Experiment No: 10

Date of Experiment:

TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

Ref: IS 226-1975, IS 1608 1972

AIM:

To study the behavior of a Mild Steel rod by finding the following material
properties:

(i) Yield Point Stress

(ii) Ultimate Stress
(iii) Percentage Elongation
(iv) Youngs Modulus/ Modulus of Elasticity
(v) Nominal Breaking Stress
(vi) Actual Breaking Stress
(vii) Percentage Reduction in cross- sectional area

EQUIPMENTS:

Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Punching tool, Scale, Vernier Calipers

etc.

THEORY:

In order to determine the ability of a structure to withstand stresses, it is

necessary to study the mechanical properties of the material.

A tension test is probably the most fundamental type of mechanical test

that can be performed on a material. Tensile tests are simple, relatively
inexpensive and fully standardized. By pulling on something, you will very
quickly determine how the material will react to forces being applied in
tension. As the material is being pulled, you will find its strength along
with how much it will elongate.

In this experiment, the specimen will be subjected to tensile load, within

the Elastic Limit and the extension will be noted against the load. The
loads at yield point, breaking point and ultimate point will be noted. Stress
Strain curve can be plotted as shown in the figure.
A. Limit of proportionality
B. Elastic limit
C. Upper Yield point
D. Lower Yield Point
E. Ultimate Stress
F. Breaking Stress
PROCEDURE:

Measure the diameter of the rod.

Mark gauge length at 3 different portions of the specimen so that the

necked portion will remain between any two points of gauge length of
specimen.

Fix the test specimen between the chucks of the upper cross head and
clamp it tightly.

Raise the bottom wedge and grip the bottom end of the specimen.
Note that the specimen is gripped of equal lengths on both ends.

Apply the load gradually and note the elongation.

Note the ultimate load, At this point necking starts.

Then the specimen breaks at a particular load, called the Breaking

load, note breaking load.

After the specimen breaks, remove it from the grips

Two broken pieces are placed together on a horizontal surface and the
distance between the punch marks near the breaking point is
measured. The reduced diameter at the breaking point is also
measured.

Draw graph and note the load corresponding to yield point.

Find the value of modulus of elasticity from graph

OBSERVATIONS:

Least Count of Vernier (LC) = . mm

Sl.N Main Scale Reading Vernier Scale Reading Diameter = MSR +

o (MSR in mm) (VSR in mm) (VSR x LC)
1
2
 3
Average Diameter of
the specimen in mm
Diameter of the specimen (D) = mm
Original Cross Sectional Area (Ao) = mm
0.5
Gauge Length (L) in mm = 5.65(A) = .mm
Yield Point Load = .. kN
Ultimate Load = kN
Breaking Load = ... kN
Neck Diameter = ..mm
Final Cross Sectional Area (Neck Area),Af = .. mm
Final Gauge Length l1

(distance between punch marks) = mm

Sl. Stress= P/
Load(P Extension l Strain =
N Ao
) (in mm) l/L
o ( )
CALCULATIONS:

1. Yield Point Stress = Yield Point Load/ Ao = ..N/mm

2. Ultimate Stress = Ultimate Load / Ao = .. ..N/mm

3. Nominal Breaking Stress = Breaking Load/ Ao =

.. N/mm

4. Actual Breaking Stress = Breaking Load / Af =

. N/mm

5. Percentage Elongation = (Increase in Length/Original Length) x 100

= ..
%

6. Percentage Reduction in Area = (Change in Area/Original Area) x 100

= ((Ao-Af)/Ao) x 100 =
.... %

7. Youngs Modulus, E = Stress / Strain (From

Graph)=. N/mm2
RESULTS:

1. Modulus of Elasticity, E = .N/mm

2. Yield Stress = ..N/mm

3. Ultimate Stress = .. . N/mm

4. Nominal Breaking Stress = . N/mm

5. Actual Breaking Stress = . .N/mm

6. Percentage Elongation = . %

7. Percentage Reduction in Area = .. %