Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 203209

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Impacts of water content on rheological properties

and performance-related behaviors of foamed warm-mix asphalt
Xin Yu a, Yuhong Wang a,, Yilin Luo a,b
a
College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
b
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

h i g h l i g h t s

 Unmodied and SBS modied asphalt binders respond differently to foaming as well as the amount of water used for foaming.
 Unmodied binder performs better in rutting with 1% of foaming water while modied one performs better with 3% of water.
 Unmodied binder performs better in low temperature with 1% of water while modied one performs better with 3% of water.
 1% of water reduces unmodied binders temperature sensitivity (TS) but foaming increases the TS of modied binder.
 Unmodied binder performs better in fatigue with 1% of water while modied one performs better with 23% of water.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: It has been shown from existing studies that foamed Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) can effectively improve
Received 9 January 2013 the workability of asphalt mixtures at relatively low temperature. However, there is limited research into
Received in revised form 5 June 2013 the inuence of the amount of water used to foam WMA on the rheological properties and performance-
Accepted 10 June 2013
related characteristics of the foamed asphalt. In this study, different amount of water was used to foam
Available online 29 July 2013
non-modied and styrenebutadienestyrene triblock copolymer (SBS) modied bitumen to create
foamed bitumen specimens. They were subsequently tested for high temperature performance, low tem-
Keywords:
perature performance, temperature sensitivity, and fatigue resistance properties. Test results indicate
Foamed warm mix asphalt
Water content
that water content in the foamed asphalt has signicant impacts on its various properties and there is
Rutting an interactive effect between asphalt type and water content. In general, it appears that better results
Cracking can be achieved if one per cent of water is used to foam the unmodied asphalt, and three per cent of
Low temperature performance water is used to foam the modied asphalt. The ndings may assist controlling experimental variations
and improving foamed WMA production.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction can be foamed under appropriate conditions [6], although it was

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), produced at a temperature lower
than that required for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), has gained much
popularity around the world due to its energy saving and other
environmentally friendly features. Several types of technologies
have been developed to produce WMA, including the use of foam-
ing additives such as Aspha-min , Advera , and WAM-FOAM ; or-
ganic additives such as Sasobit and Asphaltan B; chemical
packages such as Evotherm ; and surfactants such as Cecabase
RT [14]. Compared to these WMA technologies, foamed WMA
by water does not require the use of chemical additives. This
makes it less expensive to produce in many places of the world,
even after factoring in one-time plant modication cost [5]. An
early study by Castedo-Franco et al. suggests that any asphalt
Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 2766 4489.
E-mail address: ceyhwang@polyu.edu.hk (Y. Wang).
later reported by Kendall et al. that silicones in some asphalt pro-
duced in Australia inhibits its foaming potential [7].
A large number of laboratory and eld studies have been per-
formed to characterize the properties and performance of foamed
WMA mixtures. A study conducted by Middleton and Forfylow
suggests that the use of foamed WMA can result in 10% reduction
in CO, CO2 and NOx emissions and 24% reduction in energy con-
sumption, and in the meantime, rutting and moisture susceptibly
performance remains the same as the conventional HMA [8]. Pu-
nith et al. found that the indirect tensile strength (ITS) of foamed
WMA mixture is much lower than those of the conventional mix-
tures, but the ITS increases after long-term aging [9]. Xiao et al.
found that the aggregate source signicantly affects the ITS and
rutting resistance of foamed WMA mixture, regardless of the added
water content for foaming and aggregate moisture content [10].
Shu et al. evaluated the performance of plant-produced, foamed
WMA mixture containing high percentages of recycled asphalt

0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.018
204 X. Yu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 203209

pavement (RAP). The research results indicate that the foamed Table 2
WMA with RAP is expected to perform as well as HMA in terms Properties of asphalt binders used in this study.

of moisture susceptibility [11]. Shen et al. evaluated the perfor- Properties Types of asphalt binder
mance of HMA and WMA mixes from eld extracted samples Unmodied bitumen SBS modied asphalt
and concluded that the foamed WMAs fatigue resistance is compa-
Requirements Test Requirements Test
rable to that of the HMA control mixes, while its resistance to rut- results results
ting is reduced [12]. As can be seen from the existing literature,
Penetration (25 C,100 g, 6080 62.7 5070 53.6
although the experience of using foamed WMA is generally posi- 5 s)/0.1 mm
tive, there are some inconsistent conclusions on certain aspects Penetration index PI 60 1.1 60 0.23
of WMA performance. Ductility ((15 C, 5 cm/min)/cm P40 >100 P25 34.3
A further literature review suggests that the application rate of Softening point (TR&B)/C P46 47.2 P65 68.7
Density (15 C)/(g/cm3) N.A. 1.034 N.A. 1.037
water used to foam asphalt binder varies greatly in existing studies
Solubility P99.5 99.9 P99 99.7
and practices. As shown in the examples in Table 1, water added in (trichloroethylene)/(%)
those studies ranges from 1% to 5%. Existing studies also suggest After RTFOT (163 C,
that water content affects the expansion ratio and half-life (time 85 min)
lapse between which the foamed binder shrinks from its maximum Mass loss/(%) 60.8 0.3 61 0.5
Penetration ratio (25 C)/(%) P58 78 P65 69.1
volume to half of the maximum volume) of the foamed binder Ductility (5 cm/min 5 C)/(cm) P15 39 P20 20.5
[17,18]. Under the same production condition, the amount of resid- PG grade PG64-22 PG70-22
ual water in the foamed asphalt may also be different. Its effect on
the behavior of asphalt binder remains unknown.
As there is currently no guidance on the application rate of
foaming water, two questions are raised: (1) if the variation in temperature for rutting potential; creep stiffness and m value in the Bending
foaming water content affects the binder and mixture properties, Beam Rheometer (BBR) tests were used to characterize their low temperature prop-
erties; logarithms of shear storage and loss moduli at different temperatures were
(2) if there exists a foaming water content at which better engi-
chosen to evaluate temperature sensitivity; and ultimate fatigue temperature based
neering properties of the foamed asphalt binder can be achieved. on the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test was selected to characterize fatigue
The answer to the second question would also have practical val- resistance. Fig. 1 summarizes the test and evaluation methods used in this study.
ues. The aim of the study, as presented in this paper, is to answer Three replicate tests were conducted for each experiment.
these two fundamental questions. In this study, StyreneButadi-
2.2.1. Zero shear viscosity of non-foamed and foamed asphalt
eneStyrene (SBS) polymer modied and unmodied asphalt bind-
Zero shear viscosity (ZSV) is considered to be one of the most fundamental indi-
ers were foamed under various water contents and subsequently cators for rutting potential of asphalt binders at relatively high service temperature
tested for high temperature performance for rutting potential, (60 C) [21]. Existing studies suggest that the ZSV values of unmodied binders can
low temperature performance for thermal cracking potential, tem- be obtained by extrapolating the plots of the frequency sweep tests, while the ZSV
perature sensitivity, and fatigue resistance properties. It is antici- values of polymer modied binders cannot be obtained from frequency sweep tests
because the frequency is not sufciently low [22]. Anderson et al. proposed that the
pated that the research results will benet the engineering ZSV values of modied binders can be determined indirectly from the creep recovery
practices of using foaming technology to produce WMA. tests [21]. Hence, in this study, the ZSV values of unmodied binders were obtained
from the frequency sweep tests, while the ZSV values of foamed SBS modied bind-
2. Material preparation and research methodology ers were derived based on the creep recovery tests using Burgers model. In addition,
existing studies suggest that, for the Newtonian liquid region, stress for the creep
2.1. Material preparation test should be no more than 30 Pa [23]. Therefore, stress for the creep recovery test
was kept at 25 Pa and the test temperature was set at 60 C. The creep and creep
This study used unmodied bitumen and SBS modied asphalt produced in recovery times were chosen at 16.4 min and one hour, respectively.
Jiangsu Province, China for the generation of foamed asphalt binders and subse-
quent testing. Table 2 summarizes the various properties of the asphalt binders, 2.2.2. Low temperature properties of non-foamed and foamed asphalt

tested in accordance to the Superpave mix design specications and the Chinese The foamed and non-foamed, unaged asphalt binders were also evaluated for
standard JTJ 052-2000 [19,20]. low temperature performance by using the bending-beam rheometer (BBR) test.
A Wirtgen WLB10 laboratory plant was used to create foamed asphalt, with or- In the test, the creep stiffness and m-values of the binders at 12 C, 18 C,
dinary tap water used as the foaming agent. Foamed WMA with 1%, 2%, and 3% of 24 C were determined and compared.
water by mass of asphalt binder was prepared and then used in the tests. For
unmodied asphalt binder, the foaming temperature was 150 C for asphalt and
2.2.3. Temperature sensitivity of non-foamed and foamed asphalt
30 C for water, while for SBS modied asphalt, the foaming temperature was
Temperature sensitivity is closely related to the performance of asphalt binder.
170 C for asphalt and 30 C for water. Although the amount of water added to
There are several evaluation criteria for temperature sensitivity of asphalt binder,
the asphalt binder was carefully controlled, the amount left after the foaming pro-
including penetration index (PI), penetration-viscosity number (PVN), viscosity-
cess was unknown.
temperature susceptibility (VTS), modulus temperature susceptibility (GTS), etc.
In this study, both the shear storage modulus (Eq. (1)) and loss modulus (Eq. (2))
2.2. Test and evaluation methods of the foamed asphalt binders at various temperatures were assessed, and regres-
sion equations were developed to depict the relationships between the logarithms
The experiment was designed to evaluate the rheological properties and aging of the shear storage and loss moduli and temperatures.
behaviors of foamed WMA created at different water contents. Zero shear viscosity
(ZSV) was chosen to characterize the behavior of asphalt binders at relatively high G0 G  cos d 1

G00 G  sin d 2
Table 1
Percent of foaming water by mass of asphalt binder reported in existing literature. Shear storage modulus measures the elastic portion of an asphalt binder while
shear loss modulus measures its viscous portion [2426]. Slopes of the linear
Percent of foaming water Existing literature regression equations were used to assess the foamed binders temperature
sensitivity.
15% Button et al. [13]
1.5% Prowell and Hurley [14]
<2% Thompson [15] 2.2.4. Fatigue characteristics of non-foamed and foamed asphalt
25% Middleton and Forfylow [8] Foamed asphalt binders prepared with different water content were articially
2%, 3%, 4% Xiao et al. [10] aged in rolling thin lm oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) to simulate both
4% Fu et al. [16] short-term and long-term aging. During the experiments, water bubbles were ob-
served in reheating the specimens after RTFO, indicating that the aging process
 X. Yu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 203209 205

Unmodified asphalt bitumen SBS modified asphalt

Added Water Added Water

1% 2% 3% 1% 2% 3%

High temperature properties Zero shear viscosity

Unaged binders Low temperature properties Stiffness and m value

Temperature sensitivity Shear storage and loss

moduli at different
RTFOT (163 for 85 min) temperatures

PAV (90 for 20 h) Aging properties Ultimate fatigue temperature

Fig. 1. Flow chart of the experiment procedures.

480 Table 3
0% 1% 2% 3% ZSV values of foamed unmodied bitumen.

420 Foamed unmodied bitumen Zero shear viscosity (Pa s)

Viscosity (pas)

Water content 0% 259.4

1% 403.5
360 2% 320.9
3% 297.3
300
From Fig. 2 and Table 3, it can be seen that there is a signicant
240 jump of ZSV value after 1% of water is added to the unmodied
bitumen. However, as more water is added, the ZSV values are
180 gradually reduced, but they are still higher than that of the non-
0.1 1 10 100 foamed binder. Therefore, foaming WMA binder, especially at dos-
Frequency (Hz) age of 1% by mass, appears to improve the rutting performance of
unmodied binder.
Fig. 2. Viscosities obtained from frequency sweep tests of non-foamed and foamed
The results of creep and creep recovery tests of foamed SBS
unmodied bitumen.
modied asphalt with different water contents are showed in
Fig. 3 and Table 4, respectively. The ZSV values in Table 4 are de-
may not totally drive the residual water out. The residual water may contribute to the rived from tting the Burgers model based on the recovery phase
property changes of the foamed specimens. The factor Gsin d after PAV is commonly of the creep recovery tests. The difference between the ZSV values
believed to indicate the fatigue resistance of asphalt binder [19]. In this study, Gsin d
obtained from the creep phase and creep recovery phase are within
values were measured by 5 C increment from 10 C to 50 C, and statistical regres-
sions were conducted to model the relationship between the logarithm of Gsin d val- 12%, which is acceptable based on the protocol proposed by Des-
ues and temperatures. The ultimate failure temperature at 5.0 MPa threshold was mazes et al. [27].
obtained from the regression equations and used for assessing fatigue potential. A From Fig. 3 and Table 4, it can be seen that the ZSV values of the
lower failure temperature indicates better fatigue resistance of the binder. foamed SBS modied asphalt are quite sensitive to water content.
The ZSV of the foamed modied binders reaches to the highest
3. Analysis of test results value at a water content of 3%. However, the addition of 1% water
causes a drop in ZSV value comparing to the non-foamed binder.
3.1. High temperature properties indicated by zero shear viscosity The test results imply that there exists a compound effect between
(ZSV) the type of binder and the amount foaming water.

ZSV values of the foamed, unmodied bitumen were obtained

by extrapolating the plots of frequency sweep tests. The test results 3.2. Low temperature properties by BBR tests
of non-foamed bitumen and foamed bitumen with different water
contents are shown in Fig. 2, and the calculated ZSVs are shown in Low temperature performance of the unaged binders was
Table 3. assessed by the BBR tests at different temperatures (12 C,
206 X. Yu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 203209

4.50E-02
0% 1% 2% 3%
4.00E-02

3.50E-02

Compliance (1/Pa)
3.00E-02

2.50E-02

2.00E-02

1.50E-02

1.00E-02

5.00E-03

0.00E+00
0.00E+ 5.00E+ 1.00E+ 1.50E+ 2.00E+ 2.50E+ 3.00E+ 3.50E+ 4.00E+ 4.50E+ 5.00E+
00 02 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03
Time (s)
Fig. 3. Creep test of foamed SBS modied asphalt.

3.3. Temperature sensitivity

Table 4
ZSV values of foamed modied bitumen.
Shear storage modulus (G0 ) and loss modulus (G00 ) were mea-
Foamed SBS Time for creep and creep Zero shear
sured and calculated by 5 C increments from 25 C to 80 C. For
modied ashalt recovery viscosity (Pa s)
non-modied bitumen, the logarithms of shear storage and loss
Water content (%) 0% 16.40 min and 1 h 52,900
moduli against temperatures are plotted in Figs. 4 and 5, respec-
1% 40,000
2% 59,400 tively. For SBS modied bitumen, the logarithms of storage and
3% 72,100 loss moduli versus temperatures are plotted in Figs. 6 and 7,
respectively. Also shown in the gures are the linear regression
equations to quantitatively depict their relationships.
The slopes of the linear regression equations in the gures pro-
Table 5
Creep stiffness S and m-value of foamed unmodied bitumen. vide indications on the sensitivity of shear storage and loss moduli
to temperature changes. A steeper slope indicates a higher sensi-
Foamed 12 C 18 C 24 C
tive of the modulus to temperature. Absolute values of the slopes
unmodied
bitumen for the two types of foamed and non-foamed asphalt binders at dif-
Sitffness m Sitffness m Sitffness m ferent water contents are shown in Tables 7 and 8.
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa) It is shown in Table 7 that, for the unmodied binder, the tem-
Water 0% 122 0.441 251 0.321 594 0.219 perature sensitivity of storage modulus is reduced after the addi-
content tion of 1% water. However, as the water content increases, the
1% 107 0.398 199 0.344 384 0.26 sensitivity increases, too. At 3% water content, the sensitivity is
2% 86.8 0.46 331 0.34 492 0.216
even higher than that of the non-foamed binder. The loss modulus,
3% 114 0.41 291 0.326 438 0.205
however, appears to be not sensitive to foaming and the amount of
water for foaming. This implies that (1) water content affects the
elastic portion of the foamed binder more than the viscous portion,
18 C, 24 C). The test results of creep stiffness and creep rate
and (2) the use of 1% and 2% of water for foaming lessens temper-
(m-value) after 60 s are listed in Table 5 and Table 6,
ature sensitivity.
respectively.
It can be seen from Table 8 that, for foamed SBS modied bind-
From Table 5, it can be seen that the stiffness of the foamed
ers, the temperature sensitivities of both shear storage and loss
unmodied bitumen at low temperatures decreases after the addi-
moduli are signicantly higher than those of the non-foamed bin-
tion of 1% foaming water. As more water is added, the results are
der. This implies that foamed, modied binders become more sen-
mixed, dependent on test temperatures. At 18 C, the stiffness
sitive to temperature change. The trend can also be clearly seen
of binders using 2% or 3% of foaming water is higher than that of
from Figs. 6 and 7. For foamed modied binders, however, 3% of
non-foamed binder, while at 24 C, the stiffness of all foamed
water results in the minimum temperature sensitivity.
bitumen is lower. It appears that the use of 1% of foaming water
improves low temperature performance.
Table 6 shows that the stiffness of foamed SBS modied as-
phalt increases with the addition of 1% foaming water at tem- 3.4. Fatigue resistance properties
perature 12 C and 24 C, but not 18 C. With the addition
of 2% foaming water, stiffness increases at all the three temper- The foamed and non-foamed asphalt binders were aged in RTFO
ature levels comparing to the non-foamed binder. However, as and PAV and then tested in DSR to obtain the parameter Gsin d,
3% of water is added, the stiffness value of the foamed binder which is commonly believed to indicate the fatigue potential of
drops below the stiffness value of non-modied binders. Hence, the binder [19]. The Gsin d value, also known as fatigue factor,
foaming SBS modied asphalt at a water content of 3% helps was measured by every 5 C from 10 C to 50 C. The logarithms
decrease its stiffness, thus improving its low temperature of the fatigue factors for the unmodied and modied binders
performance. against temperatures are plotted in Figs. 8 and 9, respectively.
 X. Yu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 203209 207

Table 6
Creep Stiffness S and m-value of Foamed SBS Modied Asphalt.

Foamed SBS modied asphalt 12 C 18 C 24 C

Sitffness (MPa) m Sitffness (MPa) m Sitffness (MPa) m
Water content 0% 58.8 0.456 179 0.341 386 0.254
1% 71.5 0.435 157 0.323 394 0.262
2% 64.3 0.428 204 0.307 443 0.254
3% 44.8 0.396 156 0.332 290 0.243

5.5 6.0
0% 1% 2% 3% 0% 1% 2% 3%
5.0
5.5
4.5
4.0 y 1% = -49.28x + 126.94 5.0
y 1% = -36.257x + 95.27

log (G'')
log (G')

3.5 4.5
y 3% = -46.02x + 118.55 y 3% = -34.23x + 90.035
3.0
4.0
2.5
y 2% = -52.127x + 133.77 y 2% = -38.281x + 100.36
2.0 3.5
y 0% = -50.512x + 129.73
1.5 3.0 y 0% = -32.769x + 86.354
1.0
2.5
0.5 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56
2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56
logT
logT
Fig. 7. The logarithm of the loss modulus of foamed SBS modied asphalt.
Fig. 4. The logarithm of the shear storage modulus of foamed base asphalt.

Table 7
6.0
0% 1% 2% 3% Values of slope for logarithms of the change of shear storage and loss moduli with
5.5 temperature for foamed unmodied asphalt.

5.0 Foamed Abs. value of slope for Abs. value of slope for
y 1% = -42.493x + 110.71 unmodied logarithm of the storage logarithm of the loss
log (G'')

4.5
bitumen modulus regression modulus regression
4.0 equation equation
y 3% = -42.676x + 111.04
3.5 Water 0% 50.512 42.396
y 2% = -42.409x + 110.32 content
3.0 1% 46.020 42.409
y 0% = -42.396x + 110.33 2% 49.280 42.493
2.5
3% 52.127 42.676
2.0
2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56
logT
Fig. 5. The logarithm of the shear loss modulus of foamed base asphalt.
Table 8
Values of slope for logarithms of the change of shear storage and loss moduli with
temperature for foamed SBS modied asphalt.
6.0
0% 1% 2% 3% Foamed Abs. value of slope for Abs. value of slope for
5.5 SBS logarithm of the storage logarithm of the loss
modied modulus regression equation modulus regression
5.0
asphalt equation
y 1% = -36.721x + 96.103
4.5 Water 0% 31.438 32.769
log (G')

y 3% = -36.3x + 94.935 content

4.0
1% 36.721 36.257
3.5 2% 38.024 38.281
y 2% = -38.024x + 99.397 3% 36.300 34.230
3.0

2.5
y 0% = -31.438x + 82.731

2.0 corresponding to 5.0 MPa of the fatigue factor provides an indica-

2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56
tion of the binders fatigue performance: the lower the tempera-
logT
ture, the safer for the binder to meet the specication
Fig. 6. The logarithm of the storage modulus of foamed SBS modied asphalt. requirement. The threshold temperatures were obtained based
on regression equations and are listed in Table 9.
It can be seen from Table 9 that the fatigue temperature of aged
It is specied in Superpave that the fatigue factor of the bin- and unmodied bitumen initially drops after the addition of 1%
der after RTFO and PAV should be less than 5 MPa at 25 C for PG water, after which, it increases with the increase of foaming water
64-22 binder and at 28 C for PG 70-22 binder [19]. As can be seen content. On the other hand, the fatigue temperature of the aged
from Figs. 8 and 9, the logarithm of the fatigue factor decreases and foamed SBS modied asphalt initially increases with the
proportionally with temperature. Therefore, the temperature addition of 1% foaming water, after which the fatigue temperatures
208 X. Yu et al. / Construction and Building Materials 48 (2013) 203209

4.5 binder, 1% of water used for foaming results in the highest increase
0% 1% 2% 3% of ZSV value, while for modied binder, the highest ZSV value is
4.0 achieved when 3% of water is used. The BBR tests indicate that
y 3% = -0.0639x + 4.9855 the use of 1% of water in foaming reduces the stiffness of unmod-
lg (G*sin) / kpa

3.5 ied binder at temperature 12 C, 18 C, and 24 C, while at

y 0% = -0.0676x + 4.9863 the other application rates, the results are mixed. For modied
3.0
binders, the use of 3% of water for foaming results in the lowest
y 1% = -0.0639x + 4.8839 stiffness, while the stiffness values at other application rates are
2.5
mixed. For unmodied asphalt, the sensitivity of its storage modu-
y 2% = -0.0649x + 4.9851 lus to temperature change is reduced after the addition of 1% of
2.0
water, after which the sensitivity increases with water application
1.5 rate. The loss modulus of unmodied asphalt seems not sensitive
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 to foaming as well as the amount of water used for foaming. For
Temperature ( ) modied asphalt, the temperature sensitivities of both shear stor-
age and loss moduli are higher than those of the non-foamed bin-
Fig. 8. The logarithm of the fatigue factor of aged foamed unmodied bitumen with
der. However, binder foamed with 3% of water is less sensitive to
different water content.
temperature variation than those foamed with 1% or 2% of water.
Based on the temperatures corresponding to 5 MPa of the fatigue
4.5 factor (Gsin d), it can be concluded that the use of 1% of foaming
0% 1% 2% 3% water improves the fatigue resistance of unmodied binder, while
4.0 the use of 23% of foaming water can improve the fatigue resis-
tance of modied binder.
y 0% = -0.0602x + 4.7065
lg (G*sin) / kpa

3.5 The test results indicate that the unmodied and SBS modied
asphalt binders behave differently in response to foaming as well
y 1% = -0.0628x + 4.7747
3.0 as the amount of water used for foaming. The nding may be help-
y 3% = -0.0613x + 4.6545 ful in controlling experimental variations in preparing foamed
2.5 WMA in a laboratory setting or improving foamed WMA produc-
y 2% = -0.0611x + 4.6434 tion in a plant. However, the effect of foaming and foaming with
2.0 different water content is not as large as other binder modication
methods, e.g., addition of polymers. In addition, its effect on mix-
1.5 ture performance remains to be studied.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Temperature ( )
Fig. 9. The logarithm of the fatigue factor of aged foamed SBS modied asphalt with
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