PAGE TURNER FOR DISABLES

PROJECT REPORT
OF MAJOR PROJECT

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
MECHANICAL

SUBMITTED BY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT

KAPURTHALA
INDEX:-

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT.
BACKGROUND
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
VALIABILITY OF THE PROJECT
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
METHODOLOGY:
CONSTRUCTION.
WORKING.
COMPONENTS AND EXPLANATION.
DISCUSSION
RESULT ANALYSIS.
CONCLUSION.
REFRENCES

ABSTRACT:
 The primary goal of this project is to design a
device to promote independence in reading for individuals with
disabilities and the elderly at their own pace. Individuals with
decreased hand functioning, as the result of diagnoses such as
arthritis, cerebral palsy, and stroke often have difficulties with
fine motor activities. Reading, specifically the act of page-
turning, can be one such activity that is greatly affected. This
design will ultimately provide a capability to turn and hold the
page using a mechanical structure for people who need to read
without assistance.

BACKGROUND:
 Individuals with diagnoses such as arthritis, multiple
sclerosis, cerebral palsy, stroke, and acquired brain injury often
experience difficulties with fine motor tasks due to poor hand
functioning, which may be a result of spasticity, contractures, joint
subluxation, or structural deformities in the hand. Reading is an example
of a meaningful activity that may be difficult for these people due to the
requirement of fine motor skill to turn a page. Reading books,
magazines, or newspapers is important in various domains of daily
living, such as work, school, and leisure.

There are some limited commercially available options available to

address this problem, such as electronic book readers, and using a
rubber-tipped rod in a universal cuff. Though, electronic reader is
portable, feedback from users indicate that eye strain is a problematic
issue. Although using a rubber-tipped rod in a universal cuff attached to
the palm of ones hand is an inexpensive and portable option, feedback
from users and occupational therapists note its inefficiency, as it often
takes multiple tries to turn one page.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
 With the worlds aging population,
decreased hand functioning from arthritis or stroke will increasingly
become an issue affecting peoples abilities to engage in fine motor tasks
such as reading. Arthritis sufferers include men and women, children and
adults. It has dramatic effects on the function and well-being of hundreds
of millions of people worldwide. Approximately 350 million people
worldwide have arthritis. It is estimated that by 2031, the number of
people living with arthritis will increase to 6.5 million. Therefore, there
exists a need for a portable, inexpensive page-turning device that
requires limited fine motor movement in order to assist the
abovementioned populations in being able to read bound material.

CLIENT:
Independence is important for many people, including individuals with
disabilities. As a part of our work, we have visited many NGOs like
Sweekar-Upkaar where we were moved by the problems suffered by an
individual with cerebral palsy. She was a university student and thus
reading and studying from textbooks was a large part of her daily life.
She struggled with turning pages due to contractures and limited range
of motion.

METHODOLOGY:
 The Automatic page turner has two main features:

A Mechanical Structure for holding the book

An Electronic Design which turns the pages based on the input
from switches

Totally, it is an electronic device which facilitates the user to turn the

pages of a book and holds it for him to read. It will be simple to use,
low-cost device which requires the pressing of two buttons to flip a page
forward and backward. These buttons can be customized to embed in
shoe, based on the patients requirements and physical condition. Once a
book is loaded into the page turner then it shall be easily operated by the
patient with the press of a button. Pressing the button will initiate the
page to flip forward or backward depending on selection. And also, it is
proposed that the unit can be conveniently activated with a large
hand/foot pedal, sip-and-puff switch, and accelerometer.

automatic page turner

 block diagram

F: FORWARD SWITCH, R: REVERSE SWITCH:

The page-turner is normally operated from a Proximity switch. It is a
battery operated machine which operates by the use of 2 switches. One
drives the motor forward and the other backward.

Pages can therefore be turned forwards and backwards and also a page
retainer operates automatically. The clampers detect the input given and
accordingly hold or get opened up while the pages are being turned.
When the motor is running, a roller moves across the page and hits a
stop when it means the end of the page. The roller continues to rotate
and this lifts the page. When the page is released, the reverse switch is
operated and the roller pushes the released page to the other side.

PROXIMITY SENSOR: A proximity sensor is a device that detects

motion and converts it into a signal that can be read by an instrument. A
proximity switch is an electronic device that, once motion is detected,
 interrupts or breaks an electrical circuit in a device. A proximity sensor
transmits an electrostatic or electromagnetic field. The sensor detects the
physical presence of an object without physical contact based on
changes in the field. A proximity sensor is divided into two parts, or
halves. Detection of the object causes the two parts to move away from
each other, which results in the activation of a signal.

ACCELEROMETER TWO AXES: One of the most common

inertial sensors is the accelerometer, a dynamic sensor capable of a vast
range of sensing. Accelerometers are available that can measure
acceleration two axes. A system consisting of two orthogonal sensors is
capable of sensing pitch and roll. This is useful in capturing head
movements. For analog voltage output accelerometers, the signal can be
a positive or negative voltage, depending on the direction of the
acceleration.

L o c a t i o n U s a g e F r e q u e n c y A c c e l e r

H e a d T i l t 0 - 8 H z x

MICROCONTROLLER: The microcontroller accepts the input

parallely from accelerometer and switch and determines the direction of
rotation of motors for turning the pages.

MOTOR DRIVER CIRCUIT: A motor driver circuit is a device or

group of devices that serves to govern in some predetermined manner
 the performance of an electric motor. It might include a manual or
automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward
or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or
limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and faults.

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY: A regulated power supply is an

embedded circuit, or standalone unit, the function of which is to supply a
stable voltage (or less often current), to a circuit or device that must be
operated within certain power supply limits.
The machine has been designed to accommodate all common sizes
of books from A3-A6:

A 3 4 2 0 x 2 9 7 m m 1 6 . 5 x

A 4 2 9 7 x 2 1 0 m m 1 1 . 7 x

A 5 2 1 0 x 1 4 8 m m 8 . 3 x

A 6 1 4 8 x 1 0 5 m m 5 . 8 x

Adjustments can be made up to suit variety of paper quality and

thickness and book-rest angle. This device will be useful for anyone with
severe upper limb dysfunction; examples are Quadriplegia, Multiple
Sclerosis and Cerebral Palsy.
 DISCUSSION:
Some of the ways of turning pages which might be
difficult for whom reading books or newspapers is a challenge due to
weak muscle activity are described below:

The Sliding Lift

Force is applied downward (into the table) and across, allowing the
finger(s) to grip the top page through friction.The top page slides atop
the stationary pages beneath. Thepage-to-page coefficient of friction
must be smaller thanthe finger-to-page coefficient of friction, or multiple
pageswill be lifted (since the normal force for all pages is essentially the
same).

The Ear Lift

 ear lift

The finger barely touches the edge of the top page (and noother pages)
by approaching at an angle. The finger is pulled upand back to lift the
pages corner. A slight force in the xdirection produced the necessary
friction with the pageedge and a vertical (+z) movement of the finger
lifts thepages corner, as seen in Figure . Additionally, the thumb is
placed on the page to restrict deformation to the corner only.

The Push Flip

push flip
 The finger is behind the page and pushes it over thespine, possibly
(but not necessarily) sliding along itssurface. An important question is
where the finger must be placed to support the page (or what trajectory
the fingermust make to continuously support the page). However, in
practice, if the page is assumed to be perfectly rectangular and
ofuniform density, any trajectory maintaining the finger between the
spine and center of mass (in the radial direction out from the spine) that
ends directly above the spine should work. The assumption offlatness
requires a placement of the finger near the middle of the page in the
spine axis.

The Tension Flip

tension flip
The page is gripped by a finger on either side; it is held tautly (perfectly
rectangular) by the fingers pulling with aslight centrifugal force (away
from the line of rotation). The finger configuration required for this flip
 Can be easily achieved after an ear lift by rolling the lifting finger
behind the page and then sliding both fingers alongthe page to the
desired position to begin this flip.

The Sandwich Flip

sandwich flip
The page is sandwiched between the finger and the spine, resultingin
it deforming and bowing out across the spine. At somepoint, the majority
of the pages mass has crossed the spine and releasing the grip will cause
this weight to fall andcarry the rest of the page to the other side; any
pending deformations caused by stored potential energy in the bend
should not affect the critical point at which the page will fall to the other
side, since the net effect of these forces onthe page will cancel (in
accordance with Newtons ThirdLaw).
CONCLUSION:
Books can serve many purposes, from providing an escape from reality
to satisfying ones thirst for knowledge. Disabled people should also be
able to indulge in reading without any restrictions.With the usage of
Automatic page turner the client can work independently without the
help of others to read a book. This device not only benefits students it
greatly increase the amount of time a teacher can spend with other
students, making better use of the teachers time. Once a book is loaded
into the page turner then it shall be easily operated by the client. The
device can also be applied for musicians, avid readers, priests, speakers
etc.To most people, page turner may never replace pages completely, but
it certainly improves the situation by turning the pages.

FUTURE AS A PRODUCT:
The long-term goal of this project is to develop an electromechanical
page turner with an advanced design that is superior in several respects,
including reliability, portability, ease of use and cost.
REFERENCES:
Celebral palsy: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy
Multiple Sclerosis: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis
Spinal cord injuries: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury
Motors: www.sunrom.com

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
This thesis would not have possible
without the help of many people throughout the year.

And we would like to take the opportunity to express our sincere

gratitude to those who have made invaluable contributions to this
project.

We would like to thank Mr. Sahil Sir for his constant guidance and
support.

I will bear in mind the knowledge that I have gained from him
throughout the precious time we have spent together during Meetings
and discussions.

We would also like to thank Mr. Sahil Sir for all of his direction and help
along the way towards completing the project.

Additionally, we would like to express thanks to an NGO named

Sweekar-Upkaar which helped us in knowing the problems suffered by
disabled people and consultants who provided relevant assistance and
consultative advice when needed.
The intent of this device is to assist our customer in the reading of
books, manuals, and other printed material necessary for work related
reading. It was very important that the customer not only be able to
advance pages of the media but also be able to do so easily, and also be
able to easily reverse the process and go backwards in the media. To this
end, some innovative design measures have been implemented. The
four-bar mechanism is innovative because it uses a machined slot in the
longest link to change the path of the link from circular to trapezoidal,
increasing the sweep length which improves its ability to turn a page.
The pivoting arm whose location is determined by a position sensor
allows the user to travel both forward and reverse into the media by
simply placing the pivoting arm on the appropriate side of the page
turner. By customer request this device was designed to be very robust.
This has lead to a fairly large system which limits the practicality of the
device with respect to portability. However, as a table top device the
space requirement is not significantly greater than an average text book.
An initial estimate of the effectiveness of the page turner was
determined with a set of comparison tests. For a benchmark, a one
minute test was conducted to determine the rate at which the customer
currently advances pages, the number of pages damaged, and the
number of times two or more pages were turned. For comparison, the
test was repeated with Mr. Adams using the page turning device. The
results of the tests averaged for three different trials are presented in
Table 2. This was the first time that Mr. Adams used the device to assist
him in reading, as the simplicity of the device did not warrant a practice
run. These results show that the device successfully increased the page
turning speed and decreased the damage to the pages. DISCUSSION
These results demonstrate that, as of the current design of the reader
device, the customer can expect to receive an approximate 45% increase
in page advancement speed when using a reference book, while reducing
the subjective amount of damage to the media by 75%. Also, the
physical strain of turning pages over even a short period of time left him
very tired and uncomfortable, while using the reader the only interaction
with the book is to press a button which does not cause any type of
fatigue to the user. It is expected that over the course of the next month,
when we continue to make performance improvements, that the rate of
pages turned will increase by 10% and the number of damaged page
turns will be reduced so that the unit has at maximum a 5% occurrence
of damage.

Evaluation :

A vacuum cleaner is an indispensible tool for cleaning

floors, upholstery, and other surfaces in a house. The device reduces
potential allergens and improves indoor air quality. There is a wide
assortment of vacuum cleaners on eBay. Some of the most popular
styles include canister, upright, handheld, robotic, and electric broom.
Central vacuum systems are also available. The best vacuum cleaner
for household cleaning needs will depend on a variety of factors. They
include the style and amount of carpeting within a home as well as the
other surfaces that require cleaning. Prospective buyers must consider
their allergies and ability to operate the device. Other issues are
versatility and price. Some people purchase two or more vacuum
cleaners to clean their homes or vehicles. If a household has one
vacuum cleaner, the appliance should have the versatility necessary to
perform all the required cleaning.
Most machines require vacuum cleaner bags. Some of these vacuum
cleaners are also available in models that operate without bags. When
purchasing a vacuum cleaner that requires bags, it is important to
purchase replacement bags as well. A bagless model collects the dirt
and dust in a removable bin. After it is full, the receptacle is emptied
and reattached to the vacuum cleaner. The cost of operating a model
that uses bags can be equivalent to the cost of operating a bagless
model. There are vacuum cleaner models that operate using
rechargeable batteries or electricity. Healthcare professionals generally
recommend using a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter if a
member of the household has allergies. The filter is designed to capture
99.7 percent of the airborne pollutants that are 0.3 microns or larger
which enter the vacuum cleaner.
There is a wide price range with each type of vacuum cleaner. The cost
of the cleaner depends upon the number of attachments, the suction
power of the motor, and other features.

Canister Vacuum Cleaners

A canister vacuum consists of a long wand that is attached to a canister
by a flexible hose. The components in the canister include a motor and
receptacle that collects the dust. The canister is mounted on wheels,
which enables individuals to pull the vacuum cleaner around the room
as they clean. This type of vacuum cleaner is easier to use than a
traditional upright vacuum cleaner because a person only has to
maneuver the canister's flexible hose.
A canister vacuum is highly versatile and capable of cleaning numerous
surfaces because it has a variety of attachments. In addition to
vacuuming tile, wood floors, and carpeting, a canister vacuum can be
used to clean draperies and upholstery. It is also easier to clean stairs
with a canister model than with an upright. The amount and type of
cleaning that must be performed will help determine whether the
machine requires additional attachments.

Upright Vacuum Cleaners

The name of this vacuum cleaner is derived from its ability to stand in
an upright position. An upright vacuum cleaner is one of the best
cleaning tools for heavily carpeted areas. The key components of this
appliance are intake and exhaust ports, a motor to drive the fan, and a
bag or receptacle to collect the dust and debris. These components are
attached to the handle that controls the unit. The motor, fan, and intake
port are located in a compartment at the bottom of the unit. The motor
may also power a series of rotating bristles. When the vacuum cleaner's
power is turned on, the rotating brushes sweep the carpet as the fan
suctions the dirt and debris. The dirt is deposited into a bag or
receptacle located just above the motor compartment. The air exits the
dust collection area through the exhaust port. This port has a filter that
keeps the dust in the bag or receptacle.
Some manufacturers equip their upright models with flexible hoses and
attachments. These vacuum cleaners provide the power of an upright
and the versatility of a canister vacuum cleaner. The tools can be used
to clean tight corners and stairs. HEPA filters can reduce the amount of
dust released from this vacuum cleaner's exhaust port.

Handheld Vacuum Cleaners

A handheld vacuum is a small appliance that many people use along
with an upright vacuum cleaner. The compact size and portability
makes it easy to clean small spills and access hard to reach areas, such
as stairs, corners, and car interiors. There are models that have rotating
bristles in addition to the normal suction action. Some models are
specifically designed to pick up debris in a shop or remove pet hair
from upholstery.
Handheld vacuums are relatively inexpensive and are available in cord
and cordless models. Battery operated models have charging stands that
enable the devices to be stored and charged when it is not in use. The
battery life varies between cordless models. If a handheld vacuum is
intended to clean a car interior, a model with a cord might be a better
option. Vacuums that are equipped with cords are usually more
powerful, but the length of the cord will limit the range of use. Battery
operated models cost slightly more than those that operate using an
electrical cord.

Robotic or Automatic Vacuum Cleaners

An automatic vacuum cleaner is a lightweight device that is designed to
operate with minimal assistance. It cleans the floor based upon the
instructions that the owner enters into its program. The cleaning
instructions can be entered using the device's console or a remote
control. The vacuum can clean floors while the members of the
household are away from the house or performing other chores. Some
models have settings that enable the owner to select the intensity of
cleaning. The machine will make the predetermined number of circuits
around the room. After the task is complete, the machine will
automatically turn off. The robotic cleaner is equipped with electronic
sensors that enable it to avoid walls, furniture, and other obstacles as it
maneuvers in the room. It also has rubber bumpers that soften any
impact that might occur with objects in its path.
Robotic vacuum cleaners can clean wood, carpet, and tile flooring. The
compact size enables the device to operate beneath beds, chairs, and
other furnishings. The robotic cleaner must be charged between each
use because the device is cordless. The machine does not require
vacuum cleaner bags and generates less noise than traditional vacuum
cleaners. Many people who own these devices clean their flooring more
often because the vacuum cleaner can operate without assistance.
Frequent cleaning improves indoor air quality by removing allergens
that can worsen certain medical conditions.

Stick, or Electric Broom, Vacuum Cleaners

An electric broom, or stick, vacuum cleaner is a type of lightweight
upright vacuum. The motor is usually located in the handle or along the
wand, which connects the handle to the cleaning heads. These devices
are best suited for homes with small areas of carpeting or that have
outdoor or low-pile carpeting. The lightweight design makes it easy to
clean up dust and small amounts of debris more frequently. Electric
brooms lack the versatility of canister units and the power of upright
vacuum cleaners. They usually lack attachments and the suction power
required for deep carpet cleaning. Some handheld vacuum cleaners
have attachments that enable the devices to operate like electric
brooms. There are models that resemble non-motorized carpet
sweepers.

Central Vacuum Cleaning Systems

Some homes have a central vacuum system system that deposits dirt
and dust in a receptacle located in a seldom-used area, such as the
basement or garage. A channel runs to each room from the central
location where the motor and dust collection receptacle are installed.
Instead of using a regular vacuum cleaner, a flexible hose is attached to
a specially designed wall outlet. When the power switch on the vacuum
cleaner handle is engaged, the motor is activated. Like a canister
vacuum, a central vacuum has a variety of attachments that provide the
flexibility to clean different types of surfaces and hard to reach areas.
This vacuum system has several advantages for people with physical
limitations and respiratory conditions. It is lightweight and easy to
maneuver. The dirt collection bin does not have to be emptied as
frequently as a bin used with a conventional vacuum cleaner. The
system is less likely to worsen allergies, asthma, and other respiratory
problems because of the dustbin's remote location and low maintenance
requirement.
A central vacuum cleaning system is usually installed when a home is
under construction. Homeowners who want to install the system or
need components and attachments to operate their central vacuums can
locate the items on eBay.

Finding a Vacuum Cleaner on eBay

There is a wide selection of vacuum cleaners at affordable prices on
eBay. Some of the well-known manufacturers include Black and
Decker, Dyson, Dirt Devil, Hoover, and LG. It may be possible to
locate a style, color, and type of vacuum cleaner that is not available in
the local marketplace. There is also an assortment of central vacuum
cleaner systems, accessories, and attachments as well.
On the eBay home page, scroll the mouse over "Home and Garden" and
select "Housekeeping and Organization." On the left-hand side of the
new page select "Vacuum Cleaners" and begin to browse the available
items for purchase. A more refined search can be accomplished by
entering the name of a particular item in the search box to check its
availability.

Conclusion
A vacuum cleaner is an important housekeeping tool. Evaluate the
overall cleaning requirements around the home to determine the type
and style that is best suited to accomplish these tasks. Based on the size
of the home and the household lifestyle, two or more vacuum cleaners
may be required to keep the house clean.