Grammar II Day 2

Adverbs and Adjectives

Ensino de Lngua Inglesa e Novas
Tecnologias - Gramtica II
 There are several types of adverb

Manner: quickly, Frequency: always,

gently, sincerely never, seldom
Place: here, outside, Comment: clearly,
upstairs obviously, naturally
Point in time: Linking: however,
yesterday, tonight so, although
Indefinite time: Degree/intensifier:
already, still, yet very, nearly, really
 Adverb position

Immediately before the adjective or past

participle being qualified
We were deeply disappointed with his performance
Usually after the predicate (verb + object) being
qualified
I love the classic composers very much
 Adverb position

There are 3 main positions in the English

sentence: front, mid and end
Today, we're studying adverbs
We sincerely hope you can make it to the ball
She speaks five languages fluently
 Adverb position

The position changes in accordance with the

type of adverb
Front position: Point in time, Comment, Linking
Tomorrow we're going to Paris
Obviously, I got it wrong
It was raining, so we went back home
 Adverb position

Mid-position: Manner, Indefinite time,

Frequency, Comment
She quickly tidied her room and ran to catch the bus
Sorry, but I still don't understand
I seldom drink tea in the morning
I apparently got it wrong
 Adverb position

End position: Manner, Place, Point in time

She tidied up quickly
They're playing outside
We'll be leaving in the morning
 Adverbs to express completion

They come in mid-position

I have completely forgot about the party
We have almost completed the course
 Adverb order

With more than one adverbial in the end

position, we use the manner, place, time order:
We watched the sun rise slowly and majestically
above the horizon.
I waited for you at home yesterday. Why didn't you
call?
Some adverbs can have a different meaning
when used in a different position
 Sensibly

He (A) discussed the design with

her (B).

A It was wise B In a sensible

way
 Honestly

(B)I don't think the mayor is capable

of answering the questions (A).
(honestly)

A In a honest way B I'm telling

the truth
 Obviously

He (B) realized she wasn't (A) well.

A- Of course she wasn't B- Of course he did

 Kindly

The pilots (B) agreed to speak to the journalists

(A).

A In a kind way B it was kind of them

 Exercise 1: correct or incorrect?

I've already seen the film

You very nearly killed me! What were you
thinking?
I'll naturally pay you back as soon as I get paid
We just sat around at home lazily watching the
day go by.
The team last night played superbly well.
I got a nearly full score on the test.
 Exercise 1: correct forms

I've already seen the film

You very nearly killed me! What were you
thinking?
Naturally, I'll pay you back as soon as I get paid
We just sat around lazily at home watching the
day go by.
The team played superbly well last night.
I nearly got a full score on the test.
 Adverb collocation

There seems to be a semantic link between

adverbs and certain verbs and adjectives, e.g.
deeply is normally used to express intense
feelings:
Deeply regret
Deeply embarrassing
Deeply hurt
 Exercise 2: what's the adverb +
adjective/verb combination in each
sentence?
If we admit something, we feel free to do so.
When we recommend something or someone,
we make high recommendations
Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms
of impact
If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can
take a brisk walk instead of trying the subway
 Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb

If we admit something, we feel free to do so.

FREELY ADMIT
When we recommend something or someone,
we make high recommendations. HIGHLY
RECOMMEND
Any sort of damage is usually severe in terms
of impact. SEVERELY DAMAGED
If you're in a hurry to get to the office, you can
take a brisk walk instead of trying the subway.
BRISKLY WALK
Exercise 2: what's the adverb + adjective
combination in each sentence?
Missing someone is always a sad affair.
Being anxious and desperate at the same
time is not recommended.
When giving an opinion about a controversial
issue, there is no way we can not have strong
feelings about it
Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever;
accept nothing but full coverage
 Exercise 2: adverb + adjective/verb
combination
Missing someone is always a sad affair. SADLY
MISS/SORELY MISS
Being anxious and desperate at the same time is not
recommended. DESPERATELY ANXIOUS
When giving an opinion about a controversial issue,
there is no way we can not have strong feelings about
it. STRONGLY FEEL
Partial insurance is no insurance whatsoever; accept
nothing but full coverage. FULLY INSURED
 Exercise 3: Match a verb on the left with
an adverb on the right
Scream Passionately
Gaze Profusely
Love Longingly
Break something Hysterically
Work Conscientiously
Apologize Deliberately
 Verb + adverb

SCREAM HYSTERICALLY
GAZE LONGINGLY
LOVE PASSIONATELY
BREAK SOMETHING DELIBERATELY
WORK CONSCIENTIOUSLY
APOLOGIZE PROFUSELY
 Adverbs with two forms

One with the ly suffix, one

without. The meanings are not
directly related
We work hard
We hardly recognized her with the
new hairdo.
 Other adverbs with two forms

Easy easily
Late lately
Sure surely
Wrong- wrongly
Most mostly
Wide - widely
 Adverbs with two forms

The first in the pair doubles as an

adjective and adverb
That was an easy test!
Hey take it easy!
You could have easily taken him
down
Is he just going to walk free?
Don't forget to redeem your free
gift
He talked freely about his illegal
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will be

highly unlikely.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

The need for a stiff penalty for late deliveries will be

highly unlikely.
pouco provvel que haja a necessidade de uma
punio mais rgida/rigorosa/severa/pesada por
atrasos nas entregas
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I distinctly remember their saying that it would not

be a problem to meet the deadline.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I distinctly remember their saying that it would not

be a problem to meet the deadline.
Recordo-me claramente/perfeitamente de eles
terem dito que no haveria problema em cumprir
o prazo.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccable

reputation.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

I sincerely hope the company honors its impeccable

reputation.
Espero sinceramente que a empresa honre/faa
jus sua reputao.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

We eagerly await the outcome of next week's board

meeting.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

We eagerly await the outcome of next week's board

meeting.
Esperamos/Aguardamos ansiosamente o
resultado da reunio de diretoria da prxima
semana.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

That no one can accurately predict market trends is

understandable, but I felt the need for more
meticulous planning.
 Exercise 4: Translate to Portuguese

That no one can accurately predict market trends is

understandable, but I felt the need for more
meticulous planning.
compreensvel que ningum possa prever as
tendncias do mercado, mas ficou clara a falta
de planejamento mais detalhado/pormenorizado.
Attitude adverbs and adverbials

3 umbrella categories
 Certainty/Expectation

Astonishingly Obviously
Disturbingly Without a doubt
Inevitably As might be
Naturally expected
Predictably Clearly
Not surprisingly Of course
Undoubtedly
 Evaluation/Importance

Apparently
Disturbingly
Unfortunately
Fortunately
Interestingly
Quite rightly
(Even) More importantly
Significantly
 Generalization

As a general rule
By and large
Typically
Generally speaking
On the whole
 Exercise 5: Rephrase with an adverb

Crime rates have risen in line with unemployment figures. That

doesn't surprise me.
There is a very satisfactory solution to the problem.That's a good
thing.
Technology will cause more problems than it solves, so people
say.
Older people don't adapt so easily to new technology - at least
that's a general rule.
Children often pick up new skills for themselves. That really
interests me.
 Exercise 5: Rephrasing with an adverb

Not surprisingly, crime rates have risen in line with

unemployment figures.
Fortunately, there is a very satisfactory solution to the problem.
Apparently, technology will cause more problems than it solves.
Generally speaking, older people don't adapt so easily to new
technology.
Interestingly, children often pick up new skills for themselves.
 Just

The adverb just has several meanings:

This house is just right for us. (Exactly)
But he's just a boy! (Only)
I've just tried phoning you. (A short time before)
I'm just getting dressed. (Right now)
I just want you to leave right now. I'd just like an egg
for breakfast, please. (Simply, only)
You're just as bad as my father. He can't see a
football match on TV. (Equally, no less)
 Just

As it has several meanings, it can occupy the

three main adverb positions in a sentence :
Just looking at him and you can tell who he looks
like.
Do you think you could just do what I tell you?
In the end we managed to get there before they
closed the doors just. (Spoken English)
 Exercise 6: Add just to the sentences

Italian's as difficult as Spanish.

Leave me alone, will you?
That picture looks right on the wall.
It's started to rain. Do you happen to have an
umbrella?
We've got enough time to get to the airport
I've seen a terrible accident.
Stop talking and eat up!
He wasn't badly hurt. It was a small bruise.
 Sentences with just.

Italian's just as difficult as Spanish.

Just leave me alone, will you?
That picture looks just right on the wall.
It's just starting to rain. Do you happen to have an umbrella?
We've got just enough time to get to the airport
I've just seen a terrible accident.
Just stop talking and eat up!
He wasn't badly hurt. It was just a small bruise.
 Intensifying adverbs

In most of these combinations, however, there

seems to be no specific reason for their
collocation
Totally Agree
Absolutely
Quite
Totally Disagree
Completely Understand
Fully
Perfectly
Seriously Believe
Sincerely
Completely Forget
Strongly Disapprove
Entirely Depend
Really Like
Thoroughly Enjoy
Greatly Appreciate
 Intensifying adverbs

The type of adverb depends on the

type of adjective with which it
might combine:
With gradable adjectives: very,
awfully, rather, extremely,
terribly, fairly, really, pretty,
quite
With limit adjectives: absolutely,
completely, utterly, totally,
Weak Limit Extreme 1 Extreme 2

Irritated Angry Furious Livid

Significant Important Essential Vital

Content Happy Delighted Ecstatic

Pretty Beautiful Gorgeous Stunning

Sizeable Big Enormous Gigantic

 Intensifying adverbs

In general, the native speaker does not make

the following combinations:
totally essential, entirely determined, completely
furious
Combinations that are (no-brainers) always
possible:
Very + gradable adjectives e.g. very happy/tired/big
Absolutely + limit adjectives e.g. absolutely
enormous/delicious/delighted
Really + gradable and limit adjectives e.g. really
angry/surprised/amazed
 Exercise 7: Complete the following
paragraph with an appropriate adverb
I feel I must write to you on the following matter.
I . believe that there is far too much
sport of all kinds shown on LTC television today.
I .. disapprove of the non-stop coverage,
of football, golf, and cricket on all your channels.
I .. admit sport plays a major role in our
society, but this is unacceptable. Sundays are
already .. taken up by sport. I
.. hope you will listen to those who are
not sports fanatics and provide some alternative
entertainment.
 Exercise 7: Completing the paragraph
with an appropriate adverb
I feel I must write to you on the following matter. I
SINCERELY/FREELY believe that there is far too much
sport of all kinds shown on LTC television today. I
STRONGLY/FULLY disapprove of the non-stop
coverage, of football, golf, and cricket on all your
channels. I FREELY/REALLY admit sport plays a major
role in our society, but this is unacceptable. Sundays
are already ENTIRELY/COMPLETELY taken up by
sport. I REALLY/SINCERELY hope you will listen to
those who are not sports fanatics and provide some
alternative entertainment.
 The adverb Quite

The meaning of quite is

phonologically determined, i.e.
based on stress
With gradable adjectives and
stress on quite = Ok, but not as
good as I expected: The restaurant
was quite good. (But, in fact, I
wouldn't go back)
 The adverb Quite

With gradable adjectives and with

stress on the adjective = It was
better than I expected: The film
was quite good. (You'll really like it)
With a limit adjetive and stress on
both words = up to the top (with
exaggerated rising intonation): Are
you quite sure? Quite sure!
 Adverbial clauses

He went to party dressed as a

monkey.
Opening his suitcase, he took out
a revolver.
Released from its cage, the lion
prowled around.
Having finished lunch, we set off.
 Adverbial clauses

Being a mean person, he never

spent more time than he had to.
Weakened by years of bad health,
she could hardly sit up in bed.
It rained every day for two weeks,
completely ruining our holiday.
Taken regularly, aspirin can
reduce the risk of a stroke.
 Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence,
Reason, Condition, Sequence
Living in London, I appreciate the pros and cons of city
life.
He cut himself opening a can of sardines.
Having read the minutes of the meeting, I wrote my
university final paper.
Having read the minutes of the meeting, I understood
the problems.
 Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence,
Reason, Condition, Sequence
Living in London, I appreciate the pros and cons of city
life. [Simultaneity/Reason ]
He cut himself opening a can of sardines. [
Simultaneity ]
Having read the minutes of the meeting, I wrote my
university final paper. [ Sequence ]
Having read the minutes of the meeting, I understood
the problems. [ Consequence/Reason]
 Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence,
Reason, Condition, Sequence
Cooked in a white wine sauce, rabbit meat can be
succulent.
Knowing my love of chocolate, she hid it in the top
cupboard.
Wrested from his parents' arms as a child, he's always
had difficulty establishing relationships.
Browsing in the neighborhood newsstand, I came
across this great book on computing skills.
 Exercise 8: Simultaneity, Consequence,
Reason, Condition, Sequence
Cooked in a white wine sauce, rabbit meat can be
succulent. [Condition]
Knowing my love of chocolate, she hid it in the top
cupboard. [ Reason]
Wrested from his parents' arms as a child, he's always
had difficulty establishing relationships.
[Reason/Consequence]
Browsing in the neighborhood newsstand, I came
across this great book on computing skills.
[Simultaneity]
 Adjectives

Attributive

Predicative

Postpositive
 Difference in meaning

The treasurer was present at the last board meeting

The present treasurer had trouble getting the accounts in order
Robin Harris was late
The late Robin Harris was a honorary member of the association
Too many people in the world are still poor
What will become of those poor people who have lost their
homes due to the landslides?
 Exercise 9: Translate the sentences

Great men are not always wise.

Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways.
A good name is priceless.
We should be reasonable irrespective of the
circumstances
The sword is quick and powerful.
The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination.
The sky grew dark as the storm approached.
His trumpet sounds squeaky.
This is shoddy. Isn't it poor?
The hamburger tasted greasy.
 Exercise 9: Answers

Great men are not always wise.

(Os) grandes homens nem sempre so sbios.
Peter and Paul were faithful in many ways.
Peter e Paul se mostraram fiis de diversas formas.
A good name is priceless.
Um bom nome no tem preo.
We should be reasonable irrespective of the circumstances
Devemos ser razoveis independentemente/apesar das
circunstncias.
The sword is quick and powerful.
A espada gil e poderosa.
 Exercise 9: Answers

The rich man is wealthy beyond imagination.

A riqueza daquele homem imensurvel/inimaginvel
The sky grew dark as the storm approached.
O ceu escurecia medida que a tempestade se
aproximava.
His trumpet sounds squeaky.
Seu trompete soa estridente/Seu trompete est com um
som esganiado.
This is shoddy. Isn't it poor?
Isto uma porcaria/Isto no presta, no / mesmo?
The hamburger tasted greasy.
O hamburguer estava gorduroso.
 OPINION

FACTUAL

SIZE

AGE/TEMPERATURE

SHAPE

COLOR/PATTERN

ORIGIN

MATERIAL

PURPOSE/TYPE
Its a rose. (sweet-smelling; exquisite; apricot-
colored)
Its a rose. (sweet-smelling; exquisite; apricot-
colored)

Its an exquisite sweet-smelling apricot-colored

rose.
Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny;
tight-fitting)
Shes wearing trousers. (leather; black, shiny;
tight-fitting)

Shes wearing shiny tight-fitting black leather

trousers.
I met a student. (young; trendy; art;
Venezuelan)
 I met a student. (young; trendy; art;
Venezuelan)

I met a trendy young Venezuelan art student.

We drove out of the city to see some cottages.
(thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)
We drove out of the city to see some houses.
(thatched; old; beautiful; two-storey)

We drove out of the city to see some beautiful old

thatched two-storey houses.
Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to
English

Delicioso po integral caseiro.

Uma simptica idosa escocesa.
Uma linda camisa de seda listrada
em vermelho e branco.
Um lindo menino gorducho e
agitado.
Uma graciosa sala de estar
iluminada e arejada com p-direito
alto.
 Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to
English
Delicioso po integral caseiro.
Delicious homemade whole meal/whole wheat bread
Uma simptica idosa escocesa.
A friendly elderly Scottish lady.
Uma linda camisa de seda listrada em vermelho e
branco.
A beautiful red-and-white-striped silk shirt
Um lindo menino gorducho e agitado.
A handsome chubby restless boy
Uma graciosa sala de estar iluminada e arejada com
p-direito alto.
A gracious/charming airy high-ceilinged illuminated living room
Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to
English

Um inestimvel quadro
impressionista do sculo XIX.
Um velho e sujo banquinho
metlico de jardim.
Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana.
Uma encantadora casa de campo
caiada.
Uma pequena copa em forma de
L.
 Exercise 11: Translate the sentences to
English
Um inestimvel quadro impressionista do sculo XIX.
A priceless 19th century Impressionist painting
Um velho e sujo banquinho metlico de jardim.
A dirty old metallic garden stool/bench
Uma linda escrivaninha vitoriana.
A beautiful Victorian desk/bureau
Uma encantadora casa de campo caiada.
A lovely/delightful whitewashed country house/cottage
Uma pequena copa em forma de L.
A small L-shaped eat-in kitchen
 Defining or Non-defining relative clauses

Which gives essential information? - D

Which is separated by commas? - N
In which do we use that? - D
In which can the relative pronoun be omitted? - D
 Examples

Chocolate is something (that) nearly everyone likes - D

People that smoke normally damage their health - D
Tortilla, which is made from eggs and potatoes, is a typical
Spanish dish - N
Toby, whose job is difficult, spends his weekends relaxing - N
 Exercise 10: Find and correct the errors

My mother who's a doctor works in a maternity hospital

Ligaments join bones in the human body are made of strong tissue
Do you know anyone I can ask about this?
The pharmacist gave me this medicine said it would help
Distance running is a sport that requires no special equipment
Dr. James, that has written several books on the subject, is a dietician
 Exercise 10: Answers

My mother, who's a doctor, works in a maternity hospital

Ligaments, which join bones in the human body are made of strong tissue
Do you know anyone I can ask about this?
The pharmacist who gave me this medicine said it would help
Distance running is a sport that requires no special equipment
Dr. James, who has written several books on the subject, is a dietician