Digoxin: Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards
CLASS: Anti arrhythmic Digoxin

Generic: digoxin Common Side Effects: Dizziness, orthostatic
Trade: Digitek, Lanoxin hypotension, blurred or yellow vision, headache,
fatigue, N.V.D.
Action: CHF – increases contractility
Arrhythmias – Slows AV node impulse
Uses: Congestive heart failure, decreases Nursing Implications: Check apical pulse before
arrhythmias and tachycardia. administration, monitor B/P, instruct patients to
notify physician if experiencing side effects.
Dosage Range: Oral- 0.125 mg – 0.5 mg
I.V. or I.M.- 0.1 mg – 0.4 mg
Drug Interactions: Benzos, Quinidine, various
Route: Capsule, I.V. or I.M. antibiotics can increase level of digoxin. Loop
diuretics can cause dig toxicity.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 1-2 hr
(I.M.) 5-30 min
Peak- (PO) 2-8 hr.
(I.V) 1-4 hr

CLASS: Loop Diuretic Lasix
Generic: furosemide Common Side Effects: N.V.D., orthostatic
Trade: Lasix hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, electrolyte
imbalance.
Action: Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and
chloride in ascending loop of Henle, increasing
excretion of water, sodium, magnesium, and
calcium. Nursing Implications: Monitor B/P, orthostasis,
electrolyte levels, and monitor for hearing
Uses: Edema r/t CHF or renal disease, problems (I.V. and parenteral).
management of HTN.
Dosage Range: Oral- 20-80mg/day – increase Drug Interactions: Can cause hypokalemic
slowly to desired range. 2X daily for edema. digoxin toxicity, hypotension with
antihypertensives, salicylates (high dose) toxicity.
Route: Tablet, PO solution , I.V. or I.M.
Pharmacodynamics: Duration- 12-24 hr.

CLASS: diuretic hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)
Generic: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) Common Side Effects: N.V.D., orthostatic
Trade: Aquazide H, Hydrocot, Oretic, Microzide hypotension, dizziness, fatigue, electrolyte
imbalance.
Action: Inhibits sodium reabsorption, increasing
excretion of sodium, water, and potassium.
Uses: mild HTN, edema in renal failure and CHF. Nursing Implications: Monitor B/P, orthostasis,
electrolyte levels, interactions with digoxin..
Dosage Range: Oral- 25-100mg/day
max:200mg/day
Drug Interactions: Can cause hypokalemic
digoxin toxicity, hypotension with
Route: Capsule, tablet antihypertensives, NSAIDs can reduce efficacy.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 2 hr.

Peak- (PO) 4 hr.

CLASS: Thyroid agent levothyroxine
Generic: levothyroxine Common Side Effects: elevated B/P, tachycardia,
Trade: Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid, Unithroid arrhythmia, anxiety, insomnia, increased appetite,
decreased bone density, diaphoresis, heat
Action: Elevates metabolic activity by acting as a intolerance.
replacement thyroid hormone.
Uses: Hypothyroidism, pituitary TSH suppression.

Nursing Implications: I.V. Form must be
Dosage Range: Oral- 1.7 mcg/kg/day prepared immediately before administration.
I.V./I.M. 50% of oral dose Monitor TSH levels, B/P, heart rate, and other side
effects.
Route: injection, powder for re-constitution,

tablet. Drug Interactions: Iron decreases absorption,
may have interactions with antidiabetic agents,
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 3-5 days Ketamine may cause marked HTN, tricyclics
(I.V./I.M.) 6-8 hr. change therapeutic index for both drugs.
Peak- 4-6 weeks to see
effective action for each dose.
CLASS: ACE inhibitor Vasotec
Generic: enalapril Common Side Effects: orthostatic hypotension,
Trade: Vasotec headache, dizziness, fatigue, N.V.D. Anorexia.
Action: Prevents angiotensin 1 conversion to

angiotensin 2, reduces aldosterone secretion,
ultimately lowering blood pressure. Nursing Implications: Monitor B/P, orthostasis,
possible depression, angioedema, instruct patients
Uses: Mild to severe HTN, diabetic nephropathy, not to stop abruptly..
CHF..
Dosage Range: Oral- 2.5 mg - 5 mg/day then Drug Interactions: insulin causes possible
increase as required. hypoglycemia, aspirin dulls effects, lithium
I.V.- 1.25 mg/q6hr. toxicity increases, increased risk of hyperkalemia
with potassium-sparing diuretics.
Route: injection, tablet
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 1 hr.

Peak- (PO) 4-8 hr.
Duration-(PO) 12-24 hr.

CLASS: antibiotic sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
Generic: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim Common Side Effects: N.V. Anorexia, urticaria.
Trade: Bactrim, Septra
Action: Inhibits bacterial synthesis and growth

(bacteriostatic). Nursing Implications: Not for I.M. Injection,
must dilute well, take with water on empty
Uses: oral treatment of UTIs, acute exacerbations stomach, maintain adequate fluid intake to ease
of chronic bronchitis, enteritis from Shigella. I.V. strain on kidneys.
treatment of typhoid, PCP (yeast-like fungus that
causes pneumonia.) in immuno-compromised
patients. Drug Interactions: may increase hyperkalemia
with ACE inhibitors and potassium-sparing
Dosage Range: Oral- one 800/600mg tab qd x12d diuretics, may potentiate Warfarin, increase
I.V.- 8-10mg/kg/day x 12 days toxicity of methotrexate.
Route: injection, oral suspension, tablet & double

strength tablet.
Pharmacodynamics: N/A
CLASS: antibiotic, PCN amoxicillin
Generic: amoxicillin Common Side Effects: N.V.D. Dermatitis,
Trade: Trimox possible Stevens-Johnson syndrome, possible
behavioral changes.
Action: Inhibits bacterial cell-wall synthesis, and
eventually lyses them. (Bacteriocidal)
Uses: treatment of ear, sinus, skin, urinary, and Nursing Implications: Assess for infection
respiratory infections, prophylaxis for surgery, during regimen, monitor for anyphylaxis, C&S
part of multi-drug regimen for H. pylori. before first dose, administer round the clock,
instead of just daylight hours, S&S of infection
Dosage Range: Oral- (typical) 500mg q12hr should disappear within 1-2 days.
Route: capsule, oral suspension, tablet, chewable

Drug Interactions: may decrease efficacy of oral
Pharmacodynamics: N/A contraceptives, may increase effects of warfarin.

CLASS: antibiotic vancomycin
Generic: vancomycin Common Side Effects: N.V. Stomatitis, chills,
Trade: Vancocin hypotension, rash.
Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis of bacteria.
Uses: MRSA, meningitis, C. difficile Nursing Implications: P&T drawn, slow infusion
rate if rash appears, dosage modification for renal
Dosage Range: Oral- 125mg qid x 10d impairment, do no give I.M., do not administer
I.V.- 10-15mg/kg or 1G q12hr anti-diarrheal products for patients on oral
vancomycin.
Route: injection, capsule, infusion
Pharmacodynamics: N/A Drug Interactions: increased toxicity in:

anesthetic agents and/or other ototoxic or
nephrotoxic agents.
CLASS: antipsychotic Zyprexa
Generic: olanzapine Potential Side Effects: hypotension,
Trade: Zyprexa, Zydis anticholinergic effects, arrhythmia,
pseudoparkinsonism, dystonia, hyperglycemia,
Action: antagonism of dopamine and serotonin sedation, weight gain
receptor sites.
Nursing Implications: P&T drawn, slow infusion
Uses: schizophrenia, acute manic episodes of bi- rate if rash appears, dosage modification for renal
polar disorder, maintenance of bi-polar disorder. impairment, do no give I.M., do not administer
anti-diarrheal products for patients on oral
Dosage Range: 5-10 mg qd, titrate to max 20mg vancomycin.
Route: injection, tablet Drug Interactions: increased toxicity in:

anesthetic agents and/or other ototoxic or
Pharmacodynamics: N/A nephrotoxic agents.

CLASS: anticoagulant warfarin
Generic: warfarin Common Side Effects: Prolonged bleeding,
Trade: Coumadin headache, hematuria, N.V.D., hemoptysis
Action: interferes with hepatic synthesis of Vit K

dependent coagulation factors.
Nursing Implications: Avoid all I.M. Injections,
Uses: prophylaxis and treatment of venous monitor for S&S of bleeding.
thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, after M.I.
Dosage Range: 2-5 mg qd Drug Interactions: Numerous – primarily

decreased or increased efficacy of warfarin.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 36-72 hr.

Peak: 5-7 days
CLASS: anticoagulant heparin
Generic: heparin Common Side Effects: bruising, prolonged
Trade: Hep-lock bleeding, rebound hyperlipidemia on D/C,
osteoporosis, persistent erection.
Action: prevents conversion of fibrinogen to
fibrin (prevents clots).
Uses: prophylaxis and treatment of Nursing Implications: Do not administer I.M. -

thromboembolic disorders. watch for S&S of bleeding.
Dosage Range: line patency: 100 units

DVT prophylaxis: 5000 u SQ q8-12hr Drug Interactions: NSAIDs, aspirin, may
M.I.: rates vary with scenario potentiate. Nitroglycerin may decrease efficacy,
nicotine, digoxin, and antihistamines all may
Route: infusion, injection. potentiate.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: subQ- 20-30 min

I.V. - immediate
Duration: dose-dependant

CLASS: insulin regular insulin
Generic: insulin regular Common Side Effects: hypoglycemia, other
Trade: Humulin R, U-500, Novolin R. assorted adverse effects rarely associated
(frequency undetermined.)
Action: Breaks down blood sugar and stimulates
creation of glycogen.
Uses: Diabetes type 1 Nursing Implications: SubQ injection in thigh,

buttocks, arm, or abdomen – rotate sites.
Dosage Range: SubQ: 0.5-1.2 units/kg/day in Glucometer measurement important. Draw regular
divided doses. insulin first when mixing preparations. Roll vial to
resuspend. Administer 15 min prior to meal.
Route: injection, I.V.
Drug Interactions: oral contraceptives, nicotine,
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 0.5 hr thiazide diuretics, thyroid hormone,
Duration: 6-8 hr corticosteroids all DECREASE effect. Alcohol,
anabolic steroids, MAOI's, salicylates all
INCREASE effect.
CLASS: insulin Humalog
Generic: insulin lispro Common Side Effects: hypoglycemia, other
Trade: Humalog. assorted adverse effects rarely associated

Dosage Range: SubQ: 0.5-1.2 units/kg/day in Glucometer measurement important. Draw fast-
divided doses. (equipotent to regular insulin) acting insulins first in mixed doses. Administer 15
min prior to or after meal.
Route: injection
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 0.2 – 0.5 hr thiazide diuretics, thyroid hormone,
INCREASE effect.

CLASS: insulin Ultra-Lente
Generic: insulin NPH Common Side Effects: hypoglycemia, other
Trade: Humulin N, Novolin N assorted adverse effects rarely associated

Dosage Range: SubQ: 0.5-1.2 units/kg/day in Glucometer measurement important. Draw shorter
divided doses. (equipotent to regular insulin) acting insulins first in mixed doses. Roll vial to
resuspend.
Route: injection
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 1-2 hr thiazide diuretics, thyroid hormone,
INCREASE effect.
CLASS: insulin insulin 70/30 (NPH and Regular)
Generic: insulin 70/30 Common Side Effects: hypoglycemia, other
Trade: Humulin 70/30, Novolin 70/30. assorted adverse effects rarely associated

Dosage Range: SubQ: 0.5-1.2 units/kg/day in Glucometer measurement important. Roll vial to
divided doses. resuspend. Administer prior to breakfast and
supper.
Route: injection (SubQ only)
INCREASE effect.

CLASS: antibiotic, PCN penicillin
Generic: penicillin Common Side Effects: Anyphylaxis,
Trade: Pfizerpen, Veetids hypersensitivity, rash.
Action: interferes with cell-wall synthesis and

causes death. (Bactericidal)
Nursing Implications: Administer round the
Uses: Most gram + organisms, except Staph A. clock, instead of daylight hours. Empty stomach is
best.
Dosage Range: Varies by disease organism
Route: Infusion, injection, or tablet (Pen V) Drug Interactions: decreases efficacy of oral
contraceptives, may potentiate warfarin,
Pharmacodynamics: N/A tetracyclines decrease effectiveness.
CLASS: analgesis, narcotic Percocet
Generic: Oxycodone and Acetaminophen Common Side Effects: constipation, over-
Trade: Endocet, Percocet, Roxicet sedation, dysphoria, euphoria, nausea, respiratory
depression, skin rash.
Action: Oxycodone binds with opiate receptors,
and acetaminophen inhibits production of
prostaglandins while lowering fever by acting on
temp control center. Nursing Implications: Monitor for pain relief,
over-sedation, confusion, and constipation.
Uses: moderate to severe pain.
Dosage Range: Oral- 2.5 – 5 mg q6hr Drug Interactions: anesthetics can lead to
Max: 4 G qd acetaminophen-based additive CNS depression, anticholinergics can lead
to paralytic ileus.
Route: Capsule, tablet, solution

CLASS: gastrointestinal agent Prilosec OTC
Generic: omeprazole Common Side Effects: N.V.D., flatulence,
Trade: Prilosec OTC headache, dizziness, taste perversion.
Action: inhibits parietal stomach cells from

producing acid.
Nursing Implications: Maintain integrity of
Uses: erosive esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux capsule during administration, take before eating.
disease, ulcers.
Dosage Range: Oral- 20-40 mg/day Drug Interactions: May decrease excretion of
methotrexate, may prolong elimination of warfarin
Route: Capsule, tablet (both delayed-release).
Pharmacodynamics: Onset:1 hr,

Peak: 2hr
Duration: 72 hr.

CLASS: vasodilator, anti-anginal nitroglycerin
Generic: nitroglycerin Common Side Effects: headache, hypotension,
Trade: Nitrek, Nitrostat, Nitro-bid syncope (fainting from loss of O2 to brain),
lightheadedness.
Action: Relaxes smooth muscle, dilating vessels –
improves flow to ischemic regeions.
Uses: Treatment of angina pectoris, M.I., acute Nursing Implications: Do not chew or swallow
HTN. sublingual form, alternate patch sites, keep
patches on 12 on/12 off schedule. Call 911 if no
Dosage Range: Oral- 2.5 - 9 mg max: 26mg qd relief after 3 sublingual doses. Must be stored in
I.V.- 5 mcg/min titrate to max 200mcg/min glass bottles.
Ointment: 0.5 - 2” every 6 hr, + 12 hr break
Patch: 0.2 – 0.4mg/hr + 12 hr break.
Sublingual: 0.2 – 0.6 mg q 5 min max: 3 doses Drug Interactions: alcohol can aggravate
hypotension, sildenafil, tadafil, and vardenafil are
Route: Capsule, infusion, injection, ointment, strongly contraindicated for concurrent use with
solution, tablet, trans-dermal patch. nitrates, as they cause severe hypotension. 24 hour
period between nitrates and these drugs is
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 1-3 min recommended.
(Patch) 40-60 min
Peak- (PO) 4-10 min..
(Patch) 1-3 hr
Duration- (PO) 30-60 min
(Patch) 18-24 hr

CLASS: antiarrhythmic agent/anticonvulsant Dilantin
Generic: phenytoin Common Side Effects: Hypotension, gingival
Trade: Dilantin hypertrophy, bradycardia, headache, insomina,
blurred vission, N.V.D., folic acid depletion.
Action: Prolongs refractory period, and decreases
seizure activity.
Uses: management of grand mal seizures, Nursing Implications: Stop enteral feedings 2 hr
prevention thereof, arrhythmias r/t dig toxicity, prior to giving. I.V. Injections should be followed
and trigeminal neuralgia. with flush to avoid irritation of vein, must me
diluted to <6mg/mL in saline for infusion.
Dosage Range: Oral/I.V. 100mg tid
Drug Interactions: Numerous, primarily
Route: Capsule, injection, oral suspension, involving faster metabolism of other drugs,
chewable tablet. decreasing their efficacy.

CLASS: beta blocker metoprolol
Generic: metoprolol Common Side Effects: drowsiness, insomnia,
Trade: Lopressor, Toprol-XL decreased sexual ability, bradycardia, edema,
reduced peripheral circulation, NVD,
Action: inhibits beta1 andrenergic receptors, bronchospasms
slowing heart-rate, and lowering blood pressure.
Uses:HTN, angina, prevention of M.I. Atrial

fibrillation, CHF, or used in concurrently with Nursing Implications: Monitor for orthostatic
ACE inhibitors and/or digoxin. hypotension, mental status changes, and apical
and peripheral pulses.
Dosage Range: Oral- 25 – 300mg/day (typical)
Drug Interactions: may decrease metabolism of
Route: injection, E.R. tablet. antipsychotic agents, NSAIDs may decrease
efficacy of drug.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 1.5 - 4 hr
Duration: 10 - 20 hr

CLASS: anticoagulant Lovenox
Generic: enoxaparin Common Side Effects: bruising, prolonged
Trade: Lovenox bleeding, N.V.D. injection-site hematoma.
Action: prevents conversion of fibrinogen to

fibrin (prevents clots).
Nursing Implications: Do not administer I.M. -
Uses: prophylaxis and treatment of watch for S&S of bleeding. SubQ only.
thromboembolic disorders, DVTs, unstable
angina, and M.I.
Drug Interactions: NSAIDs, aspirin, may
Dosage Range: DVT prophylaxis:30-40mg bid potentiate. Nitroglycerin may decrease efficacy,
M.I.: 1mg/kg SubQ bid with aspirin nicotine, digoxin, and antihistamines all may
potentiate.
Route: injection
Pharmacodynamics: Peak: 3 hr
Duration: 275 min.
CLASS: ACE Inhibitor Lisinopril
Generic: lisinopril Common Side Effects: hypotension, dizziness,
Trade: Prinvil, Zestril fatigue, headache, hyperkalemia, NVD, dry cough
Action: Reduces blood pressure by inhibiting the

renin/angiotensin chain @ angiotensin 1.
Nursing Implications: Watch for hypotensive
Uses: HTN, systolic CHF effect within 1-3 hours of change/increase in dose.
Dosage Range: Oral- 10-40 mg/day

Drug Interactions: Antacids (decrease
Route: PO concentration of ACEI), lithium – may increase
blood levels because of salt retention, NSAIDs
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 1 hr and salicylates may add to strain on kidneys.
Peak: 6 hr
Duration: 24 min.

CLASS: analgesis, narcotic morphine sulphate
Generic: morphine sulphate Common Side Effects: diaphoresis, constipation,
Trade: Roxanol, MS Contin, MSIR, Avinza, CNS depression, hypotension, drowsiness,
Oramorph SR dizziness, nausea, xerostomia, NVD, numerous GI
problems.
Action: Binds to opiate receptors in CNS,
increasing pain threshold, altering perception of
pain, and depressing CNS.
Nursing Implications: Observe patient for signs
Uses: severe acute and chronic pain, pre- of tolerance, and/or over sedation and CNS
anesthetic, dyspnea of acute L ventricular failure depression.
and pulmonary edema.
Dosage Range: Oral- 10-30 mg Q3-4 hr PRN Drug Interactions: CNS depressants, alcohol,
I.V./I.M.- 2.5 – 10 mg Q 3hr PRN MAOIs, all can potentiate and/or increase toxicity
of morphine.
Route: Cap, tab, injection, infusion, suppository
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 20 min - 1 hr

Duration: Epidural – 48 hr.
ER tabs – 8-12hr
Other- 4-5 hr
CLASS: vasodilator, anti-anginal isosorbidide dinitrate
Generic: isosorbidide dinitrate Common Side Effects: headache, hypotension,
Trade: Isordil syncope (fainting from loss of O2 to brain),
lightheadedness.
Action: Relaxes smooth muscle, dilating vessels –
improves flow to ischemic regions.
Uses: Treatment of angina pectoris, M.I., acute Nursing Implications: Do not chew or swallow
HTN, dysphagia. sublingual form, Call 911 if no relief after 3
sublingual doses.
Dosage Range: Oral- 5 - 40 mg QID
Sublingual: 2.5 - 5 mg q 5 min
max: 3 doses Drug Interactions: alcohol can aggravate
hypotension, sildenafil, tadafil, and vardenafil are
Route: Capsule, tablet (ER and SL) strongly contraindicated for concurrent use with
nitrates, as they cause severe hypotension. 24 hour
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 1-3 min period between nitrates and these drugs is
(SL) 2 - 10 min recommended.
Duration- (PO) 4-6 hr
(SL) 1 - 2 hr

CLASS: corticosteroid prednisone
Generic: prednisone Common Side Effects: Insomnia, nervousness,
Trade: Deltasone, Prednisone Intensol, Sterapred increased appetite, dizziness, hirsutism,
diaphoresis.
Action: Decreases inflammation, suppresses
immune system, anti-emetic effects by inhibition
of emetic center prostaglandin synthesis.
Nursing Implications: Administer w/ meals, do
Uses: hypercalcemia, rheumatic disorters, not D/C abruptly
respiratory problems, organ transplant,
inflammation.
Drug Interactions: barbituates, phenytoin
Dosage Range: Oral- 1 - 10 mg QD decrease effect. NSAIDs increase risk of
ulceration in GI tract. Decreases vaccine
effectiveness.
Route: solution, tablet
Pharmacodynamics: Loading dose first

CLASS: oral electrolyte supplement potassium chloride
Generic: potassium chloride Common Side Effects: NVD, flatulence,
Trade: K-DUR, Klor-Con, Micro-K bradycardia, kyperkalemia, pain at site of
injection, dyspnea
Action: Maintains nerve impulses in heart/brain/
muscle, responsible for muscle contraction, acid-
base balance, and carbohydrate metabolism.
Nursing Implications: Dilute oral preps 2-6 parts
Uses: treatment of hypokalemia dilutant, with water or fruit juice. Wax matrix tabs
must be swallowed – not dissolved in mouth, may
Dosage Range: Oral- 40 - 80 meq QD not be given IV push.
Route: Capsule, tablet, injection, infusion,

solution Drug Interactions: Increased effect with
potassium-sparing diuretics, ACE inhibitors.

CLASS: antidiabetic agent metformin
Generic: metformin Common Side Effects: NVD (very common),
Trade: Glucophage headache, hypoglycemia, indigestion, heart
palpitations.
Action: Improves insulin sensitivity, and
decreases hepatic synthesis of glucose.
Uses: Diabetes type 2 (non-insulin dependant) Nursing Implications: Do not crush, break, or
chew ER form. NPO patients may need it to be
Dosage Range: Oral- 500 mg bid – 850 mg qd held to prevent hypoglycemia.
Route: oral Drug Interactions: oral contraceptives, nicotine,

thiazide diuretics, thyroid hormone,
Pharmacodynamics: N/A corticosteroids all DECREASE effect. Cimetidine
increases (60%) concentration in blood.
CLASS: antidiabetic agent glipizide
Generic: glipizide Common Side Effects: NVD (very common),
Trade: Glucotrol headache, hypoglycemia, indigestion, heart
palpitations, blurred vision, edema, syncope,
Action: Improves insulin sensitivity, and urticaria, hepatic jaundice.
decreases hepatic synthesis of glucose. Also
stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta
cells.
Nursing Implications: Monitor for S&S of
Uses: Diabetes type 2 (non-insulin dependant) hypoglycemia, administer 30 min prior to meals.
Dosage Range: Oral- 5 mg qd Drug Interactions: steroids, ACE inhibitors, beta

blockers, ethanol all effect blood sugar levels.
Route: oral
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- 1.5 – 2 hr

Duration- 12 – 24 hr.

CLASS: antibiotic ciprofloxacin
Generic: ciprofloxacin Common Side Effects: dizziness, headache,
Trade: Cipro, Ciloxan NVD, nervousness, insomnia, risk for super-
infection.
Action: Interferes with DNA synthesis in various
microbial organisms
Uses: UTI, gonorrhea, opthalmic infections, Nursing Implications: Hold antacids 3-4 hour
sinusitis, assorted skin infections, anthrax. prior to giving, administer round the clock,
encourage foods, instruct on use of opthalmic
Dosage Range: Oral- 400 – 600 mg bid (typical) product, preferably administer on empty stomach.
Route: oral, injection, IV infusion, opthalmic Drug Interactions: low risk of increase of
ointment effects/concentrations of many other drugs.
CLASS: anti-convulsant valproic acid
Generic: valproic acid Common Side Effects: children < 2yr extreme
Trade: Depakote ER risk of hepatic failure, teratogenic effects on
pregnancy, headache, somnolence, dizziness,
Action: Increased availability and/or mimicry of insomnia, alopecia, NVD, weakness, tremors,
GABA. (An inhibitory neurotransmitter) arrhythmia, postural hypotension, edema,
tachycardia, incontinence, constipation, weight
Uses: absence seizures, migraine prophylaxis, gain, oral problems.
partial seizures, bi-polar disorder.
Dosage Range: Oral- 10-15mg/kg/day in 3 doses

Nursing Implications: Monitor PT/PTT, liver
Route: capsule, injection, tablet enzymes, do not administer with carbonated
drinks, take with food or milk, do not chew or
Pharmacodynamics: N/A crush.
Drug Interactions: salicylates increase toxicity,

trycyclics are increased in concentration,

CLASS: antidepressant sertraline
Generic: sertraline Common Side Effects: insomnia, dizziness,
Trade: Zoloft fatigue, headache, xerostomia, diarrhea,
ejaculatory disturbances, nervousness, decreased
Action: SSRI libido, constipation, anorexia, tremors
Uses: depression, OCD, PTSD, SAD
Dosage Range: Oral- 25 – 50 mg/day Nursing Implications: May increase risk of

suicidal thoughts, monitor nutritional intake and
Route: oral weight, if somnolent – administer at bedtime.
Pharmacodynamics: N/A Drug Interactions: increased risk of serotonin

syndrome with serotonin agonists, alters
metabolism of many other drugs.
CLASS: antidepressant venlafaxine
Generic: venlafaxine Common Side Effects: insomnia, dizziness,
Trade: Effexor fatigue, headache, xerostomia, diarrhea,
Action: Inhibits serotonin and norephinephrine re- libido, constipation, anorexia, tremors
uptake

Nursing Implications: May increase risk of
Dosage Range: Oral- 37.5 – 75 mg/day suicidal thoughts, monitor nutritional intake and
weight, if somnolent – administer at bedtime.
Route: capsule, tablet
Drug Interactions: increased risk of serotonin
Pharmacodynamics: N/A syndrome with serotonin agonists, alters

CLASS: antispasmodic agent oxybutynin
Generic: oxybutynin Common Side Effects: dizziness, somnolence,
Trade: Ditropan, Oxytrol xerostomia (very common), constipation, impaired
urination.
Action: inhibits action of acetylcholine on smooth
muscle, increases bladder capacity, decreases
urgency and frequency of voiding.
Nursing Implications: Caution with geriatric
Uses: urinary incontinence/frequency patients because of anti-cholinergic activity.
Dosage Range: Oral- 5 mg TID Drug Interactions: anti-cholinergic and anti-

Patch- 3.9mg/day 2x weekly histamine drugs potentiate effects. Additional
sedation with alcohol and CNS depressants.
Route: tablet, transdermal patch
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- 30-60min

Peak- 3-6hr
Duration- 6-10 hr
CLASS: vitamin Vit B-12
Generic: Vit B-12 Common Side Effects: peripheral vascular
Trade: Crystamine, Crysti 1000, Cyanoject, Ener- disease, anxiety, restlessness, itching, pain, NVD
B, Nascobal
Action: coenzyme for many metabolic processes

including fat and carb metabolism, protein Nursing Implications: IM or deep SubQ are
synthesis, and hematopoesis. vastly superior methods of introduction to oral.
Monitor potassium concentrations in early therapy.
Uses: pernicious anemia, b-12 deficiency,
inadequate secretion of intrinsic factor. Drug Interactions: anticonvulsants, and
metformin may decrease oral absorption.
Dosage Range: Oral- 250 mcg/day
I.M./SubQ- 100-200 mcg/month
Route: oral, injection

CLASS: calcium channel blocker diltiazem
Generic: diltiazem Common Side Effects: edema, headahce,
Trade: Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac hypotension, NVD, gout, constipation, weakness,
dyspnea
Action: relaxes coronary smooth muscle,
increases myocardial O2 delivery
Uses: Oral: HTN, chronic angina Nursing Implications: Do not use with beta-
Injection: atrial fibrillation blockers, do not crush/chew XR tabs.
Dosage Range: Oral- 120 – 180 mg/day Drug Interactions: May increase
concentration/potentiate many other drugs.
Route: oral, injection (IV)
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 30-60 min

Peak: 2-3 hr
CLASS: adrenergic agonist clonidine
Generic: clonidine Common Side Effects: drowsiness, dizziness,
Trade: Catapres pruritus, dry mouth, orthostatic hypotension,
headache, fatigue, skin rash at patch site.
Action: decrease in peripheral resistance,
lowering B/P and HR
Uses: moderate HTN, not recommended as first Nursing Implications: rotate patches weekly to
line antihypertensive hairless portion of upper outer arm or chest. D/C
gradually.
Dosage Range:Oral- 0.1 mg BID max: 2.4mg/day
Patch- 0.1-0.3mg/day Drug Interactions: other CNS depressants, beta
blockers, antipsychotics, and narcotics may
Route: oral, transdermal patch, injection potentiate hypotensive effects.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- 0.5 – 1 hr

Peak- 2-4 hr
Duration- 6-10 hr

CLASS: antidepressant citalopram
Generic: citalopram Common Side Effects: insomnia, dizziness,
Trade: Celexa fatigue, headache, xerostomia, diarrhea,

Route: oral solution, tablet weight, if somnolent – administer at bedtime.

CLASS: cortiosteroid inhalant fluticasone and salmeterol
Generic: fluticasone and salmeterol Common Side Effects: URTI, pharyngitis,
Trade: Advair Diskus headache, NVD, sinusitis,
Action: anti-inflammatory, relaxes bronchial

smooth muscle
Nursing Implications: Do not use for acute relief
Uses: maintenance of asthma (not acute of asthma attacks, wash mouth out after use to
bronchospasms), COPD decrease infections, do not use with spacer device.
Dosage Range: one inhalation 12 hours apart. Drug Interactions: sympathomimetics may
enhance toxic/adverse effects.
Route: inhaled

CLASS: corticosteroid triamcinolone
Generic: triamcinolone Common Side Effects: angioedema, CHF, HTN,
Trade: Azmacort vasculitis, convulsions, mood swings, cushingoid
state, diabetes mellitus manifestation,
Action: decreases inflammation and depresses hypokalemix alkalosis, abdominal distension,
immune response. intraocular pressure
Uses: control of asthma, management of seasonal

allergies (rhinitis).
Nursing Implications: Evaluate mental status,
Dosage Range: 200mcg QID max: 1600mcg/day inject IM in large muscle (avoid deltoid), avoid
SubQ, apply topicals sparingly, dose in morning.
Route: inhaled, cream, injection, oral, ointment
Drug Interactions: barbituates, phenytoin,
Pharmacodynamics: N/A decrease effect. Salmeterol increases effect.
Salicylates increase risk of GI ulcers.
CLASS: beta blocker atenolol
Generic: atenolol Common Side Effects: drowsiness, insomnia,
Trade: Tenormin decreased sexual ability, bradycardia, edema,
reduced peripheral circulation, NVD,
Action: inhibits beta1 andrenergic receptors, bronchospasms
slowing heart-rate, and lowering blood pressure.
Uses:HTN, angina, prevention of M.I. Atrial

fibrillation, CHF, or used in concurrently with Nursing Implications: Monitor for orthostatic
ACE inhibitors and/or digoxin. hypotension, mental status changes, and apical
and peripheral pulses.
Drug Interactions: may decrease metabolism of
Route: injection, E.R. tablet. antipsychotic agents, NSAIDs may decrease
efficacy of drug.

CLASS: antiemetic ondansetron
Generic: ondansetron Common Side Effects: fatigue, headache,
Trade: Zofran drowsiness, anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, urinary
retention, hypoxia.
Action: blocks serotonin selectively on vagal
nerve terminals.
Uses: prevention of nausea associated with Nursing Implications: Oral dosage should be
chemo, radiation, post-op NV given 30 min prior to therapy. The IV version has
also been used successfully orally.
Dosage Range: Varies with treatment
Drug Interactions: Apomorphine promotes
Route: IM, IV, oral profound hypotension concurrently.
CLASS: analgesis, narcotic fentanyl
Generic: fentanyl Common Side Effects: constipation, over-
Trade: Duragesic sedation, dysphoria, euphoria, nausea, respiratory
Action: increases pain threshold, inhibits
ascending pain pathways, alters perception of
pain.
Nursing Implications: Monitor for pain relief,
Uses: moderate to severe pain, pre-op anesthetic, over-sedation, confusion, and constipation. May
chronic pain, cancer pain cause rebound respiratory depression, monitor for
12 hours after removal of patch.
Dosage Range: IM/slow IV 25-100 mcg 60 min
prior to surgery.
Drug Interactions: anesthetics can lead to
Route: injection, IV, patch additive CNS depression, anticholinergics can lead
to paralytic ileus. SSRIs may cause serotonin
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: IV-immediate syndrome. MAOIs are contraindicated.
Duration: 30-60 min

CLASS: antibiotic, 1st gen cephalosporin cephalexin
Generic: cephalexin Common Side Effects: hallucinations, NVD,
Trade: Keflex, Keftab, Biocef agitation, angioedema, vaginitis, super infection
risk.
Action: Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis and
causes them to lyse.
Uses: RTI, skin infections, bone infections, UTI, Nursing Implications: administer on empty
acute bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis. stomach, to increase absorption. Administer round
the clock to increase P&T effectiveness.
Dosage Range: Oral- 250 - 1000 mg qd
Max: 4 G/day
Route: Capsule, tablet, suspension additive CNS depression, anticholinergics can lead
to paralytic ileus.

CLASS: antibiotics Gentamicin
Generic: gentamicin Common Side Effects: neurotoxicity, vertigo,
Trade: Garamycin ataxia, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity
Action: Interferes with cell membrane on cells
Uses: Treats gram negative organisms like Nursing Implications: Therapeutic vs.
pseudomonas, serratia, bone infections, and nephrotoxic levels vary greatly, so renal tests are
septicemia. required to determine acceptable levels.
Dosage Range: Oral- 1-2.5 mg/kg Q12

Drug Interactions: penicillins, cephalosporins,
loop diuretics can potentiate and increase kidney
Route: ointment, injection difficulties.
CLASS: Parkinson’s agent amantadine
Generic: amantadine Common Side Effects: Orthostatic hypotension,
Trade: Symmetrel edema, CNS effects, nausea, xerostomia
Action: antiviral for influenza, promotes

dopamine increase in brain for anti-Parkinsonian
effect. Nursing Implications: Due not stop abruptly. If
insomnia occurs, take early in the afternoon.
Uses: treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal
symptoms, influenza A, and Parkinsons.
Drug Interactions: anti-cholinergics may
Dosage Range: Oral- 100-200 mg qd potentiate, thiazide diuretics may increase toxicity.
Route: Capsule, tablet, syrup

CLASS: Sedative/Hypnotic Zolpidem
Generic: Zolpidem Common Side Effects: Dizziness, headache,
Trade: Ambien somnolence, increased B/P, palpitations, numerous
CNS effects.
Action: Dissimilar to benzos, selective GABA
agonist.
Uses: Short term insomnia Nursing Implications: Administer on empty

stomach. Assist older adults with ambulation.
Dosage Range: Oral- 5-10 mg max @ HS
Drug Interactions: Any CNS depressant can

Route: Capsule, tablet potentiate the effects of this drug.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 30 min.

Duration: 6-8 hr.
CLASS: Stool Softener docusate
Generic: docusate Common Side Effects: diarrhea, cramps, throat
Trade: Colace irritation.
Action: Reduces fecal surface tension, allowing

for greater incorporation of water and lipids in
stool. Nursing Implications: Use for short period of
time, assess for dependence as well as electrolyte
Uses: Stool softener and fluid loss. Notify doc if bleeding occurs or
constipation isn’t relieved.
Dosage Range: 50-500 mg/day in 4 divided doses
Drug Interactions: None listed

Route: Capsule, tablet, enema, suppository, gel
cap, syrup.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- 12-72 hours.

CLASS: CNS Stimulant modafinil
Generic: modafinil Common Side Effects: headache, nausea, HTN,
Trade: Provigil palpitations, tachycardia, nervousness, insomnia,
xerostomia, diarrhea
Action: Unknown – possibly inhibits GABA
transmission.
Uses: treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness, Nursing Implications: Diabetics should monitor
adjunctive therapy for OSA. BS levels closely. Avoid ETOH, report chest
pain/palpitations, respiratory difficulties.
Dosage Range: Oral- 100-300 mg/day
Drug Interactions: increases metabolic clearance

Route: tablet of many drugs, perhaps prematurely – leading to a
therapeutic concentration of those drugs in the
Pharmacodynamics: N/A blood.
CLASS: insulin insulin 70/30

supper.
INCREASE effect.

CLASS: Vitamin Thiamine
Generic: thiamine Common Side Effects: None
Trade: Vitamin B1
Action: Essential in carb metabolism

Nursing Implications: IM injections may cause
Uses: Treatment of prophylaxis of various brain pain at injection site.
disorders, alcoholics, impaired GI absorption.
Drug Interactions: None.
Dosage Range: 100mg QD
CLASS: Vitamin folic acid
Generic: folic acid Common Side Effects: Bronchospasm
Trade: Folvite (uncommon)
Action: Prevents anemia, necessary for

metabolism.
Nursing Implications: Dilute for injectins...
Uses: Treatment of anemias...
Drug Interactions: May diminish effective
Dosage Range: 0.4 mg QD concentration of Phenytoin.
Route: injection, tablet, capsule

CLASS: Proton pump inhibitor pantoprazole
Generic: panoprazole Common Side Effects: No overly common SE,
Trade: Protronix other than headaches and diarrhea.
Action: Supresses gastric secretions
Uses: Treatment of GERD Nursing Implications: Do not administer via

NGT. Do not crush tablets.
Dosage Range: 40mg QD
Drug Interactions: Increased anticoagulant
Route: injection, tablet, liquid effects have been reported with Coumadin and
Warfarin.
CLASS: Anticonvulsant gabapentin
Generic: gabapentin Common Side Effects: Somnolence, fatigue,
Trade: Neurontin dizziness, ataxia, edema, confusion, NVD
Action: Behaves similarly to GABA
Uses: seizures Nursing Implications: Dosage must be adjusted

in renal patients...
Dosage Range: 300-1800 mg QD
Drug Interactions: May increase effect of any
Route: capsule, solution, tablet CNS depressant.

CLASS: insulin insulin 70/30 (NPH and Regular)

supper.
INCREASE effect.
CLASS: Antibiotic/Oral Rinse Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Generic: Chlorhexidine Gluconate Common Side Effects: Taste changes, teeth
Trade: BactoShield, Avagard, Peridex staining, tongue irritation.
Action: Bacteriostatic in small doses –

bacteriocidal in large.
Nursing Implications: Reduced taste sensation
Uses: Dental rinse
Dosage Range: 15 ML for 30 sec. Drug Interactions: none
Route: oral

CLASS: GI Agent/ Histamine2 blocker Famotidine
Generic: Famotidine Common Side Effects: headache, constipation.
Trade: Pepcid
Action: Inhibits gastric secretion

Nursing Implications: Take with meals, do not
Uses: Duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, GERD take more than 14 days without consulting
physician.
Dosage Range: 20-40 mg every day.
Route: oral Drug Interactions: May decrease cyclosporin

absorption

CLASS: Antipsychotic Quetiapine
Generic: Quetiapine Common Side Effects: Somnolence, agitations,
Trade: Seroquel dizziness, headache, weight gain, xerostomia,
postural hypotension, cholesterol and triglycerides
Action: Dopamine and serotonin antagonism increased, fever, pain, abdominal pain, flu-like
Uses: Schizophrenia, acute manic episodes of symptoms.
BPD.
Dosage Range: 50-200 mg per day.

Nursing Implications: Vital signs, lipid profile,
Route: oral tablet monitor for cataracts.
Drug Interactions: lorazepam – clearance
reduced 20%. Other CNS depressants oversedate.

CLASS: insulin Novolog
Generic: insulin aspart protamine Common Side Effects: hypoglycemia, other
Trade: Novolog Mix 70/30 assorted adverse effects rarely associated
Uses: Diabetes type 1 + 2 Nursing Implications: SubQ injection in thigh,

Dosage Range: SubQ: 0.5-1.2 units/kg/day in Glucometer measurement important. Draw fast-
divided doses. (equipotent to regular insulin) acting insulins first in mixed doses. Administer 15
min prior to or after meal.
Route: injection
INCREASE effect.

CLASS: Thyroid agent levothyroxine
Generic: levothyroxine Common Side Effects: elevated B/P, tachycardia,
Trade: Synthroid, Levoxyl, Levothroid, Unithroid arrhythmia, anxiety, insomnia, increased appetite,
decreased bone density, diaphoresis, heat
Action: Elevates metabolic activity by acting as a intolerance.
replacement thyroid hormone.
Uses: Hypothyroidism, pituitary TSH suppression.

Nursing Implications: I.V. Form must be
Dosage Range: Oral- 1.7 mcg/kg/day prepared immediately before administration.
I.V./I.M. 50% of oral dose Monitor TSH levels, B/P, heart rate, and other side
effects.
Route: injection, powder for re-constitution,

tablet. Drug Interactions: Iron decreases absorption,
may have interactions with antidiabetic agents,
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 3-5 days Ketamine may cause marked HTN, tricyclics
(I.V./I.M.) 6-8 hr. change therapeutic index for both drugs.
Peak- 4-6 weeks to see
effective action for each dose.

CLASS: Laxative Senna
Generic: Senna Common Side Effects: NVD, cramps
Trade: Evacugen, exlax, senokot, x-prep
Action: Laxative
Nursing Implications: Monitor for electrolyte
Uses: Constipation imbalances, administer with water to decrease
irritation.
Dosage Range: OTC packaging...
Drug Interactions: N/A

Route: Oral
Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 6-10 hrs

CLASS: Lithium Lithium
Generic: Lithium Common Side Effects: hypotension, edema,
Trade: Lithobid, Eskalith syncope, sedation, confusion, stupor, coma,
hypothyroidism, ataxia, coldness of fingers or
Action: Influences reuptake of serotonin toes.
Uses: BPD treatment
Dosage Range: 900-2400mg/day in 3-4 divided Nursing Implications: administer with meals to
doses. 50-75% of normal dose in renal impairment decrease GI upset, encourage fluids, monitor for
signs of toxicity.
Route: Capsule, tablet, syrup

Drug Interactions: Numerous – most act on
Pharmacodynamics: N/A decreasing or increasing serum concentrations of
lithium... monitor closely.
CLASS: Electrolyte Replacement Calcium Acetate
Generic: Calcium Acetate Common Side Effects: Mild hypercalcemia, NV,
Trade: PhosLo constipation.
Action: Binds with phosphate and causes

excretion in feces
Nursing Implications: Monitor for hypercalcemia
Uses: Control of hyperphosphatemia in renal (unlikely)
failure.
Drug Interactions: Digitalis may become toxic,
Dosage Range: Oral- 1000mg every day tetracycline, ABX, and beta-blockers are
significantly reduced in ability to absorb.
Route: Oral

CLASS: Laxative Metamucil
Generic: Psyllium Common Side Effects: esophageal or bowel
Trade: Metamucil obstruction, diarrhea, cramps.
Action: Adsorbs water in intestines to form a

viscous liquid which promotes peristalsis and
decreases transit time. Nursing Implications: monitor for impaction
Uses: constipation
Dosage Range: Varied gram strengths
Route: oral
CLASS: SSRI inhibitor sertraline HCL
Generic: sertraline HCL Common Side Effects: insomnia, fatigue,
Trade: Zoloft dizziness, h/a, nausea, xerostomia, heart
palpitations, parasthesia, micturition disorders.
Action: SSRI inhibitor
Uses: depression, PTSD, OCD

Nursing Implications: monitor nutrition, i/o, if
Dosage Range: 25-200 mg every day somnolent, offer at bedtime.
Route: oral
Drug Interactions: benzos, amphetamines,
Pharmacodynamics: maximum effects usually carbamazepine, dextromethorphan, erythromycin,
seen after 4 weeks meperidine, all may carry risk of serotonin
syndrome with this drug.

CLASS: gastric or duodenal ulcer treatment sucralfate
Generic: sucralfate Common Side Effects: constipation
Trade: Carafate
Action: forms a viscous, adhesive substance

protecting lining from peptic acid, pepsin, and bile Nursing Implications: monitor for constipation,
salts administer 2 hr before or after other oral drugs.
Tabs may be disintegrated in water first.
Uses: gastric or duodenal ulcers
Dosage Range: 1Gm every 4 hours Drug Interactions: digoxin, warfarin,

ciprofoxacin all may be decreased in effectiveness
Route: oral unless taken separately by 2 hours.
Pharmacodynamics: onset: 1-2 hours

duration: 6 hours
CLASS: electrolyte supplement potassium chloride
Generic: potassium chloride Common Side Effects: NVD, bradykardia,
Trade: Kdur, Klor-con hyperkalemia
Action: Major intracellular ion – essential for

nerve impulses of heart, brain, and skeletal
muscle. Nursing Implications: liquid form should be
diluted 2-6 times with water or juice.
Uses: hypokalemia
Dosage Range: 20-40 meq every day Drug Interactions: increased effectiveness of ace
inhibitors. Overdose may decrease effectiveness of
Route: oral digoxin therapy.

CLASS: Antacid Mylanta
Generic: aluminum hydroxide and magnesium Common Side Effects: cramps, constipation,
hydroxide decreased GI motility, fecal impaction.
Trade: Maalox, Mylanta
Action: antacid
Nursing Implications: monitor BM's
Uses: acute treatment of symptoms of GERD,
hyperacidity, prevention of stress ulcers.
Drug Interactions: decreased effect of dig,
Dosage Range: 30 ml PRN typical tetracyclines, benzos, and iron salts.
Route: oral suspension
CLASS: antiemetic, antipsychotic agent promethazine
Generic: promethazine Common Side Effects: bradycardia, HTN,
Trade: phenergan dizziness, drowsiness, NVD, xerostomia
Action: competes with histamine, and depresses

stimuli to brainstem Nursing Implications: rapid IV push may result
in drop in B/P, do not exceed 25mg/min. Monitor
Uses: motion sickness, sedation mental status, and avoid extravasation.
Dosage Range: 25 mg at HS, or 12.5 mg before

meals. Drug Interactions: miconazole and sertraline
may increase effects.
Route: supp, tab, syrup
Pharmacodynamics: onset: 20 min

duration: 4-6 hours

CLASS: antiemetic, antipsychotic agent promethazine
Generic: promethazine Common Side Effects: bradycardia, HTN,
Trade: phenergan dizziness, drowsiness, NVD, xerostomia
Action: competes with histamine, and depresses

stimuli to brainstem Nursing Implications: rapid IV push may result
in drop in B/P, do not exceed 25mg/min. Monitor
Uses: motion sickness, sedation mental status, and avoid extravasation.
Dosage Range: 25 mg at HS, or 12.5 mg before

meals. Drug Interactions: miconazole (nitrate) and
sertraline may increase effects.
Route: supp, tab, syrup
Pharmacodynamics: onset: 20 min

duration: 4-6 hours
CLASS: Proton pump inhibitor Nexium
Generic: esomeprazole Common Side Effects: H/A, NVD, flatulence,
Trade: Nexium abdominal pain.
Action: Suppresses gastric acid secretions
Uses: Short term treatment of GERD, or erosive Nursing Implications: Do not break or crush
esophagus trouble. capsules...
Dosage Range: Oral- 20 40 mg

Drug Interactions: Benzos can be potentiated by
Route: Capsule, delayed release excess oxidation. May decrease absorption of iron
salts. May increase levels of sertraline.
CLASS: Laxative bisacodyl
Generic: bisacodyl Common Side Effects: NVD, diarrhea, H/A,
Trade: Dulcolax dehydration
Action: Stimulates bowel muscles to enable

bowel movement..
Nursing Implications: Monitor for rectal
Uses: treatment of constipation bleeding, use with caution in the elderly. Do not
take with antacids or milk.
Drug Interactions: May decrease effective levels
Route: tablet, syrup of many drugs.

CLASS: Sedative/hypnotic chloral hydrate
Generic: chloral hydrate Common Side Effects: drowsiness, over sedation,
Trade: Aquachloral hypotension, xerostomia
Action: depresses central nervous system

producing drowsiness and sedation.
Nursing Implications: Monitor for orthostatic
Uses: short term treatment of insomnia. hypotension, mental status changes, and over
sedation. Do not stop taking suddenly – may be
Dosage Range: Oral- 300-500 mg QD (typical) habit forming. Do not combine with other CNS
depressants.
Route: tablet, syrup, suppository
Drug Interactions: Other CNS depressants can
Pharmacodynamics: N/A potentiate. Other increases/decreases in
effectiveness.
CLASS: Amino acid Glutamine
Generic: glutamine Common Side Effects: Unknown.
Trade: numerous
Action: an essential amino acid used in immune

system and brain function. Also inhibits muscle Nursing Implications: Do not add to hot water –
wasting in cancer patients. heat destroys it. Observe carefully with patients
with renal or hepatic disease.
Uses: wound healing, brain injuries, HIV
Drug Interactions: May decrease effectiveness of
Dosage Range: Oral – 500 – 15,000 mg cancer drugs.
Route: tablet, syrup, powder

CLASS: Vitamin cholecalciferol
Generic: cholecalciferol Common Side Effects: N/V/D, headache, kidney
Trade: Vitamin D stones, hypercalcemia
Action: A fat soluble vitamin used for absorption

of calcium.
Nursing Implications: Monitor electrolyte levels
Uses: Vit D deficiency. carefully – use cautiously with renal patients.
Dosage Range: Oral – 1000 – 3000 IU per day. Drug Interactions: May potentiate gabapentin,
heparin, and phenobarbital.
Route: tablet, syrup, powder, injection.
CLASS: Muscle Relaxant baclofen
Generic: baclofen Common Side Effects: drowsiness, dizziness,
Trade: Lioresal vertigo, hypotension, weakness, rash, confusion,
HA, ataxia
Action: Prevents muscle spasms at the spinal cord
level
Uses: Treatment of spasticity associated with MS Nursing Implications: Avoid abrupt withdrawal,
or spinal cord lesions monitor epileptic patients carefully.
Dosage Range: Oral – 15 mg Qd Drug Interactions: Increases effects of opiates,

benzos, and HTN agents.
Route: injection, solution, tablet
Pharmacodynamics: onset: 3-4 days

CLASS: Anti-depressant paroxetine
Generic: paroxetine Common Side Effects: Somnolence, insomnia,
Trade: Paxil H/A, dizziness, decreased libido, nausea,
xerostomia, constipation, weakness, diaphoresis.
Action: SSRI
Uses: Treatment of PTSD, GAD, OCD, and

depression Nursing Implications: Do no discontinue
abruptly, monitor mood swings. Monitor for
Dosage Range: Oral – 20-50 mg QD constipation.
Route: Suspension, tablet Drug Interactions: Extensive.
Pharmacodynamics: Maximum effect seen after

4 weeks.
CLASS: Narcotic methadone
Generic: methadone Common Side Effects: N/V/D, headache, kidney
Trade: Dolophine stones, hypercalcemia
Action: Binds to opiate receptors in CNS,

inhibiting response and perception of pain.
Nursing Implications: Observe for excessive
Uses: Management of severe pain, treatment in sedation, assist with ambulation.
narcotic withdrawal programs.
Drug Interactions: Potentiates other CNS
Dosage Range: Oral – 2.5 – 10 mg Q 4hr PRN depressants.
Route: injection solution, tablet
Pharmacodynamics: oral: 30-60 min

parenteral: 10-20 min

CLASS: GI agent, prokinetic metoclopramide
Generic: metoclopramide Common Side Effects: brady/tachycardia,
Trade: Reglan drowsiness, dystonia, confusion, headache,
depression, urticara
Action: Blocks dopamine and serotonin receptors
in high doses, enhances response to acetylcholine
in upper GI tract, and increases motility.
Nursing Implications: Slow IVP for patient's
Uses: treatment of GERD, gastric stasis, comfort – rapid push is associated with anxiety.
stimulates gastric empyting.
Drug Interactions: anticholinergic agents may
Dosage Range: 10-30 mg Q6HR antagonize effectiveness. CNS depressants may
potentiate sedation.
Route: injection, syrup, tablet
Pharmacodynamics: oral: 30-60min, IV – 1-3

min.
CLASS: Anti-psychotic risperidone
Generic: risperidone Common Side Effects: dizziness, sedation,
Trade: Rispedal headache, nausea, xerostomia, HTN, hypotension,
weight loss/gain, extrapyramidal symptoms
Action: dopamine/serotonin antagonist.
Uses: treatment of bi-polar disorder or

schizophrenia. Nursing Implications: Monitor for
extrapyramidal effects.
Drug Interactions: Avoid use with MAOI's, CNS
Route: tablet, solution, injection depressants, carbamazepine.

CLASS: Antineoplastic agent, appetite stimulant megestrol
Generic: megestrol Common Side Effects: headache, HTN, rash,
Trade: Megace insomnia
Action: synthetic progestin
Uses: treatment of anorexia, carcinoma, and Nursing Implications: Monitor for

breast cancer. thromboembolism.
Dosage Range: 4-800 mg QD Drug Interactions: None reported.
Route: suspension, tablet
CLASS: analgesis, narcotic oxycodone
Generic: Oxycodone Common Side Effects: constipation, over-
Trade: Oxycontin sedation, dysphoria, euphoria, nausea, respiratory
Action: Oxycodone binds with opiate receptors

Dosage Range: Oral- 2.5 – 5 mg q6hr over-sedation, confusion, and constipation.
Route: Capsule, tablet, patch

Pharmacodynamics: onset – 30-60 min additive CNS depression, anticholinergics can lead
to paralytic ileus.

CLASS: analgesis, narcotic hydromorphone
Generic: hydromorphone Common Side Effects: constipation, over-
Trade: Dilaudid sedation, dysphoria, euphoria, nausea, respiratory
Action: Oxycodone binds with opiate receptors,

Dosage Range: 2-8 mg over-sedation, confusion, and constipation.
Route: capsule, suppository, injection, liquid Drug Interactions: anesthetics can lead to
additive CNS depression, SSRI's may be additive,
Pharmacodynamics: onset 15-30 minutes leading to serotonin syndrome.
CLASS: antidepressant sertraline
Generic: sertraline Common Side Effects: insomnia, dizziness,
Trade: Zoloft fatigue, headache, xerostomia, diarrhea,

Route: oral weight, if somnolent – administer at bedtime.


CLASS: Antipsychotic Quetiapine
Generic: Quetiapine Common Side Effects: Somnolence, agitations,
Trade: Seroquel dizziness, headache, weight gain, xerostomia,
postural hypotension, cholesterol and triglycerides
Action: Dopamine and serotonin antagonism increased, fever, pain, abdominal pain, flu-like
Uses: Schizophrenia, acute manic episodes of symptoms.
BPD.
Dosage Range: 50-200 mg per day.

Nursing Implications: Vital signs, lipid profile,
Route: oral tablet monitor for cataracts.
Drug Interactions: lorazepam – clearance
reduced 20%. Other CNS depressants oversedate.
CLASS: Laxative bisacodyl
Generic: bisacodyl Common Side Effects: NVD, diarrhea, H/A,
Trade: Dulcolax dehydration
Action: Stimulates bowel muscles to enable

bowel movement..
Nursing Implications: Monitor for rectal
Uses: treatment of constipation bleeding, use with caution in the elderly. Do not
take with antacids or milk.
Drug Interactions: May decrease effective levels
Route: tablet, syrup of many drugs.

CLASS: anticoagulant warfarin
Generic: warfarin Common Side Effects: Prolonged bleeding,
Trade: Coumadin headache, hematuria, N.V.D., hemoptysis
Action: interferes with hepatic synthesis of Vit K

dependent coagulation factors.
Nursing Implications: Avoid all I.M. Injections,
Uses: prophylaxis and treatment of venous monitor for S&S of bleeding.
thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, after M.I.
Dosage Range: 2-5 mg qd Drug Interactions: Numerous – primarily

decreased or increased efficacy of warfarin.
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 36-72 hr.

Peak: 5-7 days
CLASS: AntiParkinson's/Anti-cholinergic benztropine
Generic: benztropine Common Side Effects: tachycardia, CNS
Trade: Cogentin disturbances, urinary retention, blurred vision
Action: Anticholinergic, antihistamine, may

inhibit reuptake of dopamine.
Nursing Implications: Do not discontinue
Uses: Parkinsonian symptoms, tardive dyskinesia abruptly. IV and IM methods = same onset time.
Dosage Range: 0.5 – 4 mg QD

Drug Interactions: cumulative effect with
Route: injection, tablet anticholinergics, may increase digoxin levels..
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 15-60 min.

Action: 6- 48 hr

CLASS: sedative, hypnotic clonazepam
Generic: clonazepam Common Side Effects: edema, ataxia, CNS
Trade: Klonopin depression, hallucinations, libido disturbances,
constipation, blood dyscrasias, respiratory
Action: Unknown, believed to enhance GABA congestion
pathways.
Uses: anti-seizure prophylaxis

Nursing Implications: observe for excess
Dosage Range: 1.5 – 20mg QD sedation, resp depression, and orthostasis.
Route: tablet
Drug Interactions: Valproic acid can cause
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 20-60 min absence seizures when used concurrently. CNS
Duration : 12 hr. depressants may potentiate.
CLASS: Antihyperlipidemic agent rosuvastatin
Generic: rosuvastatin Common Side Effects: edema, HTN, pharyngitis,
Trade: Crestor NVD, GI disturbances, anemia
Action: stimulates LDL catabolism
Uses: management of cholesterol Nursing Implications: Monitor serum cholesterol

levels.
Route: tablet Drug Interactions: Cyclosporines may increase

serum levels of drug – limit intake to 5 mg QD
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 1 week hr. when taken concurrently.
Peak: 4 weeks

CLASS: alpha adrenergic blocking agent tamsulosin
Generic: tamsulosin Common Side Effects: Orthostatic hypotension,
Trade: Flomax h/a, dizziness, abnormal ejaculation, libido
decrease, somnolence.
Action: smooth muscle relaxant
Uses: treatment of BPH

Nursing Implications: Monitor for orthostasis, do
Dosage Range: 0.4mg – 0.8mg QD not crush capsule.
Route: capsule
Drug Interactions: other cardiac meds (beta
Pharmacodynamics: N/A blockers, calcium channel blockers) may increase
risk of orthostasis.
CLASS: traditional anti-psychotic perphenazine
Generic: perphenazine Common Side Effects: OH, blood sugar
Trade: Trilafon disturbances, photosensitivity, urinary
disturbances, tardive dyskinesias, restlessness,
Action: inhibits post-synaptic dopaminergic ataxia, dizziness
receptors in limbic system.
Uses: schizophrenia, nausea

Nursing Implications: monitor for OH, dilute
Dosage Range: 4-64 mg QD concentrated forms with at least 2 oz of juice.
Route: tablet
Drug Interactions: may inhibit anticholinergics,
Pharmacodynamics: N/A increased risk of Parkinsonian symptoms with
Reglan, may cause OH in combination.

CLASS: vitamin vitamin E
Generic: vitamin E Common Side Effects: blurred vision
Trade: Aquagem, Aquasol, E-Gems (uncommon)
Action: prevents breakdown of vit A+C, protects

from effects of free radicals and hemolysis of
RBCs. Nursing Implications: toxicity appears as flu-like
symptoms.
Uses: dietary supplement, prevention of hemolytic
anemia Drug Interactions: may interfere with warfarin
Route: capsule, cream, powder, suppository
CLASS: expectorant guaifenesin
Generic: guaifenesin Common Side Effects: dizziness, h/a, stomach
Trade: Mucinex, Humibid pain, NVD, kidney stone formation (with large
quantities)
Action: stimulates resp secretions and decreases
mucous viscosity
Uses: presence of mucous in resp tract, relief of Nursing Implications: Push fluids to ensure
dry cough. therapeutic action
Dosage Range: 200-2400 mg qd Drug Interactions: N/A
Route: syrup, liquid, tablet

CLASS: anti-diarrheal bismuth subsalicylate
Generic: bismuth subsalicylate Common Side Effects: constipation, h/a
Trade: Kaopectate
Action: soothes gastric motility

Nursing Implications: monitor for constipation,
Uses: diarrhea push fluids
Dosage Range: 10-500 mg qd

Route: syrup, tablet
CLASS: anti-diarrheal bismuth subsalicylate
Generic: bismuth subsalicylate Common Side Effects: constipation, h/a
Trade: Kaopectate
Action: soothes gastric motility

Uses: diarrhea push fluids
Dosage Range: 10-500 mg qd

Route: syrup, tablet

CLASS: sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor pseudoephedrine
Generic: pseudoephedrine Common Side Effects: CNS stimulation, dry
Trade: Sudafed mouth, HTN, h/a, NVD
Action: mimics sympathetic nervous system

stimulation, vasoconstricts, dries secretions
Uses: excess mucous production, cold relief push fluids
(decongestant)
Dosage Range: 60-240 mg QD Drug Interactions: beta-blockers, HTN agents,

anti-depressants can interefere.
Route: tablet, syrup
CLASS: antiemetic ondansetron
Generic: ondansetron Common Side Effects: fatigue, headache,
Trade: Zofran drowsiness, anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, urinary
retention, hypoxia.
Action: blocks serotonin selectively on vagal
nerve terminals.
Uses: prevention of nausea associated with Nursing Implications: Oral dosage should be
chemo, radiation, post-op NV given 30 min prior to therapy. The IV version has
also been used successfully orally.
Dosage Range: Varies with treatment
Drug Interactions: Apomorphine promotes
Route: IM, IV, oral profound hypotension concurrently.

CLASS: analgesis, narcotic fentanyl
Generic: fentanyl Common Side Effects: constipation, over-
Trade: Duragesic sedation, dysphoria, euphoria, nausea, respiratory
Action: increases pain threshold, inhibits
ascending pain pathways, alters perception of
pain.
Uses: moderate to severe pain, pre-op anesthetic, over-sedation, confusion, and constipation. May
chronic pain, cancer pain cause rebound respiratory depression, monitor for
12 hours after removal of patch.
Dosage Range: IM/slow IV 25-100 mcg 60 min
prior to surgery.
Route: injection, IV, patch additive CNS depression, anticholinergics can lead
to paralytic ileus. SSRIs may cause serotonin
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: IV-immediate syndrome. MAOIs are contraindicated.
Duration: 30-60 min
CLASS: Adrenal Corticosteroid betamethasone
Generic: betamethasone Common Side Effects: flushing, sweating,
Trade: Diprosone irritability, HTN, fungal infections, acne, bruising,
increased appetite.
Action: prevents/controls inflammation,
stimulates lung/surfactant development in fetus.
Uses: pre-term birth lung development, Nursing Implications: Assess for infection, daily
inflammation treatment. weights, b/p
Dosage Range: 0.6 – 7.2mg QD Drug Interactions: hypokalemia with diuretics,

decreases effects of insulin/blood thinners.
Route: IM, oral, topical NSAIDS concurrently risk of GI bleeds.

CLASS: hormone oxytocin
Generic: oxytocin Common Side Effects: seizures, tetanic
Trade: Pitocin contractions, HTN/OH, cardiac arrhythmias,
abruptio placentae.
Action: produces uterine contraction, anti-diuretic
effect, stimulates breast milk production.
Uses: induction of labor, post-postpartum Nursing Implications: B/P, hemorrhage

bleeding. monitoring. Length, intensity, duration of
contractions, FHT monitoring.
Dosage Range: 1-2 mU/min (induction)
10-40 U in1000 mL diluted Drug Interactions: Concurrent use of
(hemorrhage) vasopressors = HTN.
Route: IM, IV
Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 1-7 min

Duration: 1hr.
CLASS: HTN agent, tocolytic magnesium sulfate
Generic: magnesium sulfate Common Side Effects: Sedation, depressed deep
Trade: N/A tendon reflexes, confusion, hypotension, resp
depression.
Action: draws fluid into colon, depresses CNS,
relaxes smooth muscle
Uses: HTN treatment, dig toxicity, premature Nursing Implications: Monitor reflexes, level of
labor, seizure prophylaxis. conciousness, constipation.
Dosage Range: 4 – 40 GM QD Drug Interactions: decreased effect of digoxin,

increases effects of neuromuscular blockers,
Route: IM, oral, IV. increases effects of anti-hypertensives.
Pharmacodynamics: Duration IV: 30 min.

CLASS: bronchodilator, tocolytic terbutaline
Generic: terbutaline Common Side Effects: insomnia, anxiety,
Trade: Brethine stimulation, dizziness, tachycardia, NVD.
Action: relaxes smooth muscle, CNS, diureses.
Uses: bronchospasms, hyperkalemia, premature Nursing Implications: monitor for tolerance,

labor. FHT, b/p, contractions.
Dosage Range: 2.5 mg Q 4-6 hr Drug Interactions: MAOI's may cause

hypertensive crisis.
Route: PO, SubQ
Pharmacodynamics: PO onset: 30 min

peak: 1-2 hr
duration: 4-8 hr
CLASS: immune globulin rhogam
Generic: rhogam Common Side Effects: lethargy, injection site
Trade: RhoGam, BayRho pain.
Action: suppresses immune response of rh

negative mother.
Nursing Implications: assess allergies, confirm
Uses: prevention of immune-mediated blood product accuracy, inject into deltoid – not
abortion/sensitization in RH negative women. gluteus.
Dosage Range: 120-300 mcg 2x in 72 hr. Drug Interactions: decreased antibody response
to live vaccines.
Route: IM, IV.
Pharmacodynamics: n/a

CLASS: opioid antagonist naloxone
Generic: naloxone Common Side Effects: drowsiness, irritability,
Trade: Narcan rapid pulse, NV, hepatoxicity, pulmonary edema.
Action: competes with opioids at receptor sites
Uses: opiate overdose Nursing Implications: assess for withdrawal

symptoms, cardiac status, resp status, for pain.
Dosage Range: 0.4-2mg Q 3 min, max 10mg
Drug Interactions: decreases/eliminates effects
Route: IM, IV, SubQ of opiates.
Pharmacodynamics: IV onset: 1 min.

IM/SQ onset: 2-5 min.
CLASS: Prostaglandin dinoprostone
Generic: dinoprostone Common Side Effects: h/a, dizziness,
Trade: Cervidil decelerations, vaginal pain, nvd, leg cramps, rash.
Action: stimulates uterine contractions, aborts

during 2nd trimester, effaces and dilates cervix at
term. Nursing Implications: check for contractions,
monitor FHT, b/p, check for vaginal discharge.
Uses: abortion, cervical dilation, induction.
Drug Interactions: increases effects of other
Dosage Range: 10-20 mg max 240mg oxytocics.
Route: gel, suppository.
Pharmacodynamics: onset: 10min.

CLASS: Prostaglandin misoprostol
Generic: misoprostol Common Side Effects: nvd, hypermenorrhea.
Trade: Cytotec
Action: cervical ripening, inhibits gastric

secretions, protects gastric mucosa Nursing Implications: check for contractions,
monitor FHT, b/p, check for vaginal discharge.
Uses: abortion, cervical dilation, gastric ulcers,
kidney transplant rejection prophylaxis. Drug Interactions: take with food for maximum
concentration in ulcer therapy.
Dosage Range: 25 mcg Q 3-6 hr intravaginally
for cervical ripening.
Route: PO, gel
Pharmacodynamics: onset: 12 min.

Digoxin: Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

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Digoxin: Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

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Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

CLASS: Anti arrhythmic Digoxin

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Pharmacodynamics: Duration- 12-24 hr.

Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 2 hr.

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Uses: Hypothyroidism, pituitary TSH suppression.

Route: injection, powder for re-constitution,

Action: Prevents angiotensin 1 conversion to

Pharmacodynamics: Onset- (PO.) 1 hr.

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Action: Inhibits bacterial synthesis and growth

Route: injection, oral suspension, tablet & double

Route: capsule, oral suspension, tablet, chewable

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis of bacteria.

Pharmacodynamics: N/A Drug Interactions: increased toxicity in:

Route: injection, tablet Drug Interactions: increased toxicity in:

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Action: interferes with hepatic synthesis of Vit K

Dosage Range: 2-5 mg qd Drug Interactions: Numerous – primarily

Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 36-72 hr.

Uses: prophylaxis and treatment of Nursing Implications: Do not administer I.M. -

Dosage Range: line patency: 100 units

Pharmacodynamics: Onset: subQ- 20-30 min

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Uses: Diabetes type 1 Nursing Implications: SubQ injection in thigh,

Uses: Diabetes type 1 Nursing Implications: SubQ injection in thigh,

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Uses: Diabetes type 1 Nursing Implications: SubQ injection in thigh,

Uses: Diabetes type 1 Nursing Implications: SubQ injection in thigh,

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Action: interferes with cell-wall synthesis and

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Action: inhibits parietal stomach cells from

Pharmacodynamics: Onset:1 hr,

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Uses:HTN, angina, prevention of M.I. Atrial

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Action: prevents conversion of fibrinogen to

Action: Reduces blood pressure by inhibiting the

Dosage Range: Oral- 10-40 mg/day

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Pharmacodynamics: Onset: 20 min - 1 hr

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Pharmacodynamics: Loading dose first

Route: Capsule, tablet, injection, infusion,

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Route: oral Drug Interactions: oral contraceptives, nicotine,

Dosage Range: Oral- 5 mg qd Drug Interactions: steroids, ACE inhibitors, beta

Pharmacodynamics: Onset- 1.5 – 2 hr

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Dosage Range: Oral- 10-15mg/kg/day in 3 doses

Drug Interactions: salicylates increase toxicity,

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Uses: depression, OCD, PTSD, SAD

Dosage Range: Oral- 25 – 50 mg/day Nursing Implications: May increase risk of

Pharmacodynamics: N/A Drug Interactions: increased risk of serotonin

Uses: depression, OCD, PTSD, SAD

Andy Samelson's Drug Cards Andy Samelson's Drug Cards

Dosage Range: Oral- 5 mg TID Drug Interactions: anti-cholinergic and anti-