4/29/2017 GlobalLawandRegulation

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Accountancy
THEINDIANEVIDENCEACT,1872 AdministrativeLaw
Admiralty
AgriculturalLaw
AnimalLaw
AntiTrust&TradeRegulation
51.Opiniononrelationship,whenrelevant Arbitration&DisputeResolution
AuditLaw
AviationLaw
BankingLaw
BankruptcyLaw
BusinessServices
50.Opiniononrelationship,whenrelevantWhentheCourthastoformanopinionastothe CivilProcedure
relationshipofonepersontoanother,theopinionexpressedbyconduct,astotheexistenceof Commercial&Contracts
CommercialLaw
suchrelationship,ofanypersonwho,asamemberofthefamilyorotherwise,hasspecialmeans ConflictofLaws
Constitution
ofknowledgeonthesubjectisarelevantfact.Providedthatsuchopinionshallnotbesufficientto Construction
proveamarriageinproceedingsundertheIndianDivorceAct(IVof1869),orinprosecutions ConsumerIssues
CopyrightLaw
underSections494,495,497or498oftheIndianPenalCode(XIVof1860).Illustrations CorporationsAndAssociations
CriminalLaw
CriminalProcedure
(a)ThequestioniswhetherAanBweremarried.TheFactthattheywereusuallyreceivedand CustomsLaw
CyberLaw
treatedbytheirfriendsashusbandandwife,isrelevant.(b)ThequestioniswhetherAwasthe Ecommerce
Education&Libraries&Museums
legitimatesonofB.ThefactthatAwasalwaystreatedassuchbymembersofthefamily,is ElderLaw
relevant. EnergyLaw
EntertainmentLaw&SportsLaw
EntryExitInspectionandQuarantine
EnvironmentalOthers
Evidence
FamilyLaw
52.Groundsofopinion,whenrelevant FinancialOthers
Fish&Game
ForestLaw
GamingLaw
GovernmentBenefits
51.GroundsofopinionwhenrelevantWhenevertheopinionofanylivingpersonisrelevant,the HealthLaw
HighwaysandFerries
groundsonwhichsuchopinionisbasedarealsorelevant.IllustrationAnexpertmaygiveanaccountof HousingLaw
experimentsperformedbyhimforthepurposeofforminghisopinion. HumanRecourses
ImmigrationLaw
InformationTechnologyLaw
InjuryandTortLaw
InsuranceLaw
InternationalLaw
53.Incivilcases,charactertoproveconductimputedirrelevant
InternationalTrade
Internet
JudgesandtheJudiciary
JuvenileLaw
LaborandEmployment
52.IncivilcasescharactertoproveconductimputedirrelevantIncivilcases,thefactthatthecharacter LandLaw
ofanypersonconcernedissuchastorenderprobableorimprobablyanyconductimputedtohim,is Landlord&TenantLaw
Legislature
irrelevantexceptinsofarassuchcharacterappearsfromfactsotherwiserelevant. Livestock
Manufacturing
MedicalMalpractice

Mergers&Acquisition
MilitaryJustice
54.Incriminalcases,previousgoodcharacterrelevant MunicipalLaw
NationalityLaw
PatentLaw
Pension&Retirement
PlantsLaw
53.Incriminalcases,previousgoodcharacterrelevantIncriminalproceedingsthefactthattheperson PrivacyLaw
ProbationLaw
accusedisofgoodcharacter,isrelevant. ProductsLiability
PropertyLaw
PublicUtilities
Railway
RealProperty
55.Previousbadcharacternotrelevant,exceptinreply Religion
RetailLaw
SaftyLaw
Securities
Tax
54.PreviousbadcharacternotrelevantexceptinreplyIncriminalproceedingsthefactthattheaccused TrademarkLaw
TransportationLaw
personhadabadcharacterisirrelevant,unlessevidencehasbeengiventhathehasacharacterinwhich TravilLaw
Trusts&Estates
caseitbecomesrelevant.Explanation1.Thissectiondoesnotapplytocasesinwhichthebadcharacter
VeteransLaw
Welfare&SocialServicesand
Institutions

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ofanypersonisitselfafactinissue.Explanation2.Apreviousconvictionisrelevantasevidenceofbad Wills
WorkersCompensation
character.

56.Characterasaffectingdamages
email

55.CharacterasaffectingdamagesIncivilcases,thefactthatthecharacterofanypersonissuchasto
affecttheamountofdamageswhichheoughttoreceiveisrelevant.ExplanationInSection52,53,54and
55,theword"character"includesbothreputationanddispositionbutexceptasprovidedinSection54,
evidencemaybegivenonlyageneralreputationandgeneraldispositionandnotofparticularactsbywhich
reputationordispositionwasshown.

PARTIIONPROOF

CHAPTERIIIFactswhichneednotbeproved

57.Factsjudiciallynoticeableneednotbeproved

56.FactjudiciallynoticeableneednotbeprovedNofactofwhichtheCourtwilltakejudicial
noticeneedbeproved.

58.FactsofwhichCourtmusttakejudicialnotice

57.FactsofwhichCourtmusttakejudicialnoticeTheCourtshalltakejudicialnoticeofthe
followingfacts

1.AlllawsinforceintheterritoryofIndia

2.AllpublicActspassedorhereaftertobepassedbyParliamentofUnitedKingdom,andalllocal
andpersonalActsdirectedbyParliamentoftheUnitedKingdomtobejudiciallynoticed

3.ArticlesofWarfortheIndianArmy,NavyofAirforce

4.ThecourseofproceedingofparliamentoftheUnitedKingdom,oftheConstituentAssemblyof
India,ofParliamentandoftheLegislatureestablishedunderanylawforthetimebeinginforcein
ProvinceorintheStates

5.TheaccessionandthesignmanualoftheSovereignforthetimebeingoftheUnitedKingdom
ofGreatBritainandIreland

6.AllsealsofwhichEnglishCourtstakejudicialnoticethesealsofalltheCourtsinIndiaandof
allCourtsoutofIndiaestablishedbytheauthorityoftheCentralGovernmentortheCrown
representativethesealsoffCourtofAdmiraltyandMaritimejurisdictionandofNotariesPublic
andallsealswhichanypersonisauthorizedtousebytheConstitutionoranActofParliamentof
theUnitedKingdomoranActorRegulationhavingtheforceoflawinIndia

7.Theaccessiontooffice,names,titles,functionsandsignaturesofthepersonsfillingforthe
timebeinganypublicofficeinanystate,ifthefactoftheirappointmenttosuchofficeisnotifiedin
anyofficialGazette

8.Theexistence,titleandnationalflagofeveryStateorSovereignrecognizedbythe
GovernmentofIndia

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9.Thedivisionsoftime,thegeographicaldivisionsoftheworld,andpublicfestivals,factsand
holidaysnotifiedintheOfficialGazette

10.TheterritoriesunderthedominionoftheGovernmentofIndia

11.Thecommencement,continuanceandterminationofhostilitiesbetweentheGovernmentof
IndiaandanyotherStateorbodyofpersons

12.ThenamesofthemembersandofficersoftheCourt,andoftheirdeputiesandsubordinate
officersandassistantsandalsoofallofficersactinginexecutionofitsprocess,andofall
advocates,attorneys,proctors,vakils,pleadersandotherpersonsauthorizedbylawtoappearor
actbeforeit

13.Theruleoftheroadonladoratsea.

Inallthesecases,andalsoonallmattersofpublichistory,literature,scienceorart,theCourtmay
reportforitsaidtoappropriatebooksordocumentsofreference.IftheCourtiscalleduponby
anypersontotakejudicialnoticeofanyfactitmayrefusetodosounlessanduntilsuchperson
producesanysuchbookordocumentasitmayconsidernecessarytoenableittodoso.

59.Factsadmittedneednotbeproved

58.FactsadmittedneednotbeprovedNofactneedbeprovedinanyproceeding,whichtheparties
theretoortheiragentsagreetoadmitatthehearing,orwhich,beforethehearing,theyagreetoadmitby
anywritingundertheirhandsorwhichbyanyruleofpleadinginforceatthetimetheyaredeemedtohave
admittedbytheirpleadingsProvidedthattheCourtmay,initsdiscretion,requirethefactsadmittedtobe
provedotherwisethanbysuchadmission.

CHAPTERIVOforalevidence

60.Proofoffactsbyoralevidence

59.ProofoffactsbyoralevidenceAllfacts,exceptthecontentsofdocuments,maybeprovedbyoral
evidence.

61.Oralevidencemustbedirect

60.OralevidencemustbedirectOralevidencemust,inallcases,whatever,bedirectthatistosayIfit
referstoafactwhichcouldbeseen,itmustbetheevidenceofawitnesswhosayshehearditIfitrefers
toafactwhichcouldbeheard,itmustbetheevidenceofawitnesswhosayshehearditIfitreferstoa
factwhichcouldbeperceivedbyanyothersenseorinanyothermanner,itmustbetheevidenceofa
witnesswhosaysheperceiveditbythatsenseorinthatmannerIfitreferstoanopinionsortothe
groundsinwhichthatopinionisheld,itmustbetheevidenceofthepersonwhoholdsthatopiniononthose
groundsProvidedthattheopinionofexpertsexpressedinanytreatisecommonlyofferedforsale,andthe
groundsonwhichsuchopinionsareheld,maybeprovedbytheproductionofsuchtreatiseiftheauthoris
deadorcannotbefoundorhasbecomeincapableofgivingevidenceorcannotbecalledasawitness
withoutanamountofdelayorexpensewhichtheCourtregardsasunreasonable.Providedalsothat,iforal
evidencereferstotheexistenceorconditionofanymaterialthingotherthanadocument,theCourtmay,if
itthinksfit,requiretheproductionofsuchmaterialthingforitsinspection.

CHAPTERVOfdocumentaryevidence

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62.Proofofcontentsofdocuments

61.ProofofcontentsofdocumentsThecontentsofdocumentsmaybeprovedeitherbyprimaryorby
secondaryevidence.

63.Primaryevidence

62.PrimaryevidencePrimaryevidencemeansthedocumentitselfproducedfortheinspectionofthe
Court.Explanation1.Whereadocumentisexecutedinseveralparts,eachpartisprimaryevidenceof
thedocument.Whereadocumentisexecutedincounterparts,eachcounterpartbeingexecutedbyoneor
someofthepartiesonly,eachcounterpartisprimaryevidenceasagainstthepartiesexecutingit.
Explanation2.Whereanumberofdocumentsareallmadebyoneuniformprocess,asinthecaseof
printing,lithographyorphotography,eachisprimaryevidenceofthecontentsoftherestbut,wherethey
areallcopiesofacommonoriginal,theyarenotprimaryevidenceofthecontentsoftheoriginal.
Illustration

Apersonisshowntohavebeeninpossessionofanumberofplacards,allprintedatonetimefromone
original.Anyoneoftheplacardsisprimaryevidenceofthecontentsofanyother,butnooneofthemis
primaryevidenceofthecontentsoftheoriginal.

64.Secondaryevidence

63.SecondaryEvidenceSecondaryevidencemeansandincludes.

1.Certifiedcopiesgivenundertheprovisionshereinaftercontained

2.Copiesmadefromtheoriginalbymechanicalprocesseswhichinthemselvesinsuretheaccuracyofthe
copyandcopiescomparedwithsuchcopies

3.Copiesmadefromorcomparedwiththeoriginal

4.Counterpartsofdocumentsasagainstthepartieswhodidnotexecutethem

5.Oralaccountsofthecontentsofadocumentgivenbysomepersonwhohashimselfseenit.

Illustrations(a)Aphotographofanoriginalissecondaryevidenceofitscontents,thoughthetwohavenot
beencompared,ifitisprovedthatthethingphotographedwastheoriginal.(b)Acopycomparedwitha
copyofalettermadebycopyingmachineissecondaryevidenceofthecontentsoftheletter,ifitisshown
thatthecopymadebythecopyingmachinewasmadefromtheoriginal.(c)Acopytranscribedfroma
copy,butafterwardscomparedwiththeoriginal,issecondaryevidence,butthecopynotsocomparedis
notsecondaryevidenceoftheoriginal,althoughthecopyfromwhichitwastranscribedwascomparedwith
theoriginal.(d)Neitheranoralaccountofacopycomparedwiththeoriginal,noranoralaccountofaphoto
graphormachinecopyoftheoriginal,issecondaryevidenceoftheoriginal.

65.Proofofdocumentsbyprimaryevidence

64.ProofofdocumentsbyprimaryevidenceDocumentsmustbeprovedbyprimaryevidenceexceptin
thecaseshereinaftermentioned.

66.Casesinwhichsecondaryevidencerelatingtodocumentsmaybegiven

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65.CasesinwhichsecondaryevidencerelatingtodocumentsmaybegivenSecondaryevidencemaybe
givenoftheexistence,conditionorcontentsofadocumentinthefollowingcases:(a)Whentheoriginalis
shownorappearstobeinthepossessionorpowerofthepersonagainstwhomthedocumentissoughtto
beproved,orofanypersonoutofreachof,ornotsubjectto,theprocessoftheCourt,orofanyperson
legallyboundtoproduceit,andwhen,afterthenoticementionedinSection66,suchpersondoesnot
produceit(b)Whentheexistence,conditionorcontentsoftheoriginalhavebeenprovedtobeadmittedin
writingbythepersonagainstwhomitisprovedorbyhisrepresentativeininterest(c)Whentheoriginal
hasbeendestroyedorlost,orwhenthepartyofferingevidenceofitscontentscannot,foranyotherreason
notarisingfromhisowndefaultorneglect,produceitinreasonabletime(d)Whentheoriginalisofsucha
natureasnottobeeasilymovable(e)Whentheoriginalisapublicdocumentwithinthemeaningof
Section74(f)WhentheoriginalisadocumentofwhichacertifiedcopyispermittedbythisAct,orbyany
otherlawinforceinIndiatobegiveninevidence(g)Whentheoriginalsconsistofnumerousaccountsor
otherdocumentswhichcannotconvenientlybeexaminedinCourt,andthefacttobeprovedisthegeneral
resultofthewholecollections.Incases(a),(c)and(d),anysecondaryevidenceofthecontentsofthe
documentsisadmissible.Incase(b),thewrittenadmissionisadmissible.Incase(e)or(f),acertified
copyofthedocument,butnootherkindofsecondaryevidence,isadmissible.Incase(g),evidencemay
begivenastothegeneralresultofthedocumentsbyanypersonwhohasexaminedthem,andwhois
skilledintheexaminationofsuchdocuments.

67.Rulesastonoticetoproduce

66.RulesastonoticetoproduceSecondaryevidenceofthecontentsofthedocumentsreferredtoin
Section65,Clause(a),shallnotbegivenunlessthepartyproposingtogivesuchsecondaryevidencehas
previouslygiventothepartyinwhosepossessionorpowerthedocumentis,ortohisattorneyorpleader
suchnoticetoproduceitasisprescribedbylawandifnonoticeisprescribedbylaw,thensuchnoticeas
theCourtconsidersreasonableunderthecircumstancesofthecaseProvidedthatsuchnoticeshallnot
berequiredinordertorendersecondaryevidenceadmissibleinanyofthefollowingcases,orinanyother
caseinwhichtheCourtthinksfittodispensewithit:

1.Whenthedocumenttobeprovedisitselfanotice

2.Whenfromthenatureofthecase,theadversepartymustknowthathewillberequiredtoproduceit

3.Whenitappearsorisprovedthattheadversepartyhasobtainedpossessionoftheoriginalbyfraudor
force

4.WhentheadversepartyorhisagenthastheoriginalinCourt

5.Whentheadversepartyorhisagenthasadmittedthelossofthedocument

6.Whenthepersoninpossessionofthedocumentisoutofreach,ornotsubjectto,theeprocessofthe
Court.

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