = 9810 N
3

b) 9810 43 = 2(4 + 2)P. P = 52 300 N

c) 9810 53 = 2(5 + 2)P. P = 87 600 N

2.54 h = 1.2 2 .4 2 = 1.1314 m. A = 1.2 1.1314 + .4 1.1314 = 1.8102 m2

Use 2 forces: F1 = hc A1 = 9800 .5657 (1.2 11314. ) = 7527 N
11314
.
F2 = hc A2 = 9800 (.4 11314
. ) = 1673 N
3
2 I2 11314
. .4 11314
. 3
/ 36
y p1 = (11314
. ). y p2 = y + = + = 0.5657 m
3 A2 y 3 .4 11314
. / 2 11314
. /3
11314
.
M hinge = 0: 7527 + 1673 (11314
. 0.5657) 11314
. P = 0. P = 3346 N.
3

2.55 To open, the resultant force must be just above the hinge, i.e., yp must be just less than h.
Let yp = h, the condition when the gate is about to open:
y = ( h + H ) / 3, A = ( h + H ) 2 , I = [2( h + H)](h + H ) 3 / 36
h+ H 2( h + H ) 4 / 36 h+H h+H h+H
yp = + = + =
3 ( h + H) ( h + H ) / 3
2
3 6 2
h+H
a) h = . h = H = 0.9 m
2
b) h = H = 1.2 m
c) h = H = 1.5 m

2.56 The gate is about to open when the center of pressure is at the hinge.
b 1.8 3 / 12
a) y p = 1.2 + H = (1.8 / 2 + H ) + . H = 0.
(.9 + H )1.8b

20
 b 2 3 / 12
b) y p = 1.2 + H = (2.0 / 2 + H ) + . H = 0.6667 m.
(1 + H ) 2b
b 2.2 3 / 12
c) y p = 1.2 + H = (2.2 / 2 + H ) + . H = 2.933 m.
. + H )2.2b
(11

2.57 (A) The gate opens when the center of pressure in at the hinge:
1.2 + h I 11.2 + h b (1.2 + h) 3 /12
y= + 5. y p = y + = + = 5 + 1.2.
2 Ay 2 (1.2 + h)b(11.2 + h) / 2
This can be solved by trial-and error, or we can simply substitute one of the
answers into the equation and check to see if it is correct. This yields h = 1.08 m.

H 1
2.58 F1 = bH = bH 2 H/3
2 2 F1
F2 = H lb = blH
l/2
1 H l
bH 2 = blH . H = 3l F2
2 3 2
a) H = 3 2 = 3.464 m b) H = 1.732 m c) H = 10.39' d) H = 5.196'

Assume 1 m deep
2.59 The dam will topple if the moment about O of F1 and F3 exceeds
the restoring moment of W and F2 .
a) W = (2.4 9810)( 6 50 + 24 50 / 2) = 21.19 106 N F1
F2
W
300 27 + 600 16
dw = = 19.67 m. O
300 + 600 F3

11.09
F2 = 9810 5 11.09 = 0.544 106 N. d 2 = = 3.697 m.
3
45
F1 = 9810 45 = 9.933 106 N. d1 = 15 m.
2
45 + 10 2.943 15 + 5150
. 20
F3 = 9810 30 = 8.093 106 N. d 3 = = 18.18 m.
2 2.943 + 5150
.
Wd w + F2 d 2 = 418.8 10 6 N m
will not topple.
F1d1 + F3d 3 = 296.1 10 6 N m

b) W = (2.4 9810) (6 65 + 65 12) = 27.55 106 N.

390 27 + 780 16
dw = = 19.67 m.
390 + 780
F2 0.54 10 6 N. d 2 3.70 m.
F1 = 9810 30 60 = 17.66 10 N.
6
d1 = 20 m.
60 + 10 2.943 15 + 7.358 20
F3 = 9810 30 = 10.3 106 N. d3 = = 18.57 m.
2 2.943 + 7.358

21
 Wd w + F2 d 2 = 543.9 10 6 N m
it will topple.
F1d1 + F3d 3 = 544.5 10 6 N m

c) Since it will topple for H = 60, it certainly will topple if H = 75 m.

assume 1 m deep
2.60 The dam will topple if there is a net clockwise moment about O.
a) W = W1 + W2 . W1 = ( 6 43 1) 62.4 2.4 = 38,640 lb. W3

W2 = (24 43 / 2) 62.4 2.4 = 77,280 lb. F1

W F2
W3 = ( 40 22.33 / 2) 62.4 = 27,870 lb @ 20.89 ft. O
F1 = 62.4 20 ( 40 1) = 49,920 lb @ 40/3 ft. F3

F2 = 62.4 5 (10 1) = 3120 lb @ 3.33 ft

Fp1 = 18,720 lb @ 15 ft
F3 =
Fp2 = 28,080 lb @ 20 ft

M O : (49,920)(40/3) + (18,720)(15) + (28,080)(20) (38,640)(3)

(77,280)(14) (27,870)(20.89) (3120)(3.33) < 0. wont tip.

b) W1 = 6 63 62.4 2.4 = 56,610 lb. W2 = (24 63/2) 62.4 2.4 = 113,220 lb.
F1 = 62.4 30 60 = 112,300 lb. W3 = (60 22.86/2) 62.4 = 42,790 lb.
F2 = 62.4 5 10 = 3120 lb
Fp1 = 62.4 10 30 = 18,720 lb. Fp2 = 62.4 50 30 / 2 = 46,800 lb.
M O : (112,300)(20) + (18,720)(15) + (46,800)(20) (56,610)(3)
(113,220)(14) 42,790(21.24) = 799,000 > 0. will tip.

c) Since it will topple for H = 60 ft., it will also topple for H = 80 ft.

2.61 M hinge = 0. 2.5P dw W d1 F1 = 0. dw W P

1 2 42 22 F1
P = 9800 1 8 + 9800 4 = 62 700 N
2.5 3 3 4 d1
Note: This calculation is simpler than that of Example 2.7. Actually, We could
have moved the horizontal force FH and a vertical force FV (equal to W)
simultaneously to the center of the circle and then 2.5P = 2FH .=2F1 . This
was outlined at the end of Example 2.7.

2.62 Since all infinitesimal pressure forces pass thru the center, we can place the resultant
forces at the center. Since the vertical components pass thru the bottom point, they
produce no moment about that point. Hence, consider only horizontal forces:
( FH ) water = 9810 2 (4 10) = 784 800N
(FH )oil = 0.86 9810 1 20 = 168 700N
M: 2 P = 784.8 2 168.7 2. P = 616.1 kN.

22
 v v v
2.63 Place the resultant force FH + FV at the center of the circular arc. FH passes thru the
hinge showing that P = FV .
a) P = FV = 9810( 6 2 4 + 4) = 594 200 N or 594.2 kN.
b) P = FV = 62.4 (20 6 12 + 9 12) = 111,000 lb.
v v
2.64 (D) Place the force FH + FV at the center of the circular arc. FH passes through the
hinge:
P = FV = 4 1.2 w 9800 + ( 1.22 /4) w 9800 = 300000. w = 5.16 m.

v v v
2.65 Place the resultant FH + FV at the circular arc center. FH passes thru the hinge so that
P = FV . Use the water that could be contained above the gate; it produces the same
pressure distribution and hence the same FV .
P = FV = 9810 (6 3 4 + 9) = 983 700 N or 983.7 kN.
v v v
2.66 Place the resultant FH + FV at the center. FV passes thru the hinge
2 (9810 1 10) = 2.8 P. P = 70 070 N or 70.07 kN.

2.67 The incremental pressure forces on the circular quarter arc pass through the hinge so that
no moment is produced by such forces. Moments about the hinge gives:
3 P = 0.9 W = 0.9 400. P = 120 N.
v v v
2.68 The resultant FH + FV of the unknown liquid acts thru the center of the circular arc. FV
passes thru the hinge. Thus we use only ( FH ) oil . Assume 1 m wide.
R R 4R R 2 R
a) M : 9810 R + 9800S = R x R . x = 4580 N/m3
3 2 3 4 2
R R 4R R 2 R
b) M : 62.4 R + 62.4S = R x R . x = 29.1 lb/ft 3
3 2 3 4 2

2.69 The force of the water is only vertical (FV)w, acting thru the center. The force of the oil
can also be positioned at the center:
a) P = ( FH ) o = (0.8 9810 ) 0.3 3.6 = 8476 N.
Fy = 0 = W + ( FV ) o ( FV ) w
.36
0 = S 9810 .62 6 + .36 6 (.8 9810) 9810 .18 6
4
9810 .8 2 .6 2 6. S = 0.955.

b) g V = W . = 1996 lb.
Fy = 0 = W + ( FV ) o ( FV ) w

23
 4
0 = S 62.4 22 20 + 4 20 .8 62.4 62.4 2 20
4
62.4 .8 2 2 2 20. S = 0.955.

2.70 The pressure in the dome is

a) p = 60 000 9810 3 0.8 9810 2 = 14 870 Pa or 14.87 kPa.
The force is F = pAprojected = ( 32 ) 14.87 = 420.4 kN.

b) From a free-body diagram of the dome filled with oil:

Fweld + W = pA W
Using the pressure from part (a):
Fweld = 14 870 32 (.8 9810) 33 = 23 400 N
1 4 F weld
pA
23
or 23.4 kN

2.71 A free-body diagram of the gate and water is shown. y

H
F + d w W = H P. dA =xdy
3 F
h/3
a) H = 2 m. F = 9810 1 4 = 39 240 N. x

2 9810 2 3/2
2 2
y 1/ 2
W = 9810 2 xdy = 9810 2 dy = = 26 160 N.
0 0
2 2 3/ 2
1
1
2 0
x 4 x 3 dx
2 xdy
1 1 / 4
dw = x = = 1 = = 0.375 m.
xdy 4 x 2 dx 2 1 / 3
0
1 0.375
P = 39 240 + 26 160 = 17 980 N or 17.98 kN.
3 2

b) H = 8'. F = 62.4 4 32 = 7,987 lb.

2

W = 62.4 4 xdy = 62.4 4 4 x 2 dx = 62.4 16 2 3 / 3 = 2,662 lb.

0
2
1
2 0
4 x 3 dx
1 16 / 4
dw = x = = = 0.75'.
2
2 8 /3
4x
2
dx
0

1 8
P = 7,987 + 0.75 2,662 = 2910 lb
8 3

2.72 (A) W = V
900 9.81 = 9810 0.01 15w. w = 6 m

24
2.73 W = weight of displaced water.
a) 20 000 + 250 000 = 9810 3 (6d + d 2 /2). d2 + 12d 18.35 = 0. d = 1.372 m.
b) 270 000 = 1.03 9810 3 (6d + d 2 /2). d2 + 12d 17.81 = 0. d = 1.336 m.

2.74 25 + FB = 100. FB = 75 = 9810

V. V = 7.645 103 m3

3
7.645 10 = 100. or 7645 cm3
= 13 080 N/m3 .

2.75 3000 60 = 25 300 d 62.4. d = 0.3846' or 4.62".

2.76 100 000 9.81 + 6 000 000 = (12 30 + 8h 30) 9810

h = 1.465 m. distance from top = 2 1.465 = 0.535 m

2.77 T + FB = W. (See Fig. 2.11 c.)

T = 40 000 1.59 9810 2 = 8804 N or 8.804 kN.

2.78 The forces acting on the balloon are its weight W, the buoyant force FB, and the weight of
the air in the balloon Fa . Sum forces:

4 3 4
F B = W + Fa or R g = 1000 + R 3 a g
3 3
4 100 9 .81 4 100 9.81
53 = 1000 + 5 3 . Ta = 350.4 K or 77.4C
3 .287 293 3 .287Ta

2.79 The forces acting on the blimp are the payload Fp , the weight of the blimp W, the buoyant
force FB, and the weight of the helium Fh :
F B = F p + W + Fh
100 9.81 100 9.81
1500 150 2 = Fp + 0.1 Fp + 1500 1502
.287 288 2.077 288
9.86 10 8
I o = d 4 /64. . Npeople = = 1.23 106
800
Of course equipment and other niceties such as gyms, pools, restaurants, etc., would add
significant weight.

2.80 Neglect the bouyant force of air. A force balance yields

FB = W + F
= 50 + 10 = 60 = 9800 V. V = .006122 m3
Density: g V = W.
9.81.006122 = 50. = 832.5 kg/m3
Specific wt: = g = 832.5 9.81 = 8167 N/m3
Specific gravity: S = /water = 832.5/1000 = 0.8325

25
2.81 From a force balance FB = W + pA. FB
a) The buoyant force is found as follows (h > 16'):
h 15 R W
cos = , Area = R2 (h 15 R) R sin
R
FB = 10 62.4[R2 R2 + (h 15 R) R sin]. pA

FB = 1500 + hA.
The h that makes the above 2 FBs equal is found by trial-and-
error: R
h = 16.5: 1859 ? 1577 h = 16.8: 1866 ? 1858 h 15
h = 17.0: 1870 ? 1960 h = 16.82 ft.
1
b) Assume h > 16 ft. and use the above equations with R = 1.333':
3
h = 16.4: 1857 ? 1853 h = 16.4 ft.
2
c) Assume h < 16 ft. With R = 1.667',
3
FB = 10 62.4[R2 (R h + 15) R sin]. R
R h + 15 h 15
FB = 1500 + hA. cos =
R
Trial-and-error for h:
h = 16: 1849 ? 1374 h = 16.2: 1853 ? 1765
h = 16.4: 1857 ? 2170 h = 16.25 ft.

2.82 a) W = FB . [0.01 + 13.6 1000 h .015 2

]
/ 4 9.81 = 9810 V .
.015 2
.005 2
=
V .15 + .06 = 2.769 10 5 m 3 . h = 7.361 103 m
4 4
m Hg = 13.6 1000 h .015 2 / 4 = 0.01769 kg
.015 2 .0052
b) (.01 + .01769) 9.81 = 9810 .15 + .12 S x . Sx = 0.959.
4 4
.015 2
c) (.01 + .01769) 9.81 = 9810 .15 Sx. Sx = 1.045.
4

.0152 .005 2
2.83 (.01 + mHg )9.81 = 9810 .15 + .12. mHg = 0.01886.
4 4
.0152
a) (.01 + .01886) 9.81 = 9810 .15 Sx. Sx = 1.089.
4
b) mHg = 0.01886 kg.

26
 d 4 (10/12) 4
2.84 a) I o = = = 0.02367 ft 4 .
64 64
W .8 62.4 ( 5 / 12 ) 2 12 / 12 .4363
V =
= = 0.4363. depth = = 0.8'
rH2 O 62.4 (5 / 12) 2
GM =.02367 /.4363 (.5.4) = 0.0457'. It will not float with ends horizontal.

b) Io = 0.02367 ft 4 ,
V = 0.3636 ft 3 , depth = 0.6667'
GM =.02367/.3636 ( 5 4) / 12 = 0.01823'. It will not float as given.

.02367 4 3.2
c)
V = 0.2909, depth = 6.4", GM = = 0.0147. It will float.
.2909 12

2.85 With ends horizontal I o = d 4 /64. The displaced volume is

V = x d 2 h / 4 9800 = 8.014 10 5 x d 3 since h = d. The depth the cylinder will

sink is

V
depth = = 8.014 10 5 x d 3 / d 2 / 4 = 10.20 10 5 x d
A
h
The distance CG is CG = 10.2 10 5 x d / 2 . Then
2
d 4 / 64 d
GM = 5
+ 10.2 10 5 x d / 2 > 0.
8.014 10 x d 3
2
This gives (divide by d and multiply by x):
612.5 .5 x + 5.1 10-5 2x > 0.
Consequently,
x > 8369 N/m3 or x < 1435 N/m3

W S water d 3 W S water d 3
2.86 =
V = =Sd .
3
=
V = = S d 3 . h = Sd.
water water water water
4
d / 12 1 1 S
GM = 3
( d / 2 Sd / 2) = d ( + ).
Sd 12 S 2 2
2 G
If GM = 0 the cube is neutral and 6S 6S + 1 = 0. h
C
6 36 24
S = = 0.7887, 0.2113.
12
The cube is unstable if 0.2113 < S < 0.7887.
Note: Try S = 0.8 and S = 0.1 to see if GM > 0. This indicates stability.

16 9 + 16 4
2.87 As shown, y = = 6.5 cm above the bottom edge.
16 + 16
4 9.5 + 16 8.5 + 16S A 4
G= = 6.5 cm.
.5 8 + 2 8 + S A 16

27
 130 + 104 SA = 174 + 64 SA. SA = 1.1.

16 4 + 8 1 + 8 7 16 1 + 8 4 + 8 4
2.88 a) y = = 4. x= = 2.5.
16 + 8 + 8 16 + 8 + 8
1.2 16 4 +.5 8 1 + 1.5 8 7
For G: y = = 4.682.
1.2 16+.5 8 + 1.5 8

1.2 16 +.5 8 4 + 1.5 8 4

x= = 2.364.
1.2 16 +.5 8 + 1.5 8

G must be directly under C. 0.136

C
.136
tan = . =11.3. G 0.682
.682

1 1
4 2+2 + 2 3.5 4 +2 2+2 2
b) y = 2 = 2. x= 2 = 1.25
4+2 +2 4+ 2+2
1.2 4 2 +.5 1 + 1.5 7 1.2 2+.5 4 + 1.5 4
For G:y = = 2.34. x = = 1.182
1.2 4+.5 2 + 1.5 2 1.2 4 +.5 2 + 1.5 2
.068
y = 0.34, x = 0.068. tan = . = 11.3.
.34

2.89 The centroid C is 1.5 m below the water surface. CG = 1.5 m.

l 8 / 12
3
Using Eq. 2.4.47: GM = 1.5 = 1.777 1.5 = 0.277 > 0.
l 8 3
The barge is stable.

8.485 3.414 + 16.97 1

2.90 y= = 1.8 m. CG = 1.8 1.5 = 0.3 m.
8.485 + 16.97
l 8.4853 / 12
Using Eq. 2.4.47: GM = .3 = 1.46.3 = 116
. . Stable.
34.97l

5
p plug = 20000 + h = 20000 + 6660 (1.2 ) = 24070 Pa
2.91 (A) 9.81 .
Fplug = p plug A = 24070 0.02 = 30.25 N
2

20 H
2.92 a) tan = = . H = 8.155 m. pmax = 9810 (8.155 + 2) = 99 620 Pa
9.81 4
b) pmax = (g + az) h = 1000 (9.81 + 20) 2 = 59 620 Pa
c) pmax = 1.94 60 (12) 1.94 (32.2 + 60) (6) = 2470 psf or 17.15 psi
d) pmax = 1.94 (32.2 + 60) (6) = 1073 psf or 7.45 psi

28
2.93 The air volume is the same before and after. z
A b
10 h
0.5 8 = hb/2. tan = = . h
9.81 b
h 9.81
4= h. h = 2.856. Use dotted line. w
2 10 B x
1 C
1
2.5w + 2.5 2.452 = 4. w = 0.374 m.
2
a) pA = 1000 10 (0 7.626) 1000 9.81 2.5 = 51 740 Pa or 51.74 kPa
b) pB = 1000 10 (0 7.626) = 76 260 Pa or 76.26 kPa
c) pC = 0. Air fills the space to the dotted line.

2.94 Use Eq. 2.5.2: Assume an air-water surface as shown in the above figure.
8a x
a) 60 000 = 1000 ax (08) 1000 9.81 0 2.5
9.81
h 2 9.81 8a x
4= 60 = 8 ax + 24.52 9.81 . ax 4.435 = 1.1074 ax .
2 ax 9.81
a x2 10.1 ax + 19.67 = 0 ax = 2.64, 7.46 m/s2
8ax
b) 60 000 = 1000 ax (8) 1000 (9.81 + 10) 2.5 + .
9.81
8a x
60 = 8 ax + 49.52 19.81 . ax 1.31 = 1.574 ax .
19.81
a x2 5.1 ax + 1.44 = 0 ax = 0.25, 4.8 m/s2
8ax
c) 60 000 = 1000 ax (8) 1000 (9.81 + 5) (2.5 + ).
14.81
8a x
60 = 8 ax + 37.0 14.81 . ax 2.875 = 1.361 ax .
14.81
a x2 7.6 ax + 8.266 = 0 ax = 1.32, 6.28 m/s2

2.95 a) ax = 20 .866 = 17.32 m/s2 , az = 10 m/s2 . Use Eq. 2.5.2 with the peep hole as
position 1. The x-axis is horizontal passing thru A. We have
pA = 1000 17.32 (0 1.232) 1000 (9.81 + 10) (0 1.866) = 58 290 Pa
b) pA = 1000 8.66 (0 1.848) 1000 (9.81 + 5) (0 2.799) = 57 460 Pa
c) The peep hole is located at (3.696, 5.598). Use Eq. 2.5.2:
pA = 1.94 51.96 (0 3.696) 1.94 (32.2 + 30) (0 5.598) = 1048 psf
d) The peep hole is located at (4.928, 7.464). Use Eq. 2.5.2:
pA = 1.94 25.98 (4.928) 1.94 (32.2 + 15) (7.464) = 932 psf

2.96 a) The pressure on the end AB (z is zero at B) is, using Eq. 2.5.2,
p(z) = 1000 10 (7.626) 1000 9.81(z) = 76 260 9810 z

29
 2 .5

FAB = (76 260 9810 z )4 dz = 640 000 N or 640 kN

0
b) The pressure on the bottom BC is
p(x) = 1000 10 (x 7.626) = 76 260 10 000 x.
7 . 626

FBC = (76 260 10 000 x )4dx = 1.163 106 N or 1163 kN

0

c) On the top p(x) = 1000 10 (x 5.174) where position 1 is on the top surface:
5 .174

Ftop = (51 740 10 000 x )4 dx = 5.35 10

5
N or 535 kN
0

2.97 a) The pressure at A is 58.29 kPa. At B it is

pB = 1000 17.32 (1.7321.232)
1000 (19.81) (11.866) = 8495 Pa.
Since the pressure varies linearly over AB, we
z
can use an average pressure times the area:
58 290 + 8495
FAB = 1.5 2 = 100 200 N or 100.2 kN
2 x

b) pD = 0. pC = 1000 17.32 (.51.232) 1000 19.81(.8661.866) = 49 810 Pa.

1
FCD = 49 810 1.5 2 = 74 720 N or 74.72 kN.
2
58.29 + 49.81
c) pA = 58 290 Pa. pC = 49 810 Pa. FAC = 1.5 = 81.08 kN.
2

2.98 Use Eq. 2.5.2 with position 1 at the open end: z

a) pA = 0 since z2 = z1. 1 A
pB = 1000 19.81 0.6 = 11 890 Pa.
pC = 11 890 Pa.

b) pA = 1000 10 (.90) = 9000 Pa.

C
pB = 000 10 (.9)1000 9.81(-.6) = 3114 Pa B
x
pC = 1000 9.81 (.6) = 5886 Pa.

c) pA = 100020 (0.9) = 18 000 Pa.

pB = 1000 20 0.9100019.81(0.6) = 6110 Pa. pC = 11 890 Pa
pB = 1.94 (32.2-60) = 112 psf.
25
d) pA = 0. pC = 112 psf.
12

e) pA = 1.94 60
37.5
= 364 psf.
12

pB = 1.94 60
37.5
1.94 32.2 = 234 psf.
25
12 12

30
 pC = 1.94 32.2 = 130 psf.
25
12

f) pA = 1.94 30
37.5
= 182 psf.
12

pB = 1.94(30)
37.5
1.94 62.2 = 433 psf.
25
12 12

pC = 1.94 62.2 = 251 psf.

25
12

2.99 Use Eq. 2.6.4 with position 1 at the open end: z

50 2 1 A
= = 5.236 rad/s.
60
1000 5.236 2
a) p A = (.6 1.5) 2 = 11 100 Pa.
2
1
p B = 1000 5.2362 .92 + 9810 .6 = 16 990 Pa. C B r
2
pC = 9810 .6 = 5886 Pa.

1
b) p A = 1000 5.2362 0.62 = 4935 Pa.
2
1
p B = 1000 5.2362 0.62 + 9810 0.4 = 8859 Pa.
2
pC = 9810 0.4 = 3924 Pa.
2

c) p A = 1.94 5.2362
1 37.5
= 259.7 psf.
2 12
2
1 37.5 25
p B = 1.94 5.236
2
+ 62.4 = 389.7 psf.
2 12 12
25
pC = 62.4 = 130 psf.
12
2
1 22.5
d) p A = 1.94 5.236
2
= 93.5 psf.
2 12
2
1 22.5 15
pB = 1.94 5.2362 + 62.4 = 171.5 psf.
2 12 12
15
pC = 62.4 = 78 psf.
12

31
2.100 Use Eq. 2.6.4 with position 1 at the open end. z
1 1 A
a) p A = 1000 102 (0 0.92 ) = 40 500 Pa.
2
pB = 40 500 + 9810 0.6 = 34 600 Pa.
pC = 9810 0.6 = 5886 Pa.
1
b) p A = 1000 102 (0 0.62 ) = 18 000 Pa. r C B
2
pB = 18 000 + 9810 0.4 = 14 080 Pa.
pC = 9810 0.4 = 3924 Pa.
1 37.5 2
c) p A = 1.94 102 0 = 947 psf.
2 144
25 25
pB = -947 + 62.4 = 817 psf. pC = 62.4 = 130 psf.
12 12
1 22.52
d) p A = 1.94 102 = 341 psf.
2 12 2
15 15
pB = 341 + 62.4 = 263 psf. pC = 62.4 = 78 psf.
12 12

2.101.1Use Eq. 2.6.4 with position 1 at the open end and position 2 at the origin. Given: p2 = 0.
1 1
a) 0 = 1000 2 (0 0.452 ) 9810 (0 0.6). = 7.62 rad/s.
2 z
1
b) 0 = 1000 (0 0.3 ) 9810 (0 0.4). = 9.34 rad/s.
2 2
2

1 2 18.752 25
c) 0 = 1.94 0 62.4 . = 7.41 rad/s. r
2 12 2 12 2
11.25
62.4 . = 9.57 rad/s.
2
1 15
d) 0 = 1.94 2 2
2 12 12

2.102 The air volume before and after is equal. z

1 2
r02 h = .6 2 .2. r02 h = 0.144.
2 r0
h
a) Using Eq. 2.6.5: r02 52 / 2 = 9.81 h
h = 0.428 m 1
1
pA = 1000 52 0.62 9810 (0.372)
2 A r
= 8149 Pa.

b) r02 7 2 / 2 = 9.81 h. h = 0.6 m.

1000
pA = 72 0.62 + 9810 0.2 = 10 780 Pa.
2

32
 c) For = 10, part of the bottom is bared. z
1 1
.6 2 .2 = r02 h r12 h1 .
2 2 r0
Using Eq. 2.6.5:
2 r02 2 r12
= h, = h1 . h
2g 2g
2g 2g A r
0.144 = 2 h 2 2 h12 or h1 1

0.144 10 2
h h1 =
2 2
.
2 9.81

Also, h h1 = 0.8. 1.6h 0.64 = .7339. h = 0.859 m, r1 = 0.108 m.

1
pA = 1000 102 (0.62 0.1082 ) = 17 400 Pa.
2
0.144 20 2
d) Following part (c): h 2 h12 = . 1.6h .64 = 2.936. h = 2.235 m.
2 9.81
1
pA = 1000 202 (0.62 0.2652 ) = 57 900 Pa r1 = 0.265 m
2

2.103 The answers to Problem 2.102 are increased by 25 000 Pa.

a) 33 150 Pa b) 35 780 Pa c) 42 400 Pa d) 82 900 Pa

1
2.104 p(r ) = 2 r 2 g[ 0 (.8 h)]. dA = 2rdr
2
p(r ) = 500 2 r 2 + 9810(.8 h ) if h < .8.
p( r ) = 500 ( r r1 )
2 2 2
if h > .8. dr
.6

a) F = p2rdr = 2 (12 500r + 3650r ) dr = 6670 N.

3

(We used h = .428 m)

.6

b) F = p2rdr = 2 (24 500r + 1962r )dr = 7210 N. (We used h = 0.6 m)

3

0
.6

c) F = p2rdr = 2 (50 000(r

3
.108 2 r ) dr = 9520 N. (We used r1 = 0.108 m)
.108
.6

d) F = p2rdr = 2 (200 000(r .265 2 r ) dr = 26 400 N. (r1 = 0.265 m)

3

. 265

33
 CHAPTER 3

Introduction to Fluids in Motion

3.1

pathline
streamline
streakline

3.2 Pathlines: Release several at an instant in time and take a time exposure of the
subsequent motions of the bulbs.

Sreakline: Continue to release the devises at a given location and after the last
one is released, take a snapshot of the line of bulbs. Repeat this
for several different release locations for additional streaklines.

3.3
streakline
pathline hose
t =0 boy
time t

3.4
y streakline at t = 3 hr
pathline
t = 2 hr

streamlines
t = 2 hr
x

34
 dx dy streamlines
3.5 a) u = = 2t + 2 v= = 2t y t=5s
dt dt
x = t 2 + 2t + c1 y = t 2 + c2 (27, 21)
(35, 25)

= y +2 y
39.8o
x 2 xy + y = 4 y
2 2
parabola. x

b) x = t 2 + 2t + c 1 . c 1 = 8 , and c 2 = 4.
= y + 4 + 2( y + 4 ) 8
x 2 2xy + y 2 + 8 x 12 y = 0. parabola.

v v v
V = ui + vj + wk (V dr ) z = udy vdx
3.6 v
dr = dxi + dy j + d z k using i j = k , j i = k.

3.7 Lagrangian: Several college students would be hired to ride bikes around the
various roads, making notes of quantities of interest.

Eulerian: Several college students would be positioned at each intersection

and quantities would be recorded as a function of time.

3.8 a) At t = 2 and (0 ,0,0 ) V = 2 2 = 2 m / s .

At t = 2 and (1, 2 ,0) V = 3 2 + 2 2 = 3.606 m / s.
b) At t = 2 and (0 ,0, 0) V = 0.
At t = 2 and ( 1,2 ,0 ) V = ( 2) 2 + ( 8 ) 2 = 8.246 m / s.
c) At t = 2 and (0 ,0,0 ) V = (4 ) 2 = 4 m / s.
At t = 2 and (1, 2 ,0) V = 2 2 + ( 4 ) 2 + ( 4) 2 = 6 m / s.

3.9 (D) ( 51.4 105 j )

A simultaneous solution yields n x = 4/5 and n y = 3/5. (They must
both have the same sign.
v
3.10 a) cos = V i$ / V = (1 + 2)/ 3 2 + 2 2 = 0.832. = 33.69o
3
v 3n x + 2n y = 0 ny = nx
V n$ = 0. (3 $i + 2 $j ) ( n x i$ + n y $j ) = 0.
2
n x2 + n y2 = 1 9 2
n x + nx = 1
2

4
2 3 1
nx = , ny = or n$ = ( 2i$ 3 $j ).
13 13 13

35
 v
b) cos = V i$ / V = 2 / ( 2) 2 + ( 8) 2 = 0.2425. = 104 o
v 2 n x 8 n y = 0 n x = 4n y
V n$ = 0. (2i$ 8 $j ) (n x $i + n y $j ) = 0.
n x + ny = 1
2 2
16n 2y + n y2 = 1
1 4 1
ny = , nx = or n$ = ( 4i$ + $j ).
17 17 17

v
c) cos = V i$ / V = 5 / 5 2 + ( 8) 2 = 0.6202. = 51.67 o
8
v 5n x 8n y = 0 nx = ny
V n$ = 0. ( 5$i 8 $j ) ( n x i$ + n y $j ) = 0. 64
5
n 2x + n y2 = 1
n y + n 2y = 1
2

25
5 8 1
ny = , nx = or n$ = ( 8$i + 5 $j ).
89 89 89

[(x + 2)i$ + xtj$] (dxi$ + dyj$) = 0.

v v
3.11 a) V dr = 0.
xdx
( x + 2) dy xtdx = 0 or t = dy .
x+2
= dy . t [ x 2ln x + 2 ] = y + C.
xdx
Integrate: t
x +2
2(1 2ln 3) = 2 + C. C = 0.8028.
t [ x 2ln x + 2 ] = y + 0.8028

[ xyi$ 2 y $j ] (dxi$ + dyj$) = 0.

v v
b) V dr = 0. 2

2dx dy
xydy + 2 y 2 dx = 0 or = .
x y
Integrate: 2 lnx = ln ( y / C). 2ln(1) = ln( 2 / C).
C = 2. lnx 2 = ln( y / 2). x 2 y = 2.

[(x ]
v v
c) V dr = 0. 2
+ 4)i$ y 2 tj$ ( dxi$ + dyj$ ) = 0.
tdx dy
( x 2 + 4) dy + y 2 tdx = 0 or = 2.
x +4
2
y
t x 1 2 1 1
Integrate: tan 1 + C = . tan 1 + C = .
2 2 y 2 2 2
x
C = 0.9636. yt tan 1 0.9636 = 2
2

36
 v v v v
v V V V V
3.12 (C) a= +u +v +w = 2 xy (2 yi) y 2 (2 xi 2 yj ) = 16i 8i + 16 j.
t x y z
a = 82 + 162 = 17.89 m/s

v v v v v
DV V V V V
3.13 a) =u +v +w + =0.
Dt x y z t
v v v v
V V V V
b) u +v +w + = 2x ( 2i$ ) + 2 y ( 2 $j ) = 4 xi$ + 4 yj$ = 8i$ 4 $j
x y z t
v v v v
V V V V
c) u +v +w + = x 2t ( 2xti$ + 2 ytj$) + 2 xyt( 2 xtj$ + 2ztk$ ) + x 2 i$ + 2 xyj
x y z t
+2 yzk = 68i$ 100 $j 54 k$
v v v v
V V V V
d) u +v +w + = x( $i 2 yzj$) 2 xyz( 2 xzj$ ) + tz( 2 xyj$ + tk$ ) + zk$
x y z t
= xi$ (2 yz 4 x 2 yz 2 + 2 xyzt ) $j + ( zt 2 + z) k$
= 2i$ 114 $j + 15 k$
v 1 w v $ 1 u w $ 1 v u $
3.14 = i + j + k.
2 y z 2 z x 2 x y
v 1 u $
a) = k = 20 yk$ = 20 k$
2 y
v 1 1 1
b) = ( 0 0)i$ + (0 0) j$ + ( 0 0) k$ = 0
2 2 2
v 1 1 1
c) = ( 2 zt 0)i$ + ( 0 0) $j + ( 2 yt 0) k$ = 6i$ 2 k$
2 2 2
v 1 1 1
d) = ( 0 + 2 xy )$i + (0 0) $j + ( 2 yz 0)k$ = 2i$ + 3k$
2 2 2
v v
3.15 The vorticity = 2. Using the results of Problem 3.7:
v v v v
a) = 40i$ b) = 0 c) = 12i$ 4k$ d) = 4 i$ + 6k$

u v w
3.16 a) xx = = 0, yy = = 0, zz = = 0.
x y z
1 u v 1 u w
xy = + = 20 y = 20, xz = + = 0,
2 y x 2 z x
0 20 0
1 v w
yz = + = 0. rate - of strain = 20 0 0
2 z y
0 0 0

37
 2 0 0
xx = 2, yy = 2, zz = 0.
b) rate-of strain = 0 2 0
xy = 0, xz = 0, yz = 0.
0 0 0

c) xx = 2xt = 8 , yy = 2 xt = 8, zz = 2 yt = 4.
1 1 1
xy = ( 2 yt ) = 2, xz = ( 0) = 0, yz = ( 2 zt ) = 6.
2 2 2
8 2 0
rate-of strain = 2 8 6
0 6 4
d) xx = 1, yy = 2xz = 12, zz = t = 2.
1 1 1
xy = ( 2 yz ) = 3 , xz = (0) = 0, yz = ( 2xy ) = 2.
2 2 2
1 3 0
rate-of strain = 3 12 2
0 2 2

40 sin
a) ar = 10 2 cos 3 cos 10 + 2
40 80 40
3.17 1 2 ( sin )
r r r r r
2

10 + 2 sin 2 = (10 2.5)(1)1.25( 1) = 9.375 m/s2 .

1 40
r r
40 80 40 sin 40
a = 10 2 cos 3 sin + 10 + 2 10 + 2 cos
r r r r r
1 1600
100 4 sin cos = 0 since sin 180 = 0.
r r
a = 0.

b) r = 0, = 0, z = 10 + 2 sin 10 2 ( sin ) = 0.
1 40 1 40
r r r r
v v
At (4, 180) =0 since = 0 everywhere.

80 sin
a) ar = 10 3 cos 4 cos 10 + 3
80 240 80
3.18 ( sin ) 10 3
r r r r r
80 sin 2
2

10 + 3 = 8.75( 1)(.9375)(1) = 8.203 m/s2

r r
a = 0 since sin 180 = 0. a = 0 since v = 0.
b) r = 0, = 0, = 0, since sin 180 = 0.

38
 v v v v
v V V V V u v
3.19 a= +u +v +w = i . For steady flow u / t = 0 so that a = 0.
t x y z t

3.20 Assume u(r,x) and v(r,x) are not zero. Then, replacing z with x in the appropriate
equations of Table 3.1 and recognizing that v = 0 and / = 0:
v v u u
ar = v +u ax = v +u
r x r x

3.21 a) u = 2(1 0)(1 e t/ 10 ) = 2 m / s at t = .

u 1 t/ 10
ax =
t
= 2(1 0) e
10
( )
= 0.2 m / s at t = 0.
2

b) u = 2(1 0.5 )(1 e t/ 10 ) = 1.875 m / s at t = .

2

2 1 t / 10
ax = 2(1 0.5 / 2 ) e = 0.0125 m / s at t = 0.
2 2
10
c) u = 2(1 2 2 / 2 2 )(1 e t/ 10 ) = 0 for all t .
2 1 t / 10
ax = 2(1 2 / 2 ) e = 0 for all t .
2
10

DT T T T T t
3.22 =u +v +w + = 20(1 y 2 ) sin = 0.5878
Dt x y z t 100 100 5
= 0.3693 C/s.

D 4 kg
3.23 =u +v +w + = 10( 1.23 10 4 e 3000 10 ) = 9.11 10 4 3 .
Dt x y z t m s

D
= 10
1000 kg
3.24 =u +v +w + = 2500 .
Dt x y z t 4 m3 s

D
3.25 =u = 4 (.01) = 0.04 kg/m3 s
Dt x

u u u u u 10
3.26 (D) ax = +u +v +w =u = [10(4 x )2 ]
t x y z x (4 x ) x
2

10 10 1
= 10( 2)(1)(4 x) 3 = 20 = 6.25 m/s 2 .
(4 x) 2 4 8
D v v v
3.27 = V + observing that the dot product of two vectors A = A x i$ + A y $j + A z k$
Dt t
v v v
and B = Bx i + B y $j + Bz k$ is A B = AxB x + AyB y + Az Bz .
$

39
 u v v
ax = + V u
t v
v v v v V v v v
3.28 ay = + V v a = + ( V )V
t t
w v v
az = + V w
t

3.29 Using Eq. 3.2.12:

v
v v d 2 sv v v v v v d v
a) A = a + 2 + 2 V + ( r ) + r
dt dt
= 2( 20 k$ 4i$ ) + 20 k$ ( 20 k$ 1.5$i ) = 160 $j 600i$ m 2 / s
v v v v v v
b) A = 2 V + ( r ) = 2( 20k$ 20 cos 30 o $j ) + 20 k$ ( 20 k$ 3i$ ) = 507 $i
v 2
3.30 = k$ = 7 .272 10 5 k$ rad/s.
24 60 60
v
v = 5( .707 i$ .707 k$ ) = 3.535i$ 3.535k$ m/s.
v v v v v v
A = 2 V + ( r )
= 2 7 .272 10 5 k$ (3.535i$ 3.535 k$ ) + 7.272 10 5 k$
[ 7.272 10 5 k$ 6 10 6 (.707i$ +.707 k$ )] = 51.4 10 5 $j + 0.0224 $i m / s 2 .
Note: We have neglected the acceleration of the earth relative to the sun since it is quite small
v
( 51.4 105 j ) is the Coriolis acceleration and causes air
2 2
(it is d s / dt ). The component
motions to move c.w. or c.c.w. in the two hemispheres.

3.31 a) two-dimensional (r, z) b) two-dimensional (x, y)

c) two-dimensional (r, z) d) two-dimensional (r, z)
e) three-dimensional (x, y, z) f) three-dimensional (x, y, z)
g) two-dimensional (r, z) h) one-dimensional (r)

3.32 Steady: a, c, e, f, h Unsteady: b, d, g

3.33 b. It is an unsteady plane flow.

3.34 a) d) e)

3.35 f, h

40
3.36 a) inviscid. b) inviscid. c) inviscid.
d) viscous inside the boundary layer.
e) viscous inside the boundary layers and separated regions.
f) viscous. g) viscous. h) viscous.

3.37 d and e. Each flow possesses a stagnation point.

3.38

3.39 (C) The only velocity component is u(x). We have neglected v(x) since it is
quite small. If v(x) in not negligible, the flow would be two-dimensional.

3.40 Re = V L / = 2 .015/.77 10-6 = 39 000. Turbulent.

VL
3.41 Re = = .2 .8/1.4 10-5 = 11 400. Turbulent.

VL 4 .06
3.42 Re = = = 14 100. Turbulent.
1.7 10 5
Note: We used the smallest dimension to be safe!

VD 1.2 0.01
3.43 a) Re = = = 795. Always laminar.
1.51 10 5

VD 1.2 1
b) Re = = = 79 500. May not be laminar.
1.51 10 5

VxT
3.44 Re = 3 105 = . = / where = (T ).

a) T = 223 K or 50C. = 1.5 10 5 N s / m 2 .
1.5 10 5
= = 2.5 10 5 m 2 /s.
.3376 1.23
900 1000 x T
3 10 5 = . xT = 0.03 m or 3 cm
3600 2.5 10 5
3.3 10 7
b) T = 48F. = 3.3 107 lb-sec/ft2 . = = 3.7 10 4 ft2 /sec.
.00089
600 5280x T
3 10 5 = . xT = 0.13' or 1.5"
3600 3.7 10 4

41
3.45 Assume the flow is parallel to the leaf. Then 3 105 = Vx T / .
x T = 3 10 5 / V = 3.5 10 5 1.4 10 4 / 6 = 8.17 m .
The flow is expected to be laminar.

V 100
3.46 a) M = = = 0.325. For accurate calculations the flow is
c 1.4 287 236
compressible. Assume incompressible flow if an error of 4%, or so, is
acceptable.
V 80
b) M = = = 0.235. Assume incompressible.
c 1.4 287 288
V 100
c) M = = = 0.258. Assume incompressible.
c 1.4 287 373
D
3.47 =u +v +w + = 0. For a steady, plane flow
Dt x y z t
/ t = 0 and w = 0. Then

u +v = 0.
x y

D
3.48 =u +v +w + = 0. incompressible.
Dt x y z t

V2 p h 9810 0.800
3.49 (B) = = water = . V = 113 m/s.
2 air 1.23

V2 p
3.50 = . Use = 0.0021 slug/ft3 .
2
a) v = 2p / = 2.3 144/ .0021 = 203 ft/sec.
b) v = 2p / = 2.9 144/ .0021 = 351 ft/sec.
c) v = 2p / = 2.09 144/ .0021 = 111 ft/sec.

120 1000
2

= 1.23
V2
3.51 p= / 2 = 683 Pa.
2 3600
F = pA = 683 0.0752 = 12.1 N.

V2 p 2 p 2 2000
3.52 + = 0. V = = = 57.0 m/s
2 1.23

42
 V12 p V22 V12
3.53 (C) + = . + 0.200 = 0.600. V = 2 9.81 0.400 = 2.80 m/s.
2g 2g 2g

3.54 (B) The manometer reading h implies:

V12 p1 V22 p2 2
+ = + or V22 = (60 10.2). V2 = 9.39 m/s The
2 2 1.13
temperature (the viscosity of the water) and the diameter of the pipe are
not needed.

V 2 p V02 p (10 x )2 p po
3.55 a) + = + o. + = . p = po 50 x 2
2 2 2
V 2 p V02 p (10 y ) 2 p po
b) + = + o. + = . p = po 50 y 2
2 2 2
V 2 p U 2 p
3.56 + = + .
2 2
a) v = 0 and = 180 o : v r = U (1 rc2 / r 2 )( 1).
2 2 rc2 rc
4

( )
p = U v r = U 2 2 .
2
r
2 2 r
2
b) Let r = rc : pT = U
2

c) v r = 0 and r = rc : v = U 2 sin . p =
2
( ) [
U 2 v 2 = U 2 1 4 sin 2
2
]
3
d) Let = 90 o : p 90 = U 2
2

V 2 p U 2 p
3.57 + = + .
2 2
2 2 rc rc
3 6

( )
a) v = 0 and = 180 : p = U v r = U 2 .
o 2

2 2 r r
1
b) Let r = rc : pT = U 2 .
2

c) v r = 0 and r = rc : p =
2
( ) [
U 2 v 2 = U 2 1 4 sin 2
2
]
3
d) Let = 90 o : p 90 = U 2
2

43
 V 2 p U 2 p
3.58 + = + .
2 2
2 2 20 1
2 2
a) p = ( 2
)
U u = 10 10 +

= 50 1 1 +
2 x
2 2 x
2 1
= 50 + 2
x x
b) u = 0 when x = 1. p 1 = 50 ( 2 + 1) = 50

2 60 1 2
2
c) p =
2
( 2
)
U u = 30 30 +


2 x
2 1
= 450 1 1 + = 450 + 2
x x
2 2 x
d) u = 0 when x = 1. p 1 = 450 ( 2 + 1) = 450

V12 p 1 V 22 p2
3.59 + = + . V1 = 0 and p1 p 2 = 20 kPa.
2 2

V22 = ( p1 p 2 ) =
2 2
( 20 000) = 40. V 2 = 6.32 m / s
1000

3.60 Assume the velocity in the plenum is zero. Then

V12 p1 V22 p2 2
+ = + or V22 = (60 10.2). V2 = 9.39 m/s
2 2 1.13
We found = 113
. kg / m 3 in Table B.2.

V2
3.61 Bernoulli from the stream to the pitot probe: pT = + p.
2
Manometer: pT + H Hg H h = p h.
V2 Hg
Then, + p + H Hg H = p . V 2 = (2 H )
2
(13.6 1)9800
a) V 2 = ( 2 0.04). V = 3.14 m / s
1000
(13.6 1)9800
b) V 2 = ( 2 0.1). V = 4.97 m / s
1000
(13.6 1)62.4
c) V 2 = ( 2 2 / 12). V = 11.62 fps
1.94
(13.6 1)62. 4
d) V 2 = (2 4 / 12 ). V = 16.44 fps
1.94

44
3.62 The pressure at 90 from Problem 3.56 is p90 = 3U 2 /2. The pressure at the
stagnation point is pT = U2 /2. The manometer provides: pT H = p 90
1 3
1.204U 2 9800 0.04 = 1.204U 2 . U = 12.76 m/s
2 2
3.63 The pressure at 90 from Problem 3.57 is p90 = 3U 2 /2. The pressure at the
stagnation point is pT = U2 /2. The manometer provides: pT H = p 90
1 3
1.204U 2 9800 0.04 = 1.204U 2 . U = 12.76 m/s
2 2

3.64 Assume an incompressible flow with point 1 outside in the room where p1 = 0
and v 1 = 0. The Bernoullis equation gives, with p2 = w h2 ,
V12 p1 V22 p2
+ = + .
2 2
V 22 9800 0.02
a) 0 = + . V 2 = 18.04 m / s
2 1.204
V 2 9800 0.08
b) 0 = 2 + . V 2 = 36.1 m / s
2 1.204
V 22 62.4 1 / 12
c) 0 = + . V 2 = 66.8 fps
2 0.00233
V 2 62.4 4 / 12
d) 0 = 2 + . V 2 = 133.6 fps
2 0.00233

3.65 Assume incompressible flow (V < 100 m/s) with point 1 outside the wind tunnel
where p1 = 0 and V 1 = 0. Bernoullis equation gives
V 22 p2 1
0= + . p2 = V 2
2 2 2
p 90 1
a) = = = 1.239 kg / m 3 . p2 = 1.239 100 2 = 6195 Pa
RT 0.287 253 2
p 95 1
b) = = = 1.212 kg / m 3 . p 2 = 1.212 100 2 = 6060 Pa
RT 0.287 273 2
p 92 1
c) = = = 1.094 kg / m 3 . p2 = 1.094 100 2 = 5470 Pa
RT 0.287 293 2
p 100 1
d) = = = 1.113 kg / m 3 . p2 = 1113
. 100 2 = 5566 Pa
RT 0.287 313 2

V12 p V2 p 800000 V22

3.66 (A) + 1 = 2 + 2. = . V2 = 40 m/s.
2g 2g 9810 2 9.81

45
3.67 a) p A = h = 9800 4 = 39 200 Pa, V A = 0. Using hA = h2 ,
VA2 p V2 p V22
+ A + hA = 2 + 2 + h2 . p2 = p A
2g 2g 2g
14 2
= 39 200 9800 = 58 700 Pa
2 9.81

b) p B = 0 and VB = 0. Bernoullis eq. gives, with the datum through the pipe,
14 2
2 2
VB pB V2 p2
+ + hB = + + h2 . p2 = 4 9800 = 58 700 Pa
2g 2g 2 9.81

V22 p V2 p
3.68 Bernoulli: + 2 = 1 + 1
2g 2g
V22
Manometer: p1 + z + Hg H H z = + p2
2g
Substitute Bernoullis into the manometer equation:
V12
( )
p1 + Hg H =
2g
+ p1.

V12 9800
a) Use H = 0.01 m: = (13.6 1)9800 0.01 V1 = 1.572 m / s
2 9.81
Substitute into Bernoulli:
V 22 V12 20 2 1.572 2
p1 = = 9800 = 198 600 Pa
2g 2 9.81
V12 9800
b) Use H = 0.05 m: = (13.6 1)9800 0.05 V1 = 3.516 m / s
2 9.81
Substitute into Bernoulli:
V 22 V12 20 2 3.516 2
p1 = = 9800 = 193 600 Pa
2g 2 9.81
V12 9800
c) Use H = 0.1 m: = (13.6 1) 9800 0.1 V1 = 4.972 m / s
2 9.81
Substitute into Bernoulli:
V 22 V12 20 2 4.972 2
p1 = = 9800 = 187 400 Pa
2g 2 9.81

46
 V12 p V2 p
3.69 Bernoulli across nozzle: + 1 = 2 + 2. V2 = 2 p1 /
2 2

V12 p V2 p
Bernoulli to max. height: + 1 + h1 = 2 + 2 + h2 . h2 = p1 / .
2g 2g

a) V 2 = 2 p 1 / = 2 700 000 / 1000 = 37.42 m / s

h2 = p1 / = 700 000 / 9800 = 71.4 m

b) V 2 = 2 p 1 / = 2 1 400 000 / 1000 = 52.92 m / s

h2 = p1 / = 1 400 000 / 9800 = 142.9 m

c) V 2 = 2 p 1 / = 2 100 144 / 1.94 = 121.8 fps

h2 = p1 / = 100 144 / 62.4 = 231 ft

d) V 2 = 2 p1 / = 2 200 144 / 1.94 = 172.3 fps

h2 = p1 / = 200 144 / 62.4 = 462 ft

3.70 a) Apply Bernoullis eq. from the surface to a point on top of the downstream
flow:
V12 p V2 p
+ 1 + h1 = 2 + 2 + h2 . V 2 = 2g ( H h)
2g 2g

b) Apply Bernoullis eq. from a point near the bottom upstream to a point on the
bottom of the downstream flow:
V12 p V2 p
+ 1 + h1 = 2 + 2 + h2 .
2g 2g
Using p1 = H , p 2 = h and h1 = h2 , V 2 = 2 g( H h)

V12 p V2 p
3.71 + 1 = 2 + 2. p2 = 100 000 Pa, the lowest possible pressure.
2 2
600 000 V 22 100 000
a) = . V2 = 37.4 m/s.
1000 2 1000

300 000 V 22 100 000

b) = . V2 = 28.3 m/s.
1000 2 1000

47
 80 144 V 22 14.7 144
c) = . V2 = 118.6 ft/sec.
1.94 2 1.94

40 144 V22 14.7 144

d) = . V2 = 90.1 ft/sec.
1.94 2 1.94

3.72 A water system must never have a negative pressure, since a leak could ingest
impurities. The least pressure is zero gage.
V12 p 1 V2 p
+ + gz 1 = 2 + 2 + gz 2 . V1 = V 2 . Let z 1 = 0, and p2 = 0.
2 2
500 000
= 9.81 z 2 . z2 = 51.0 m.
1000

3.73 a) p1 =
2
(V 2
2
)
V12 =
1000 2
2
( )
2 10 2 = 48 000 Pa

b) p1 =

2
(V22 V12 ) =
902 2
2
(
2 10 2 = 43300 Pa)
c) p1 =

2
(V22 V12 ) =
680 2
2
(
2 10 2 = 32600 Pa)
d) p1 =

2
(V22 V12 ) =
1.23 2
2
(
2 102 = 59.0 Pa )

3.74
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2
2
+

=
2
+ .

p1 =
2
2
(
V2 V12 =
1.23 2
2
) (
2 82 = 36.9 Pa )

3.75 (D) p1 =
2
2
(
V2 V12 =
902
2
) (
30 2 152 = 304400 Pa )
3.76 Apply Bernoullis equation between the exit (point 2) where the radius is R and
a point 1 in between the exit and the center of the tube at a radius r less than R:
V12 p 1 V 22 p 2 V 2 V 12
+ = + . p1 = 2 .
2 2 2
Since V2 < V1 , we see that p1 is negative (a vacuum) so that the envelope would
tend to rise due to the negative pressure over most of its area (except for a small
area near the end of the tube).

VD
3.77 Re = . For air 1.5 10 5 . Use reasonable dimensions from your

experience!

48
 20 0.03
a) Re = = 4 10 4 . Separate
1.5 10 5
20 0.005
b) Re = = 6700. Separate
1.5 10 5
20 2
c) Re = 5
= 2.7 10 6 . Separate
1.5 10
5 0.002
d) Re = = 670. Separate
1.5 10 5
20 2
e) Re = = 2.7 10 6 . Separate
1.5 10 5
100 3
f) Re = = 2 10 7 .
1.5 10 5
It will tend to separate, except streamlining the components
eliminates separation.

3.78 A burr downstream of the opening will create a region that

acts similar to a stagnation region thereby creating a high
pressure since the velocity will be relatively low in that region.
stagnation
region

V2 10 2 B VB
3.79 p = n = 1000 0.02 = 40 000 Pa Along AB, we
R 0.05
expect VA > 10 m / s and VB < 10 m /s.
A

VA

3.80 The higher pressure at B will force the fluid toward the lower
pressure at A, especially in the wall region of slow moving
fluid, thereby causing a secondary flow normal to the pipes
axis. This results in a relatively high loss for an elbow.

V12 p1 V 22 p2
3.81 Refer to Bernoullis equation: + = +
2 2
p A > pB since VA < VB

pC < pD since VC > V D

pB > p D since VD > V B

49