Nebosh General Cert Notes

Effective management of health and safety:
is vital to employee well-being

has a role to play in enhancing the reputation of businesses and
helping them achieve high-performance teams
is financially beneficial to business
4 Cs
Competence
Control
Co-operation
Communication
Health the protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness
resulting from the materials, processes or procedures used in the
workplace.
Safety the protection of people from physical injury.
Ill health- the two words are normally used together to indicate concern
for the physical and mental well-being of the individual at the place of
work.
Welfare the provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being

of individuals at the workplace. e.g. washing and sanitation arrangements,
the provision of drinking water, heating, lighting, and accommodation for
clothing, seating (when required by the work activity), eating and rest
rooms, first aid arrangements.
Occupational or work-related ill-health is concerned with those

illnesses or physical and mental disorders that are either caused or
triggered by workplace activities. The time interval between exposure and
the onset of the illness may be short (e.g. asthma attacks) or long (e.g.
deafness or cancer).
Environmental protection arrangements to cover those activities in

the workplace which affect the environment (in the form of ora, fauna,
water, air and soil) and, possibly, the health and safety of employees and
others. Eg include waste disposal and atmospheric pollution.
Hazardis the potential of a substance, activity or process to cause harm.

Hazards take many forms including, for example, chemicals, electricity
and working from a ladder. A hazard can be ranked relative to other
hazards or to a possible level of danger.
Risk - likelihood of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. A risk

can be reduced and the hazard controlled by good management.
Hazard and a risk the two terms are often confused and activities such
as construction work are called high risk when they are high hazard.
by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Although the hazard will continue to be high, the risks will be reduced as
controls are implemented. The level of risk remaining when controls have
been adopted is known as the residual risk. There should only be high
residual risk where there is poor health and safety management and
inadequate control measures.
Insured Direct costs:

Claims on employers and public liability insurance
Damage to buildings, equipment, vehicles
Absence from employees
Uninsured Direct costs:

Fines resulting from prosecution by the enforcement authority
Sick pay
Some damage to the product , equipment, vehicles or process (not
directly associated with accident
Increases in insurance premium
Any compensation not covered by insurance
Legal representation following a compensation claim
Insured Indirect costs:

A cumulative business loss
Product or process liability claims
Recruitment or replacement staff
Uninsured Direct costs:

Loss of goodwill and a poor corporate image
Accident investigation time
Production delays
Extra overtime payments
Recruitment and training replacement staff
First aid-provision and training
Lower employee morale possibly leading to reduced productivity
Employers Liability Compulsory Insurance (Act)

legal requirement (2500/day fine)
ensures that any employee who successfully sues his employer
following an accident, is assured of receiving a compensation
irrespective of financial position of the employer
min one copy must be displayed
copies to be kept for 40 years

LAW
Criminal law
is enforced by several different Government Agencies who may
prosecute individuals for contravening criminal laws.
An individual who breaks criminal law is deemed to have committed an
offence or crime and, if he is prosecuted, the court will determine
whether he is guilty or not
the court could sentence him to a fi ne or imprisonment
The Health and Safety at Work Act (enforced by the Health and Safety
Executive or Local Authority Environmental Health Officers)
Road Traffic Acts
The prosecution in a criminal case has to prove the guilt of the
accused beyond reason-able doubt. While this obligation is not totally
removed in health and safety cases, section 40 of the Health and
Safety at Work Act 1974 transferred, where there is a duty to do
something so far as is reasonably practicable or so far as is
practicable or use the best practicable means, the onus of proof to
the accused to show that there was no better way to discharge his
duty under the Act. However, when this burden of proof is placed on
the accused, they need only satisfy the court on the balance of
probabilities that what they are trying to prove has been done.
Magistrates Courts
brought before the court by enforcement officers
tried by a bench of three lay magistrates (members of public) or a
single district judge

maximum fine of 5000 (for employees) to 20 000 for employers or
for those who ignore prohibition notices
imprison for up to six months for breaches of enforcement notices
Crown Court
Passed from Magistrates Courts
Cases are heard by a judge (sometimes him alone) and jury
unlimited fine and up to two years imprisonment for breaches of
enforcement notices
hears appeals from the Magistrates Court
Civil law
disputes between individuals or individuals and companies
An individual sues another individual or company to address a civil
wrong or tort
the level of proof required is based on the balance of probability,
which is a lower level of certainty than that of beyond reasonable
doubt required by the criminal court
County Court
deals with minor cases
compensation claims of up to 50 000 if the High Court agrees
normally heard by a judge sitting alone
For personal injury claims of less than 5000
High Court
before a judge only
compensation claims in excess of 50 000
acts as an appeal court for the County Court
appeals from the High Court are made to the Court of Appeal
fine based on company turnover and ability to pay
Supreme Court
Independent institution
12 judges
Final court of appeal
Employment Tribunals
deal with employment and conditions of service issues, such as unfair
dismissal
usually three members who sit on a Tribunal (often not legally
qualified)
Sources of law

Negligence - The only tort (civil wrong) of real significance in health and
safety; it is the lack of reasonable care or conduct which results in the
injury, damage (or financial loss) of or to another.
It is a common law tort
Summarised as Careless Conduct/Breach of Duty of Care
An employee, who is suing his employer for negligence, needs to

establish the following three criteria:
a duty was owed to him by his employer since the incident took place
during the course of his employment
there was a breach of that duty because the event was foreseeable
and all reasonable precautions had not been taken
the breach resulted in the specific injury, disease, damage and/or loss
suffered.
Defence:
contributory negligence
volenti non fit injuira (risk was willingly accepted)
vicarious liability (where the defendant is an employee who was acting
in the course of his employment during the alleged incident, the
defence of the action is transferred to his employer)
Any negligence claim must be made within 3 years (Limitations Act)
Tests to be satisfied:
That a duty of care was owed
That there was a breach of that duty
That the breach led directly to the harm

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK ETC ACT 1974
Part 1 relates to HW&W at the workplace

Part 2 relates to EMAS
Part 3 relates to Building Regs
Part 4 contains misc. & general provisions
PRACTICABLE capable of being carried out or feasible (given current

knowledge, finance, information etc.)
REASONABLY PRACTICABLE must be technically possible, and the risk

assessed against the cost. Where cost is disproportionately high, can be
deemed not to be reasonably practical.
H&S Inspectorate powers include: Investigation, Advisory, Enforcement

(Imp. Not, Pro. Not, Seize/destroy substances/articles, Prosecute)
DUTIES OF CARE:
provide a safe place of work, including access and egress
provide safe plant and equipment
provide a safe system of work
provide safe and competent fellow employees
provide adequate levels of supervision, information, instruction and
training.
LEVELS OF DUTY:
Absolute duty
occurs when the risk of injury is so high that injury is inevitable unless
safety precautions are taken
must and shall
it may still be defended using, for example, the argument that all
reasonable precautions and all due diligence were taken (only The
Electricity at Work Regs and The Control of Substances Hazardous to
Health Regs)
Practicable
Employer must ensure, so far as is practicable, that any control
measure is maintained in an efficient state (if the duty is technically
possible or feasible then it must be done irrespective of any difficulty,
inconvenience or cost)
Reasonably practicable
if the risk of injury is very small compared to the cost, time and effort
required to reduce the risk , then no action is necessary
It is important to note that money, time and trouble must grossly
outweigh not balance the risk

clearly needs a risk assessment
suitable and sufficient
Regulations
Enabling Act (allows the Secretary of State to make further laws
(known as regulations) without the need to pass another Act of
Parliament)
It is a criminal offence to breach a regulation and any breaches may
result in enforcement action
aim to help employers to set goals, but leave them free to decide how
to control hazards and risks which they identify
ACOP
produced for most sets of regulations by the HSC
attempts to give more details on the requirements of the regulations
quasi-legal (Highway Code to the Road Traffic Acts)
Codes of Practice generally are only directly legally binding if:

the regulations or Act indicates that they are, for example, the Safety
Signs and Signals Regulations Schedule 2 specify British Standard
Codes of practice for alternative hand signals; or
they are referred to in an Enforcement Notice
Guidance
no formal legal standing
legal and best practice
issued by the HSC and/or the HSE to cover the technical aspects of
health and safety regulations
PART 1 HSWA
DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS (Section 2)

Provide & maintain safe plant & systems of work
Provide safe use, handling, storage and transportation of articles and
substances
Provide information, instruction, supervision & training
Provide safe place of work, safe access/egress, safe working
environment
Provide adequate welfare facilities and arrangements
Consult union safety reps
Establish safety committee when requested by 2 reps
Provide PPE
Produce written H&S policy where 5 or more persons employed
(revise/update/inform employees)
Must obtain Employers Liability Insurance (Act)
Undertake Risk Assessments (control measures)
Ensure relevant actions are taken following RAs

Display H&S Law Poster or give leaets
Report work-related accidents, diseases, and dangerous occurrences
Section 37 Personal liability of directors

DUTIES OF OWNERS/OCCUPIERS (Sections 3/4)
Ensure that premises/means of access & exit and any plant and
substances are safe and without risk to health
DUTIES OF MANUFACTURERS, DESIGNERS, IMPORTERS AND

SUPPLIERS (Section 6)
Articles to be safe and without risk to H&S
Carry out tests, examinations to perform their duties
Provide adequate info to perform their duties
Carry out research to ensure its safety when in use
Ensure that installers and erectors has done nothing to make it unsafe
DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES (Section 7)

Take reasonable care for the H&S of themselves and others who their
actions may affect
Co-operate with the employer
Not to interfere with anything provided in the interests of HS&W
DUTIES OF SELF-EMPLOYED (Section 3 )

Same general duties as Employers through a general duty to ensure as far
as reasonably practical that they and other persons are not exposed to
risks to H&S
POWERS OF INSPECTORS (Section 20-25)

Work either for the HSE or the Local Authority and have a right to:
enter premises at any reasonable time
can bring police officer, if necessary
can bring another authorizes person and necessary equipment
can bring specialist
must be provided with facilities to work
examine, investigate
require the premises to be left undisturbed
take samples, photographs and, if necessary, dismantle and remove
equipment or substances
require the production of books or other relevant documents and
information
seize, destroy or render harmless any substance or article
require any person who can give info to answer question and sign
statement

issue enforcement notices and initiate prosecutions (he can just
caution)
take no action
give verbal advice
give written advice
formal caution
serve an improvement notice
serve a prohibition notice
initiate prosecution
Enforcement notices
Improvement notice
identifies a specific breach of the law and
specifies a date by which the situation is to be remedied
An appeal must be made to the Employment Tribunal within 21 days.
The notice is then suspended until the appeal is either heard or
withdrawn
Prohibition notice
used to halt an activity which the inspector feels could lead to a
serious personal injury
identify which legal requirement is being or is likely to be contravened
takes effect as soon as it is issued
an appeal may be made to the Employment Tribunal but, in this case,
the notice remains in place during the appeal process
There are two forms of prohibition notice:
an immediate prohibition notice this stops the work activity
immediately until the specified risk is reduced
a deferred prohibition notice this stops the work activity within a
specified time limit.
Prosecution
Breaches of HSWA can lead to:
Max. 20K fine (max. 5K fine for employee) and/or 6 months

imprisonment (Summary Conviction Magistrates Court)
Unlimited fine and/or 2 years imprisonment & can disqualify director
up to 15 years (Indictable Offence Crown Court)
Civil Law Prosecution on Balance of Probabilities (Civil Law
established by case precedence)
Criminal Law Prosecution beyond all reasonable doubt (Statute &
legislation)

THE SIX PACK REGULATIONS
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs 1999 (MHSWR)

Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regs 1992 (WHSWR)
Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations 1992 (DSE
Regs)
Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPE Regs)
Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992 (MHOR)
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER)

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK REGS 1999 AS
AMD 2006
Regulation 3 Risk assessment (significant risks to be recorded)

Regulation 4 Implementation of protective or preventive measures:
1. Avoid risk
2. Evaluate risk
3. Combat risk at source
4. Adapt the work of an individual
5. Adapt to technical advances
6. Replace dangerous with non/less dangerous
7. Develop policy which inuences the factors relating to working
environment
8. Give collective measures priority
9. Give appropriate instructions to employees
Regulation 5 Make proper arrangements for all aspects of H&S

Regulation 6 Health surveillance (where appropriate)
Regulation 7 Appointment of competent persons
Regulation 8 Procedures to be developed for particular dangers which may
arise (ie: fire)
Regulation 9 Information for employees
Regulation 10 Information to be provided to employees for:
Identified risks
Preventive/protective measures
Procedures and name of nominated responsible person as required
under
Fire Regs
Regulation 11 Where more than one employer, they must co-operate over
H&S matters
Regulation 12 Working on other peoples premises must provide them
with info and details of risks etc.
Regulation 13 Employers to take into account employees capabilities
Regulation 14 Employees responsibilities to use tools and equipment etc
safely
Regulation 16-18 New & expectant mothers
Regulation 19 Young persons

Employers duties
undertake suitable and sufficient written risk assessments when there
are 5 or more employees
put in place effective arrangements for the planning, organization,
control, monitoring and review of health and safety measures in the
workplace (including health surveillance). Such arrangements should be
recorded if there are more than four employees
employ (to be preferred) or contract competent per-sons to help them
comply with health and safety duties
develop suitable emergency procedures. Ensure that employees and
others are aware of these procedures and can apply them
provide health and safety information to employees and others, such as
other employers, the self-employed and their employees who are sharing
the same workplace and parents of child employees or those on work
experience
co-operate in health and safety matters with other employers who share
the same workplace
provide employees with adequate and relevant health and safety
training
provide temporary workers and their contract agency with appropriate
health and safety information
protect new and expectant mothers and young per-sons from particular
risks
under certain circumstances, as outlined in Regulation 6, provide health
surveillance for employees. The information that should be supplied by
employers under the regulations is:
risks identified by any risk assessments including those notified to him
by other employers sharing the same workplace
the preventative and protective measures that are in place
the emergency arrangements and procedures and the names of those
responsible for the implementation of the procedures.
Finally, it is important to note that the regulations outline the principles of

prevention which employers and the self-employed need to apply so that
health and safety risks are addressed and controlled. These principles are
discussed in detail in Chapter 6.
Employees duties
use any equipment or substance in accordance with any training or
instruction given by the employer
report to the employer any serious or imminent danger
report any shortcomings in the employers protective health and safety
arrangements.

Sources of information on health and safety
Internal sources, which should be available within the organization

include:
accident and ill-health records and investigation reports
absentee records
inspection and audit reports undertaken by the organization and by
external organizations such as the HSE
maintenance, risk assessment (including COSHH)and training records
documents which provide information to workers
any equipment examination or test reports.
External sources, which are available outside the organization, are

numerous and include:
health and safety legislation
HSC/HSE publications, such as approved codes of practice, guidance
documents, leaets, journals, books and their website
international (e.g. ILO), European and British standards
health and safety magazines and journals
information published by trade associations, employer organizations and
trade unions
specialist technical and legal publications
information and data from manufacturers and suppliers
the internet and encyclopedias. Many of these sources of information
will be referred to throughout this book.

THE SAFETY REPRESENTATIVES AND SAFETY COMMITEES
REGULATIONS 1977
Safety Representatives Functions:

Representing employees in consulting with the employer
Investigating potential hazards and dangerous occurrences
Being involved with RA procedures
Investigating the causes of accidents, cases of work-related diseases
or ill health and dangerous occurrences
Investigating employees complaints relating to health, safety & welfare
matters
Making representations to the employer on health, safety & welfare
matters
Carrying out inspections of the workplace
Representing employees at the workplace in consultation with
enforcing inspectors
Receiving information from H&S inspectors
Attending H&S committee meeting
Must be allowed time off with pay to fulfil these functions and undergo
H&S training.
Access to suitable facilities and assistance (camera , desk office lockable
filing cabinet, notice board)
Safety Committee objectives:

If two or more safety representatives have requested in writing that safety
committee be set up, the employer has 3 months to comply.
Study of accident statistics to enable reports to be made
Examination of H&S audits
Considerations of reports from external enforcement agency
Monitoring and review of H&S training in organization
Review new legislation, ACOPs & guidance and affect on organization
Review RAs
Development of safe systems

THE HEALTH & SAFETY (CONSULTATION WITH EMPLOYEES)
REGULATIONS 1996
Where there is no safety rep or safety rep does not represent whole
workplace the above apply.
Employer must consult the workforce.
Functions of RES:
Represent the interest of workers on H&S matters to the employer
Approach the employer regarding potential hazards and dangerous
occurrences at the workplace
Approach the employer regarding general matters affecting the H&S of
the people they represent
To speak for the people they represent in consultation with inspectors.
Employer must consult RES on the following:

Introduction of any measure or change which may substantially affect
employees health and safety
The arrangements for the appointment of competent persons to assist in
H&S law
Any info resulting from RA or their resultant control measures which could
affect H& S, welfare of employees
Planning and organization of any H&S training required by legislation
The H&S consequences to employees of the introduction of new
technologies in to the workplace
Employer can not disclose to RES the following:

If it violates the prohibition
If it could endanger national security
If it relates specifically to an individual without his/her consent
If it could harm substantially the business of the employer or infringe
commercial security
If it was obtained in connection with legal proceeding

PROVISION AND USE OF WORK EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS 1998
Regulation 4 Equip to be suitable

Regulation 5 Properly and effectively maintained
Regulation 6 Inspections and recording of inspections
Regulation 7 Identified specific risks
Regulation 8 Information & instruction
Regulation 9 Training
Regulation 11-20 Deal with machine guarding basically requires all
dangerous parts of any machine or piece of equipment to be effectively
and properly guarded at all times
Regulation 21 Suitable and sufficient lighting
Regulation 22 Must be Safe to maintain
Regulation 23 & 24 Markings an warnings
Regulation 25 to 30 Deal with plant and plant safety
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AT WORK REGULATIONS

1992 AMD 2002
Includes all equipment (incl. clothing) which is intended to be worn or held

by a person at work and which protects them against one or more risks to
their H&S.
Regulation 4 Provision of PPE (Employers to ensure it is available and is

suitable)
Regulation 5 Compatibility
Regulation 6 Assessment/Suitability with regards to the nature of the
task
Regulation 7 Properly maintained, cleaned or replaced; and that
Regulation 8 Suitable accommodation is provided
Regulation 9 Employees are provided with all necessary information,
instruction and training
Regulation 10 Employees to use in accordance with training provided
Regulation 11 To report any loss or defects
THE HEALTH & SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT) REGS 1992
Regulation 1 Definitions (user someone who habitually uses DSE)

Regulation 2 Risk Assessment of workstations
Regulation 3 Specific workstation requirements (ie: adjustable chairs,
screens etc)
Regulation 4 Rest breaks
Regulation 5 Eyes and eye tests
Regulation 6 Training
Regulation 7 Provision of information

RISK ASSESSMENT
any risk assessment shall be reviewed if there is reason to suspect that

it is no longer valid or if a significant change has taken place;
where there are more than four employees, the significant findings of
the assessment shall be recorded and
any specially at risk group of employees identified
A suitable and sufficient risk assessment should:

identify the signifi cant risks and ignore the trivial ones;
identify and prioritize the measures required to comply with any
relevant statutory provisions;
remain appropriate to the nature of the work and valid over a
reasonable period of time
Identify the risk arising from or in connection with the work. The level
of detail should be proportionate to the risk
1 serious or disabling injuries

10 minor injuries (first aid injury)
30 damage accidents
600 near miss accidents
Health risks fall into the following four categories:

chemical (e.g. paint solvents, exhaust fumes)
biological (e.g. bacteria, pathogens)
physical (e.g. noise, vibrations)
ergonomic
psychological (e.g. occupational stress)
Possible health effects of occupational ill-health

acute (occur soon after the exposure and are often of short duration)
chronic (health effects develop with time. It may take several years for
the associated disease to develop and the effects maybe slight (mild
asthma) or severe (cancer))
Risk Assessment (5 Steps)
1. Identify Hazards
2. Identify Persons Exposed (particular attention to high risk groups
young persons, pregnant workers, disabled)
3. Evaluate Risks (Consider likelihood and severity) & Controls
4. Record the findings
5. Review and Revise
During most risk assessment it will be noted that some of the risks posed
by the hazard have already been addressed or controlled. The purpose of
the risk assessment, therefore, is to reduce the remaining risk. This is
called the residual risk.

Risk Assessment: PEME
People, Equipment, Material, Environment
Hierarchy of Control:
Elimination by design
Substitution with less hazardous substance
Automation of process
Engineering controls (ie: LEV)
Signage/warning/admin controls
Reducing exposure by process change
Isolation / Segregation
Safe systems of work
Training
Information
Safety Signs
Welfare
Monitoring/Health surveillance
Supervision
PPE
SAFE SYSTEMS OF WORK
The system of work describes the safe method of performing the job
activity.
It is a defined method of doing a job in safe way. It takes account of all
foreseeable hazards to H&S and seeks to eliminate or minimize these.
formal and documented
May be verbal
Effective safe system:

Based on looking at the job as whole
Starts from analysis of all foreseeable hazards
Brings together all the necessary precautions incl. design, training,
monitoring PPE
Essential features:
Sequence of operations
Equipment, plant
Chemicals and other substances
People doing the work
Foreseeable hazards
Practical precautions
Training needs
Monitoring systems

Factors to consider:
Types of risks
Magnitude of the risk
Complexity of operation
Past accident
Requirement and recommendations of the H& S authorities
Document type of needed
Resources required
PERMITS TO WORK
It is a specialized type of safe system of work for ensuring that potentially

very dangerous work (e.g. entry into process plant and other confined
spaces) is done safely.
The permit to work procedure is a specialized type of safe system of work
under which certain categories of high risk-potential work may only be
done with the specific permission of an authorized manager. This
permission (in the form of the permit to work) will only be given if the laid-
down precautions are in force and have been checked.
Permit systems must adhere to the following eight principles:

1. wherever possible, and especially with routine jobs, hazards should be
eliminated so that the work can be done safely without requiring a permit
to work
2. although the Site Manager may delegate the responsibility for the
operation of the permit system, the overall responsibility for ensuring
safe operation rests with him/her
3. the permit must be recognized as the master instruction which, until it
is cancelled, overrides all other instructions
4. the permit applies to everyone on site, including contractors
5. information given in a permit must be detailed and accurate. It must
state:
(a) which plant/equipment has been made safe and the steps by which
this has been achieved
(b) what work may be done
(c) the time at which the permit comes into effect
6. the permit remains in force until the work has been completed and the
permit is cancelled by the person who issued it, or by the person
nominated by management to take over the responsibility (e.g. at the end
of a shift or during absence)
7. no work other than that specified is authorized. If it is found that the
planned work has to be changed, the existing permit should be cancelled
and a new one issued
8. responsibility for the plant must be clearly defined at all stages

Permit to Work:
Permit title
Reference No.
Job location
Plant/Task identification
Description of work and any limitations
Identified hazards
Necessary precautions
Protective equipment
Authorisation
Acceptance
Extension
Hand back/completion
Cancellation
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) SREDIM
Process of identifying hazards in each component part of a job in order to

assess the risk and decide on control measures for a SSW.
Stages are:
1. Select the job/task to be reviewed
2. Record Identify and record the sequence of steps and/or
components in the process
3. Examine each component part of the job to identify the hazards/risks
4. Develop control measures
5. Install SSW/Control measures
6. Maintain. Carry out regular reviews.
LEGAL ECONOMIC MORAL
Planned Preventative Maintenance:

Frequency of maintenance
Statutory requirements
Manufacturers Recommendations
Operating Environment
Age and Condition of Machinery
Breakdown history
Frequency of use/operation
Critical components (effects of component failure)
Effect of failure

Timing of the works (ie: during shutdown periods)
Disruption
Maintenance staff competence
Cost benefit
Safety Management Systems (SMS) HSG65
1. Policy written statement of policy, procedures and commitment to

HSW. Assigns responsibilities and explains duties etc.
Must be in writing if 5 or more employees

a health and safety policy statement of intent which includes the
health and safety aims and objectives of the organization
the health and safety organization detailing the people with health and
safety responsibilities and their duties
the health and safety arrangements in place in terms of systems and
procedures
Statement of intent
aims (which are not measurable)
objectives (which are measurable) may be reviewed
fairly brief and broken down into a series of smaller statements or
bullet points
be signed and dated by the most senior person in the organization
should be written by the organization and not by external consultants
the position of the senior person in the organization or company who is
responsible for health and safety (normally the chief executive)
the names of the Health and Safety Adviser and any safety
representatives

a commitment to the basic requirements of the Health and Safety at
Work Act (access, egress, risk assessments, safe plant and systems of
work, use, handling, transport and handling of articles and sub-
stances, information, training and supervision)
a commitment to the additional requirements of the Management of
Health and Safety at Work Regulations (risk assessment, emergency
procedures, health surveillance and employment of competent
persons)
duties towards the wider general public and others(contractors,
customers, students, etc.)
the principal hazards in the organization
specific policies of the organization (e.g. smoking policy, violence to
staff, etc.)
a commitment to employee consultation possibly using a safety
committee or plant council
duties of employees (particularly those defined in the Management of
Health and Safety at Work Regulations)
specific performance targets for the immediate and long term future
Organization of health and safety

defines the names, positions and duties of those within the
organization or company who have a responsibility for health and
safety
directors and senior managers (responsible for set-ting policy,
objectives and targets)
supervisors (responsible for checking day-to-day compliance with the
policy)
safety advisers (responsible for giving advice during accident
investigations and on compliance issues)
other specialist, such as an occupational nurse, chemical analyst and
an electrician (responsible forgiving specialist advice on particular
health and safety issues)
safety representatives (responsible for representing employees during
consultation meetings on health and safety issues with the employer)
employees (responsible for taking reasonable care of the health and
safety of themselves and others who may be affected by their acts or
omissions)
fire marshals (responsible for the safe evacuation of the building in an
emergency)
first aiders (responsible for administering first aid to injured persons)
Arrangements Section:
employee health and safety code of practice
accident and illness reporting and investigation procedures
emergency procedures, first aid
procedures for undertaking risk assessments

control of exposure to specifi c hazards (noise, vibration, radiation,
manual handling, hazardous sub-stances etc.)
machinery safety (including safe systems of work, lifting and pressure
equipment)
electrical equipment (maintenance and testing)
maintenance procedures
permits to work procedures
use of personal protective equipment
monitoring procedures including health and safety inspections and
audits
procedures for the control and safety of contractors and visitors
provision of welfare facilities
training procedures and arrangements
catering and food hygiene procedures
arrangements for consultation with employees
terms of reference and constitution of the safety committee
procedures and arrangements for waste disposal.
Review when:
significant organizational changes have taken place
there have been changes in personnel
there have been changes in legislation
the monitoring of risk assessments or accident/ incident investigations
indicate that the health and safety policy is no longer totally effective
enforcement action has been taken by the HSE or Local Authority
a sufficient period of time has elapsed since the previous review. A
positive promotion of health and safety performance will achieve far
more than simply prevent accidents and ill-health.
2. Organising structures to assist in:

- Control
- Co-operation
- Communication
- Co-ordination
- Competence
3. Planning and Implementation establish, operate and maintain

systems that:
- Identify objectives and targets
- Set performance standards
- Consider and control risks
- Document performance
- React to change
- Sustain positive safety culture
4. Monitoring Active and Reactive systems:

* Active: Measuring achievements against specified standards before
things go wrong. Ensures controls are working correctly.

Safety Management Systems Audit (major exercise)
Safety Survey (detailed assessment of one aspect of organization)
Safety Inspection (formal assessment of workplace safety and
identification of hazardous conditions and practices for remedial
actions)
Safety tour (addresses the people aspects of workplace safety, and by
discussions with a range of staff; establishes their familiarity with
safety procedures)
Safety Sampling (focuses on one area/subject at the time - 30min
inspection. Inspection team carries out sampling at the same time
each day or week in the specified period
* Reactive: Collection of information about failures. Involves learning from

mistakes.
After things go wrong, involves looking at historical events to learn from
mistakes and see what can be put right to prevent a recurrence. The UK
HSEs experience is that organizations find health and safety performance
measurement a difficult subject. They struggle to develop health and
safety performance measures which are not based solely on injury and ill-
health statistics.
Inspection looks at physical conditions
Inspection checklist:
Premises (work at height, access, welfare, fire precautions)
Plant & substance (work equipment, vehicles, hazardous substances)
Procedures (RAs, safe systems of work, permits to work, notices, signs)
People (training, health surveillance, violence)
5. Review and Audit Ensures policy is being carried out and is having
the desired effect.
Audit inspection or other monitoring activity (gathering info & making

informed judgements); looks at systems and the way they function in
practice
HAZARD PREVENTION
1. Eliminate the hazard
2. Substitution
3. Use of barriers (Isolation/segregation)
4. Procedures (SSW/Dilution)
5. Warning systems (Instruction/Training/Signs/Markings)
6. PPE
5 STEPS IN DEVISING A SSW (AIDIM)

1. Assess the task
2. Identify the Hazards and assess the risks

3. Definition of the Safe Method
4. Implementation of the SSW
5. Monitoring the System
MAINTENANCE ACCIDENTS CAUSED BY:

1. Poor Design
2. Poor perception of risk
3. No SSW
4. Poor communications
5. Failure to brief and supervise contractors
MAINTENANCE ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED BY:

1. Planning
2. Evaluation
3. Controls
4. Monitoring
6 PART STRATEGY TO CONTROLLING CONTRACTORS

1. Identify suitable contractors
2. Identification of hazards within specification
3. Contractor competence & selection
4. Contractor acceptance of H&S Rules
5. Control of contractors on site
6. Completion checks
SAFETY CULTURE (KEY ELEMENTS):
Good communications between and with employees and management
Ensuring a real and visible commitment to high standards by senior
management
Maintaining good training standards to achieve competence
Achievement of good working conditions
THE WORKPLACE (HEALTH, SAFETY AND WELFARE) REGS 1992

Regulation 5 Maintenance of the workplace
Regulation 6 Ventilation
Regulation 7 Temperature
Regulation 8 Lighting
Regulation 9 Cleanliness
Regulation 10 Room dimensions and space (11m3 per person excluding
area above 3m)
Regulation 11 Workstations and seating
Regulation 12 Condition of oors and traffic routes
Regulation 13 Falls or falling objects
Regulation 14 Windows and translucent surfaces
Regulation 15 Windows, skylights and ventilators
Regulation 16 Ability to clean windows etc safely
Regulation 17 Organisation of traffic routes
Regulation 18 Doors and gates
Regulation 19 Escalators and moving walkways
Regulation 20 Sanitary conveniences

Regulation 21 Washing facilities
Regulation 22 Drinking water
Regulation 23 Accommodation for clothing
Regulation 24 Facilities for changing clothes
Regulation 25 Facilities to rest and eat meals
WORKPLACE ISSUES
Ventilation: /5-8l/s/person for mechanical systems/Free of
impurity/Effective/sufficient
Temperature: 16-30oC (13oC for physical work) ACOP
Lightning: normal + emergency
Windows: Glass below shoulder height safety glass
Workstations and seating
Violence
Substance misuse (alcohol & drugs)
Cleanliness:
Working Space: 11m3
Seating: Ergonomic and adjustable
Slips/Trips/Falls:
Collisions with moving vehicles
Being struck by moving/falling/ying objects
Striking against stationery projects
Traffic Routes:
Welfare Facilities:
Toilets Privacy/Ventilation/lighting/cleanliness/location/quantity
Washing facilities
Drinking water
Accommodation for clothing
Rest Facilities
Eating facilities
WORK EQUIPMENT
1. Suitable for the purpose

2. Installed, located and used so as to reduce the risk to operators &
others
3. Substances safe supply and/or removal
4. Maintained
5. Inspected by competent persons
6. Information, instruction and training
Non-mechanical machinery hazards

access: slips, trips and falls; falling and moving objects; obstructions and
projections
lifting and handling
electricity (including static electricity): shock, burns

fire and explosion
noise and vibration
pressure and vacuum
high/low temperature
inhalation of dust/fume/mist
suffocation
radiation: ionising and non-ionising
biological: viral or bacterial
physiological effects (e.g. Musculoskeletal disorders)
psycho-physiological effects (e.g. mental overload or underload)
human errors
hazards from the environment where the machine is used (e.g.
temperature, wind, snow, lightning)
In many cases it will be practicable to install safe guards which protect the
operator from both mechanical and non-mechanical hazards. For example,
a guard may prevent access to hot or electrically live parts as well as to
moving ones. The use of guards which reduce noise levels at the same
time is also common. As a matter of policy machinery hazards should be
dealt with in this integrated way instead of dealing with each hazard in
isolation.
TYPES OF GUARDS
Fixed
Interlocked
Control
Automatic
Distance guard
Adjustable
Self adjusting
Trip devices
Two handed devices
GUARD MATERIAL DEPENDS ON:

Strength/stiffness/durability
Effects on reliability (eg: closed guard causing M/C to overheat)
Visibility
Need to control secondary hazards (ie: Noise)
ACCIDENTS
Accident any unplanned event that results in injury or ill health of

people, or damage or loss to property, plant, materials or the environment
or a loss of a business opportunity. Other authorities define an accident
more narrowly by excluding events that do not involve injury or ill-health.

Near miss is any incident that could have resulted in an accident. For
every 10 near miss events at a particular location in the work-place, a
minor accident will occur.
Dangerous occurrence is a near miss which could have led to serious

injury or loss of life. Dangerous

occurrences are defined in the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and
Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (often known as RIDDOR) and
are always reportable to the Enforcement Authorities. Examples include
the collapse of a scaffold or a crane or the failure of any passenger
carrying equipment. One of a number of specific, reportable adverse
events
Immediate cause the most obvious reason why an adverse even

happens, e.g. guard is missing. There may be several immediate causes in
any one adverse event.
Personal Factors:
Behaviour
Suitability of people doing the work
Training and competence
Task factors:
Workplace conditions and precautions or controls

Method of work at the time
Ergonomic factor
Normal working practice
Root cause initiating event or failing from which all other causes or
failings spring. Usually management, planning or organizational failings;
Quality of H&S policy

Quality of consultation & cooperation with employees
Quality of communication
Deficiencies in RA, control systems
Lacks in monitoring
Quality & frequency of reviews an audits
Analysis: (higher level investigation)

Tree of causes
Analysis: (minimal & low level investigation)

What caused this practice to occur? until u get to root causes
5 whys (Simple, effective, comprehensive, exible, engaging,
inexpensive)
Underlying cause less obvious system or organizational reason for an

adverse event happening e.g. production pressures are too great;
Pre-start-up m/c checks were not made by supervisors

Hazard not considered in RA
No MS
Pressure of production more important
Employee under pressure
Any similar incidents in the past?
Was there adequate supervision?
Which incidents/accidents should be investigated - In fact the main

determinant is the potential of the accident to cause harm rather than the
actual harm resulting.
Accident Investigation:
In a minimal level investigation, the relevant supervisor will look into
the circumstances of the accident/ incident and try to learn any lessons
which will prevent future incidents
A low level investigation will involve a short investigation by the
relevant supervisor or line manager into the circumstances and
immediate underlying and root causes of the accident/incident, to try
to prevent a recurrence and to learn any general lessons
A medium level investigation will involve a more detailed
investigation by the relevant supervisor or line manager, the health

and safety adviser and employee representatives and will look for the
immediate, underlying and root causes
A high level investigation will involve a team-based investigation,
involving supervisors or line managers, health and safety advisers and
employee representatives. It will be carried out under the supervision
of senior management or directors and will look for the immediate,
underlying and root causes.
Four basic elements to a sound investigation:

1. collect facts about what has occurred
2. assemble and analyse the information obtained
3. compare the information with acceptable industry and company
standards and legal requirements to draw conclusions
4. implement the findings and monitor progress
Phases:
Direct observation
Documents
Interviews
Investigation form:
date and location of accident
circumstances of accident
immediate cause of accident
underlying cause of accident
immediate action taken
recommendation for further improvement
report circulation list
date of investigation
signature of investigation team leader
names of investigating team
Follow-up
were the recommendations implemented?
were the recommendations effective?
AFR = No of lost time accidents x 100,000/No of man hours worked

AIR = No of work related injuries x 1000/Average No of persons employed
Severity Rate = No of Days lost x 1,000/Total No. of man hours worked
Mean Duration Rate = Total No of Days Lost/Total No of Accidents
Duration Rate = No of Man hours worked/Total No of accidents
SOCIAL SECURITY (CLAIMS AND PAYMENTS) REGULATIONS 1979
Employer must keep a record of accidents at premises where more than

10 people are employed and investigate accidents. (Reg 25)

REPORTING OF INJUIRIES, DISEASES AND DANGEROUS
OCCURENCES REGULATIONS 1995 (RIDDOR)
Requires employers, self-employed and those in control of premises to:

report certain more serious accidents and incidents to the HSE Incident
Contact Centre or other enforcing authority
keep a record
Reporting:
Death or major injury - Immediate without delay in quickest possible
way via phone
Over 3-day lost time injury - 10 days to report it (F2508)
Dangerous occurrence - Immediate without delay in quickest possible
way via phone (2508DO)
Reportable work-related disease (F2508A)
Annual Injury Incident rate:

(Number of reportable Injuries / Average Number employed during a year)
x 100,000
Frequency rate:
(Number of injuries in the period/total hrs worked during the period) x
1,000,000
Major reportable Injuries:

Any fracture excl. Fingers/thumbs/toes
Amputation
Dislocation of the shoulder/hip/knee/spine
Loss of sight
Chemical or hot metal burn to the eye / any penetrating injury to the
eye
Any injury resulting from electrical shock or burn leading to
unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or admittance to hospital
for more than 24hrs
Injury leading to hypothermia/heat-induced illness or to
unconsciousness
Injury requiring resuscitation
Injury requiring admittance to hospital for more than 24hrs
Loss of consciousness caused by asphyxia or by exposure to a harmful
substance or biological agent
Acute illness requiring medical treatment or loss of consciousness
which result from the absorption of any substance by
inhalation/ingestion/through the skin
Acute illness which requires medical treatment where there is reason
to believe that this resulted from exposure to a biological agent/its
toxins/infected material

Reportable dangerous occurrences:
Lifting m/c (collapse/failure of any load-bearing parts of lifts/lifting
equipment)
Pressure systems (failure of any closed vessel or of any associated
pipeline work, in which the internal pressure was above or below
atmospheric pressure)
Freight containers (failure of any load-bearing parts)
Overhead electric lines (plant/equipment into contact with overhead
lines)
Explosives
Breathing apparatus (if failure during use or just before)
Train collisions
Collapse of building or structure
Reportable diseases:
Certain poisonings
Some skin diseases (occupational dermatitis/skin cancer)
Lung disease (occupational asthma/farmers lung)
Infections (Leptospirosis/hepatitis/legionellosis/tetanus)
Other (occupational cancer/some musculoskeletal disorders/hand-arm
vibration syndrome)

WORK AT HEIGHT REGULATIONS 2005 AMD 2007
Work at height-work - in any place at or below ground level.

Obtaining access to or egress from such place where person could fall
adistance liable to cause personal injury.
No minimum height
3 steps hierarchy:
Work is not carried out at height when not necessary
Employer shall take sufficient measures to prevent people falling
Employer shall take sufficient measures to minimize distance and
consequences of fall
Fall arrest equipment:

Safety harness (when guard rails usage is not practicable)
Safety net (not suitable for low-level work) (used for roofing)
Air bag (if not possible/practicable to use safety nets)
Access equipment:
Ladders
(Aluminium, timber, glass fibre)
Use to be justify
Location to be checked
Stable in use
Should be tied
Ladder stiles to be wedged against wall
Weather conditions to be suitable
Proximity of live electricity
1m of ladder above stepping point
Over-reaching eliminated
Storage of paints, tools, etc
Match to work trained
Inspection transportation & storage
Plank to tied during non-working hrs
Stepladders / trestles / trestles
Unsuitable base
Unsafe/incorrect use
Overloading
Use if there is safer method
Overhang of boards
Fixed scaffold

Independent tied (independent of the building but tied to it window)
Putlog (during construction of a building) = scaffold tube
Standard-upright tube or pole used as a vertical support

Ledger-tube spanning horizontally and tying standards longitudinally
Transom-tube spanning across ledgers to tie scaffold transversely
Bracing-tubes which span diagonally to strengthen and prevent
movement
Guard rail-horizontal tube fitted to standards along working platform;
min 950high no more than 470mm between toe boards and intermediate
rail and top rail
Toe boards-fitted at the base to prevent persons, materials falling
Base plate-square steel plate fitted to the bottom of a standard at
ground level
Sole board-normally a timber plank beneath at least two base plates to
provide more uniform distribution of the load
Ties-used to secure the scaffold by tying it to the building
Working platform-platform on which workers operate
Pre-fab mobile scaffold towers

Wheels locked
People of when moving
Boarded, fitted with rails
Power linesinspection
Mobile elevated working platforms (scissor lift / cherry picker)

High level work
Maintenance
Stable ground tyres inated
Outriggers fully extended and locked
Power lines
Warning signs
Safety harness to be worn
Inspection every 6 months
WORK-RELATED UPPER LIMB DISORDERS
Group of conditions which can affect the neck, shoulders, arms, elbows,
wrists, hands and fingers caused by repetitive movements of finger, hands
or arms which involve pushing, pulling, reaching, twisting, lifting,
squeezing, hammering. Its chronic and may lead to permanent damage.
RSIs:
Tenosynovitis affecting the tendons
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome affecting the tendons which pass through
the carpal bone in the hand
Frozen shoulder
Symptoms: aching pain to back , neck, shoulders

Swollen joints and muscle fatigue
Tingling
Soft tissue swelling similar to bruising
Restriction in joint movement
Sense of touch in fingers may be affected

HEALTH AND SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT)
REGULATIONS
RA
Workstation compliance with min specs
Plan of the work programme (breaks)
training
Usage in excess of 1 hour continuously each day
Ill-health hazards:
Musculoskeletal problems
Tenosynovitis affecting the wrist
Pain in the thighs/calves/ankles
Pain in the back/neck
Visual problems
Visual fatigue
Eye strain
Sore eyes
headaches
Psychological problems
Stress-related problems
Heat
Humidity
Poor lightning
High-speed working
Lack of breaks
Lack of training
Radiation low risk
Epilepsy low risk

MANUAL HANDLING OPERATIONS REGULATIONS 1992 AMD 2002
Manual Handling - Transporting, lifting, supporting, pushing, pulling,

carrying, loading by hand or bodily force; Movement of a load by human
effort alone. This effort may be applied directly or indirectly using a rope
or lever.
Injury - Includes musculoskeletal, cuts, bruises, broken toes etc.

Load - Anything to be moved (except tool when in use)
Regulation 4 Requires employers to avoid manual handling and to

undertake risk assessment
Regulation 5 Duty on employees to make full and proper use of all
equipment provided
Hazards:
Lifting too heavy loads
Poor posture during lifting
Poor lifting technique
Dropping a load foot injury
Lifting sharp-edged or hot loads hand injuries
Injuries:
Muscular sprains & strains (when tissue strains beyond its capability)
Back injuries
Trapped nerve
Hernia (rupture of the body cavity wall in lower abdomen, causing a
protrusion of part of intestine)
Cuts/bruising/abrasion
Fractures
WRLUDs
Rheumatism (chronic pain in the joints)
Measures:
Avoid
RA
Reduce
Manual Handling Assessment:

Task
Use of mech aids
Number of people involved
Cost of the task
Body posture
distance to carry
Excessive pulling or pushing
Risk of sudden load movement

Sufficient rest/recovery time
Load
Is it to heavy
To bulky
Difficult to grasp
Content likely to shift
Sharp/cold
Working environment
Space constrains
Slippery/uneven oor
Variations in level oors
Extremes of temperatures
Ventilation/wind
Poor lightning
Individual
Does task require special characteristics (strength/height)
Pregnant/with health problem
Reducing risk:
Mechanical aids
Task- changing layout/removing obstacles/clothing/better lifting
technique
Loadlighter/easier to grasp/ smaller/Handholds/sling/stable
Working Environment-space constraints removed/reduced/oors
cleaned/ventilation
Capability medical records/health/period sick leave/change of job/PPE
Good Lifting Technique:

Check suitable clothing & assess the load. Heavies side to body.
Place feet apart bend knees.
Firm grip close to body. Slight bending of back, hips and knees at
start.
Lift smoothly to knee level and then to waist level. No further bending
of the back.
With clear visibility move forward without twisting. Keep load close to
the waist. Turn by moving feet. Keep head up. Do not look at load.
Set load down at waist level or to knee level and then on the oor.
Aids:
Simple tools
Lifting hooks
Trolleys
Trucks:
Platform trucks

Sack trucks
Wheelbarrows
Balance trucks
Roller tracks and chutes
Pallet trucks
Portable conveyors
Mechanical assistance
Conveyors
Elevators
FLTs
Cranes
Jib crane
Overhead gantry
Fork lift trucks

Do not:
Operate in conditions in which it is not possible to drive & handle loads
safely
Travel wit forks raised
Use the forks to raise or lower persons
Carry passengers
Park in unsafe place
Turn round on ramps
Drive in to areas where it would create a hazard
Allow unauthorized use
Must:
Drive at suitable speed
Use the horn when necessary
Be aware of pedestrians & other vehicles
Take care when reversing
Take care when handling loads
Travel with forks lowered
Use the prescribed loads
Obey speed limits
Take care on uneven surfaces
Use the handbrake
Take care on ramps
Leave the truck in a state which is safe
Prevent unauthorised use
Cranes / Tower Carnes

Must:
Inspection
Check that accessories statutory inspections are in place
Check tyre pressure
Loads not suspended when not in use

Before lifting check no one is around
Loads never carried over people
Visibility & communications
Lift loads vertically
Travel with loads as close to the ground as possible
Switch off power to crane when unattended
LIFTING OPERATIONS AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT REGULATIONS
1998 AMD IN 2002 LOLER
Any equipment used at work for lifting or lowering loads.
Inspection- identify if the equipment can be

operated/adjusted/maintained safely. By competent person
Thorough examination-detailed examination- may involve visual
check/disassembling/testing of components. By competent person
Before is used for the first time
After it has been assembled
At least every 6 months for lifting people
At least every 12 months for all other lifting equipment
In accordance with examination scheme done by independent
competent person
Each time in extreme circumstances
WORK EQUIPMENT
Controls:
Start controls
Stop controls (should bring m/c to safe condition in a safe manner)
Emergency Stop (where other safe guards in place are not sufficient to
prevent danger to operatives any others)
Isolation of equipment (means of isolating it from all sources of energy)
Stability (normally by bolting m/c in place or using clamps)
Markings (visible & durable)
Mechanical Hazards:
Crushing (being trapped between a moving part of m/c and a fixed
structure)
Shearing (traps part of the body between moving and fixed part of
the m/c)
Cutting /severing (through contact with a cutting edge) band saw
Entanglement (with m/c that grips loose clothing/hair/working
material around revolving exposed parts)
Drawing-in/trapping (between in-running gear wheels or rollers/
belts and pulley drives)
Impact (when a moving part directly strikes a person) robot

Stabbing/Puncture (through ejection of particle from a machine or
sharp operating component like a needle)
Friction/abrasion (on grinding wheels or sanding machines)
High pressure fluid Injection (ejection hazard) (from a hydraulic
system leak)
Contact with moving parts.
Control measures:
Fixed guards attached to the machine to prevent access to the
dangerous parts of the machine.
Robust construction
Sufficient to withstand the stresses of the process and environmental
conditions
Simple
In position
Difficult to remove
Almost maintenance free
Do not always properly prevent access
Often left off by maintenance staff (not anymore!)
If opened only with a tool
*Distance guard
Does not completely enclose the hazard
Reduces access by virtue of its dimensions and distance from the hazard
*Perimeter fence guard
User adjusted guards

Fixed or movable guards, which are adjustable for a particular operation
during which they remain fixed. Machine tools. (Circular saw/milling m/c)
Some access to the dangerous parts
Sticks and false tables should be used
Area lit & free from obstacles
Interlocking guard
Allow safe access to operate & maintain the m/c without dismantling
safety devices.
Constant need to ensure that they are operating correctly
Maintenance & operation instruction strict (passenger lift)
Trip devices
Do not physically keep people away but detects when a person
approaches close to a danger.

Mechanical -Bar /barrier
Electrical Trip switch
Photoelectric or other sensing device
Pressure-sensitive mat
Two-handed control devices

Require operator to have both hands in a safe place before the m/c can be
operated.
When is not possible to guard.
Only protect operators hands.
Hold to run device
ELECTRICITY
ELECTRICITY AT WORK REGULATIONS 1989
It is a ow or movement of electrons through a substance which allows

the transfer of electrical energy from one position to another.
Mains voltage (220V/240V) electrical shock/electric burns / electrical

fires & explosions
V = I x R (volts)
v-voltage / I-current / r-resistance / P- electrical power
P=V x I (watts)
Conductor almost always metal (copper /water)

Superconductor-very low resistance to electricity at low temperatures
Insulators- very poor conductors (rubber/timber/plastics)
Circuit electrical equipment components and power supply are joined
together
Short circuit if circuit is broken and producing a fault so that the
current ows directly to earth rather than to equipment
Earthing-if there is a fault (break in the circuit) the current will return
directly to earth.
Low voltage- no more than 600Vac between conductors and earth
No more than 1000Vac between phases
High voltage- more than 600Vac between conductors and earth

more than 1000Vac between phases
Mains voltage-domestic premises 220/240Vac at 50 cycles /s
Isolation- cutting off the electrical supply from all or a discrete section of
the installation by separating the installation or section from every source
of electrical energy.

Hazards:
el. shock convulsive reaction by the human body to the ow of
electric current through it (low/high voltages and lightning); cardiac
arest
el. burns
el. fires & explosions overheating cables/lack of care/loose cable
connections /ventilation/sparks/static electrical charges/use of el
equipment in ammable atmospheres)
arcing (1.person who is standing on earth too close to a high voltage
conductor may suffer from ash burns as a result of arc formation)
temporary blindness by burning the retina) reduced by insulation of
live conductors; 2.strong electromagn fields induce surfaces charges
on people. If these charges accumulate, skin sensation is affected and
spark discharges to earth may cause localized pain/bruising)
secondary hazards
Electric shock / burns treatment:

Raise the alarm
Call for help (first aider)
Switch off the power / position of emergency isolation
Call for ambulance
If its not possible to switch the power off then push/pull the person
away from the conductor using a good isolator (wooden). Stand on
dry/insulating material (wood/rubber)
If is breathing than place him in recovery position- mouth can drain
away / airway open
If is not breathing apply mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and chest
compressions if no pulse
Then look above
Burns-put sterile dressing and secure with bandage. Loose
skin/blisters-do not touch
If the person regains consciousness, treat for normal shock
Remain with person until taken to hospital
If electrocuted by high voltage - call police / electric supplier & keep 18m
distance
Static electricity produced by the build up of electrons on weak

electrical conductors or insulating materials (gaseous/liquid/solid) by quick
separation of highly insulated materials by friction or by transfer from one
highly charges material to another. (incl. ammable
liquids/powders/plastic films)
Plastics have high resistance retain static charges for longer.
E.g closing the door with a metallic handle.

Portable electrical equipment not part of a fixed installation but may
be connected to a fixed installation by means of a exible cable and either
a socket and plug or a spur box or similar means. May be hand held or
hand-operated. Extension leads/plugs/sockets to be used with this
equipment is also classed as PEE.
Portable means portable & transportable.
Secondary hazards:
Working with not maintained electrical equipment
Using el equipment in adverse or hazardous environments
Working on mains electricity supplies
Contact with underground cables during excavation work
Contact with live overhead power lines
Control measures:
Permit to work
Selection of suitable equipment
Use of protective systems
Inspection and maintenance strategies
Protective systems:
Fuse-protection against faults & continuous marginal current overloads

(Its thin strip of conducting wire which melts when excess of the rated
current passes through it breaking the circuit.)
Circuit breaker throws a switch off when excess current passes and its
similar to the fuse.
Fuse is to protect equipment and /or installation from overheating and
becoming a fire hazard. Its takes long time to cut the current ow- not a
protection against electric shock.
Insulation to protect people from electric shock, short circuiting of live

conductors and danger of fire and explosions.
Covering the conductor with insulating material. + enclosure
Isolation-circuit is made dead and cannot be accidentally re-energized.

Barrier between equipment and electrical supply. It will ensure safety
during work process.
Isolators always locked off when work is to be done on electrical
equipment.
Reduced low-voltage systems severe working conditions (wet

weather/heavy usage)
100V available transformer - 50V
Residual current devices (RCD) - if equipment operates at mains

voltage. Monitors and compares current owing in the live and neutral

conductors supplying the equipment. Very sensitive. Very quick electric
shock.
Double insulation to remove need for earthing in portable power tools.

Two independent layers of insulation over the live conductors. Each must
be good on its own.
Maintenance:
Cleanliness of insulator and conductor surfaces
Mech and electr integrity of all joints and connections
Integrity of mechanical mechanism, such as switches and relays
Calibration, condition and operation of all protection equipment (RCDs,
circuit breakers)
Isolators fitted with lockable mechanism allow fuse withdrawal
wherever isolators are not fitted.
Working on more than 110V not permitted unless necessary
System of visual inspection
Inspected & tested regularly
Portable Electrical Appliance Testing:

User Check
Formal Visual Inspection
Combined Inspection and Check
Correct polarity
Correct fuses are being used
Cables and cores are effectively terminated
Equipment suitable for environment
PAT
Advantages:
Early recognition
Incorrect fuses
Reduction in accidents
Monitoring misuse of appliances
Equipment selection procedure checkable
Increased awareness
Regular maintenance
Disadvantages:
Too often- cost
Unauthorised equipment (kettles) never checked
Do not know the meaning of test results
No competence of the tester equipment not calibrated properly

FIRE
THE REGULATORY REFORM (FIRE SAFETY) ORDER (RRFSO)
Fire precautions:
Reduction of fire risks and fire spread
Means of escape
Keeping them available to use
Fire-fighting
Fire detection and warning
Action to be taken in event of a fire
Instruction & training
+ process related fire precautions
Responsible person: employer/owner/other who has control over

premises
Responsible person duties:

Do RAs
Review RAs
Record findings
Apply principals of preventions
Set out fire appropriate safety arrangements for Planning Organization
Control Monitoring Review
Eliminate or reduce risks
Must ensure that following are provided (FFE/detectors/alarms/trained
& competent person/ contact with external services)
Emergency routes nad procedures
Safety assistance
Provision of information
Capabilities/training/cooperation
Emergency procedures / emergency routes and services / fire detection

and fire fightning
Fire Triangle
Fuel + Ignition source + Oxygen
Fuel: Solids/liquids/gases
Ignition source: naked ames/external sparks/internal sparking/hot
surfaces/static electricity
Oxygen: air (enhanced by wind/ventilation)

Fire Classification:
Class A solid materials water
Class B liquids / liquefied solids
B1-liquids soluble in water (methanol)-dry powder/CO2/water spray
B2-liquids not soluble in water (petrol/oil) - foam / dry
powder/CO2/light water
Class C gasses (natural gas/liquefied gas butane /propane) foam / dry
powder
Class D metals (aluminium / magnesium) special dry powder
Class F high-temperature cooking oils/fats
Electrical fires co2/dry powder
Heat Transmission & Fire spread:
Convection hot air becomes less dense & rises, drawing in cold new air
to fuel the fire with more oxygen. Heat is transmitted upwards at sufficient
intensity to ignite combustible materials in the path of the very hot
products of combustion & ames.
Conduction transmission f heat through a material with sufficient

intensity to melt or destroy the material & ignite combustible materials
which come into contact or close to a hot section.
(copper/steel/aluminium)
Radiation often in a fire, direct transmission of heat through the

emission of heat waves from a surface can be so intense that adjacent
materials are heated sufficiently to ignite.
Direct burning - effect of combustible materials catching fire through

direct contact with ames which causes fire to spread.
Fire RA:
Identify fire hazards
Id combustibles
Id source of heat
Id unsafe act
Id unsafe conditions
Id persons at risk
Evaluate & reduce the risk
Monitor & review
Good housekeeping / storage / control of ammable & combustible

materials / control of ignition sources / systems of work

HEALTH AND SAFETY (SAFETY SIGNS AND SIGNALS) REGULATIONS
1996
Safety sign-sign referring to a specific object activity or situation and

providing info or instruction about h&s at work by means of a
signboard/safety colour/illuminated sign/
a verbal communication/hand signal.
SAFETY COLOURS:
Red:
Prohibition concerning dangerous behaviour (round with black
pictogram 35% red)
Danger alarm concerning stop/shutdown/emergency cut-out
devices/evacuate (e-stop)
Fire fighting equipment (rectangular or square 50% red)
Yellow (Amber):
Warning sign concerning the need to be careful/take
precautions/examine (triangular 50% yellow) explosives
Blue:
Mandatory sign requiring specific behaviour or action (round-white
pictogram on blue 50%)
Green:
Emergency escape signs and first-aid signs (rectangular or square-
white pictogram 50%)

DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES REGULATIONS (DSEAR)
Dangerous Substance-any substance or preparation which, because of

its properties or the way its used, could be harmful because o fire and
explosion. (Petrol/LPG/Varnishes/Paints)
Explosive atmosphere accumulation of gas/mist/dust/vapour mixed

with air which has the potential to catch fire or explode.
Substitution / Control measure / mitigation measures / storage /

ammable gasses / aerosols
Fire protection of buildings:

Leave quickly & safely
Must remain standing as long as possible
Spread of fire & smoke must be reduced
Fire loading
Surface
Fire resistance of structural elements
Insulating materials
Fire compartmentation
Ways of extinguishing fires:

Cooling - reducing the ignition temp by tackling the heat out of the
fire- using water
Smothering- limit the oxygen available by smothering and preventing
the mixture of oxygen and ammable vapour foam / fire blanket
Starving limiting the fuel supply by removing source of fuel by
switching off el power
Chemical reaction by interrupting the chain of combustion and
combining the hydrogen atoms with chlorine atoms in the hydrocarbon
chain (halon extinguisher)
CHEMICALS
Forms of chemical agents:
Dusts solid particles slightly heavier than air but suspended in it for a
period of time.
Created by chemical/mechanical processes.
Respirable dust fine dust penetrating into the lungs or
bloodstream.
Inhalable dusts any dust that can enter the nose and mouth
during breathing
Gases substances present at a temperature above their boiling point
(carbon monoxide)

Vaporous substances which are at or very close to their boiling
temperatures. Gaseous in form. (many solvents)
Liquids-substances that normally exist at a temperature between
freezing (solid) and boiling (vaporous and gases) points. = uids.
Mists similar to vaporous they exist at or near their boiling
temperature but are closer to the liquid phase. Spraying process.
Fume collection of very small metallic particles which have condensed
for the gaseous state. Welding process.
Forms of biological agents:
Fungi v.small organism, sometimes consist of a single cell and can

appear as plantikle. (mushroom /yeast)
Moulds v small funghi which under damp conditions will grow on
surfaces as walls, bread, cheese. (asthma/athletes foot/farmers lung)
Bacteria-v.small single-celled organism which are much smaller that
human cells. Legionellosis/Tuberculosis/Tetanus
Viruses-minute, non-cellular organism. Cold/HIV/inuenza
Hazardous substances:
Irritant non-corrosive substance which can cause skin (dermatitis) or

lung (bronchial) inammation after repeated contact. Sensitized/allergic to
the substance
Corrosive-they will attack normally by burning, living tissue. Strong
acids/alkaids
Harmful if swallowed/inhaled/penetrates the skin, may pose limited
health risks. Chemical cleansers.
Toxic impede or prevent the function of one or more organs within the
body such as kidney/liver/heart. Poisonous (lead/mercury/alcohol)
Carcinogenic-suspected of promoting abnormal development of body
cells to become cancers. (asbestos/hardwood dust)
Mutagenic damage genetic material within cells, causing abnormal
changes that can be passed by generations
Effects:
Acute effects are of short duration and appear rapidly, usually after
single or short-term exposure; asthma attack/sneeze/CO2
Chronic develop over a period of time which may extend to years. From
prolonged or repeated exposures; Asbestosis/mental disease;
Routes of entry:
Inhalation breathing in the substance with normal air intake. Lungs

blood stream-organs

Absorption through the skin substance comes into contact with the
skin and enters through pores or wound. Tetanus/Benzene/toluene
Ingestion through the mouth and swallowed into the stomach and the
digestive system. Air borne dust / poor personal hygiene.
Injection- shooting high pressure air at the skin - pressure systems
Exchange of body fluids HIV
Respiratory system
Lungs and associated organs;
Fibrosis respirable dust punctures alveoli walls. The puncture heals
producing scar tissues which are less exible than original walls. That may
lead to...
Acute - Bronchitis/Asthma
Chronic fibrosis / asthma hardwood dust
Asphyxiation lack of oxygen (MIG in confined SPACES)
Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves throughout the body;
Neurotoxins (organic solvents & heavy metals-mercury) can reduce
effectiveness of nervous system and lead to changes in mental ability
(loss of memory), epilepsy and narcosis (loss of consciousness).
Cardiovascular System
Blood System (heart) oxygen transport/attack foreign organisms/aid
healing of damaged tissue
Substances:
Benzene (reduce number of blood cells)
Carbon monoxide (prevents red cells from absorbing sufficient oxygen)
headaches/ unconsciousness/death
Urinary system
Extracts waste and other products from blood. Liver (remove toxins from
blood/maintains levels of blood sugars) & Kidney (filter waste products
from blood as urine/regulate blood pressure / produce hormones for
making red blood cells).
Substances can cause liver to be too active or inactive (xylene) / lead to
liver enlargement (cirrhosis caused by alcohol) / liver cancer (vinyl
chloride).
Kidney heavy metals (cadmium/lead)/ organic solvents can restricts
operation leading to failure.
Skin
Holds body together / defence against infection / regulates body temp
/sensing mechanism
Dermatitis (reportable) blisters caused by various chemicals

Irritant contact dermatitis occurs soon after contact with substance
and condition reverses after contact ceases (detergents)
Allergic contact dermatitis caused by a sensitizer
(turpentine/epoxy resin/ formaldehyde)
Sensitize when internal immune system stopped working

CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTH REGULATIONS
2006 (COSHH)
COSHH Assessment: (every 5 years)

Gather info about substances
Evaluate risk to health (together and separately)
Decide on control measures
Record an assessment
Review
Type of substance (Toxic/Harmful/Sensitizer/Irritant)
Chronic (prolonged exposure, long term effects)
Acute (Short term exposure, immediate effect)
Routes of entry into body (Absorption/indigestion/inhalation)
Concentration in relation to exposure limits
No of persons exposed (identify vulnerable persons)
Duration of exposure
Adequacy of control measures
Compliance with control measures
Material safety data sheet:

Name, chemical composition, nature of a health hazard ,relevant exposure
standard, recommended exposure control measures, ppe, first aid, fire-
fighting measures, handling, storage , transport, disposal, manufacturer
name and address, publications, industry information
1. Stain Tube Detector

Use direct reading glass indicator tubes filled with chemical crystals which
change colour when a hazardous substance passes through them.
Advantages: quick, simple, inexpensive
Disadvantages: cant be use for concentrations of dust or fume, accuracy
will not be ok when particular contaminants are present, tubes fragile,
limited shelf live, tube to be used once
2. Passive Sampling
Measures over a full working period by worker wearing a badge with
absorbing material.
3. Sampling pumps and heads

To measure gasses and dust. Worker wears collection head as a badge and
a battery operated pump on his back at waist level. Pump draws air
continuously through a filter, fitted in the head, which will absorb the
contaminant gas or trap hazardous dust particles.
Weight change is measured/chemical analysis/microscope analysis.
4. Direct reading instruments

Analysers to be used by experience operatives. Infrared gas analysers.
Very accurate. Very expensive.

5. Vane anemometers
For measuring air ow speeds
6. Hygrometers
For measuring air humidity
Qualitative monitoring:
Smoke tubes (generate white smoke shows air ow)
Dust observation lamp
Occupational Exposure Limits EH40

WEL -concentration of airborne hazardous substances that people breath
over a specified period of time (time-weighted average =TWA)
Twa:
LTEL long term exposure limit or 8hr reference period
STEL short term exposure limit or 15min reference period
3 x LTEL = STEL
Good Practice:
Design & operated processes to minimize the emission, release &
spread of substances
Routes of exposure
Control exposure
Chose control options
PPE
Check and review
Inform & train
Ensure that all above doesnt increase the risk
Hierarchy:
Eliminate
Substitute
Provision of eng controls
Provision on supervisory controls
Provision of PPE
HEALTH AND SAFETY (FIRST AID) REGUALTIONS 1982 AS AMENDED

IN 2002

REGISTRATION, EVALUATION AND AUTHORIZATION OF CHEMICALS
REGUALTIONS REACH
Chemical safety regime that restricts high risk substances and require
safer substitutes. (glues, paints, detergents, plastics)
Engineering Controls:
Local Exhaust Ventilation
Removes the hazardous gas/vapour/fume at its source before it can

contaminate the surrounding atmosphere. (welding)
Collection hood hood placed over workstation

Ventilation ducting conduit for the contaminated air; transports it to the
filter
Filter/air cleaning device between hood and fan; removes contaminant
from the air stream
Fan moves the air through the system; correct type/size to be used.
Exhaust duct exhaust the air to the outside of the building; checked
reguraly;
Checked every 14 months.
Dilution (General) Ventilation
Uses natural ventilation (windows) or fan-assisted forced ventilation. It

works by removing the contaminant or reducing the concentration.
Controls:
Reduce time exposure
Reduce number of workers

Eating etc prohibited
Special rules
PPE:
Filtering mask (8/10hrs only)
Half-mask respirator (rubber/plastic covers nose & mouth)
Full-face mask respirator (covers eyes & visor)
Powered respirator (battery fan delivers air through a filter)
Self-contained breathing apparatus (compressed air cylinder)
Fresh air hose apparatus (sealed face mask, air from uncontaminated
source)
Compressed air line apparatus (from compressed air line)
Gloves (PVC/nitrile/neoprene)
Arm shields
Spectacles (safety glasses)
Goggles
Face visors
Clothing
Footwear
Health risks:
Asbestosis or fibrosis of the lungs
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the lung)
Asbestos: (ACM asbestos containing material)

Blue
Brown
White
Control limit
Training
Hierarchy of controls
Survey:
Presumptive survey location and assessment survey; locates as far as
reasonably practicable;
Sampling Survey similar to above but samples are sent for analysis
Full access and sampling survey invasive; could involve destruction
of material; prior to demolition;
Identification
Assessment
Removal
Control measures
Medical surveillance

Awareness training
Disposal of asbestos
Accidental exposure
Where:
Boiler
Pipe lagging
Insulation panels around pillars and ducting
Heat insulation
Fire protection
Ceiling tiles
Asbestos cement products
Other agents:
Cancer
Occupational asthma
Ammonia (eye) can burn the skin/bronchitis/excess uid of lungs
(oedema)
Chlorine bronchitis/oedema
Carbon dioxide heavier than air/ respiratory
system/death/asphyxiation
Carbon monoxide impossible to detect without equipment; enters the
blood and restricts supply of oxygen to vital organs;
headaches/breathlessness
Silica (component of rocks) inhalation of silica dust respirable dust;
silicosis / tuberculosis; masonry-work/quarry/sand blasting/ tunnelling/
Cement dust & wed cement burns/ulcers/dermatitis
Wood dust hard wood dust nasal cancer; mdfs-laminated
board/particle board/ wood-based board/ - formaldehyde
Leptospirosis and Weils disease in rats urine; humans kidneys and
liver are attack; can be fatal; skin or ingestion; Weils also in cattle;
Legionella-airborne bacterium; in water sources lung disease;

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
CONTROL OF NOISE AT WORK REGULATIONS 2005
Assess noise levels & keep records (make sure legal limits are not
exceeded)
Reduce the risk
Information & training
Provide PPE
Health surveillance
Noise data for manufactured equipment
Sound pressure wave passes into and through the outer ear and strikes
the eardrum causing it to vibrate. This causes the proportional movement
of 3 interconnected small bones in the middle ear passing the sound to
the cochlea in the inner ear. There sound is transmitted to a uid causing
it to vibrate. Motion of the uid induces a membrane to vibrate which
causes hair cells (attached to membrane) to bend. This causes a minute
electrical impulse to be transmitted to the brain along auditory nerve.
Acute Effects:
Temporary threshold shift short excessive noise; slight deafness;
reversible;
Tinnitus ringing in the ears caused by intense & sustained high
noise level; up to 24hrs;
Acute acoustic trauma vary loud noise;
Chronic effects:
Noise-induced hearing loss from permanent damage to the hair
cells; ability is not lost completely, affects hearing of the speech;
Permanent threshold shift from prolonged exposure to the loud
noise; 4000Hz; difficulty in hearing some female voices;
Tinnitus same but permanent;
Each 3dB increase is doubling sound intensity.
Scales:
A sound pressure levels (SPLs) up to 55dB
B- 55-85dB
C- above 85dB
Sound level meter:

Integrated - integrate the reading; provide an average over a time
period; continuous equivalent noise level (Leq) normally over 8hrs;
Direct reading cheaper; if noise levels are continuous at a near
constant value
Daily personal exposure Level (Lepd) - over 8hrs;

Peak sound pressure (Pascal) (Pa) - highest noise level reached by the
sound
Exposure Action level values level of noise at which certain action

must be taken
Exposure Limit value level of noise at the ear above which an
employee must not be exposed
Daily/weekly personal exposure action level 80dB(A) 85dB(A) (87dB(A)

exposure limit value)
A peak sound pressure 135dB(C) -137dB(A) exposure limit value
149dB(C)
Noise Assessment:
Details of noise meter used- date of calibration
Number of employees using the machine
Indications of the condition of the m/c & maintenance schedule
Work being done on m/c at the time
Schematic plan of workplace
Other noise sources
Recommendations
Inform/instruct/train
PPE
Reduce time exposure Hierarchy techniques:

Reduction noise at source
*Change the process or equipment
*Change speed of m/c
*Improve the maintenance regime
Reduce of noise levels received by employee (attenuation)
*Orientation/re-location of equipment
*Enclosure (with sound-insulating material)
*Screens/absorption walls (where sound is reected from walls)
*Damping (insulating oor mounting to reduce/remove transmission
of noise/ vibrations)
*Lagging (insulation of pipes / uid containers)
*Silencers (fitted to engines which are exhausting gases to
atmosphere)
*Isolation of workers (sound proof workrooms)
PPE
*Earplugs
*Ear defenders (earmuffs)

THE CONTROL OF VIBRATION AT WORK REGULATIONS
Exposure Limit Value not to be exceeded

If Exposure Action Value is exceeded than reduce the value
Hand-arm vibration (HAV)
Hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) group of diseases caused by the

exposure of the hand and arm to external vibration. Some of them under
WRULDs carpal tunnel syndrome.
Vibration White Finger (VWF) circulation of the blood is adversely

affected by the vibration. (tingling/numbness/white/amputation)
Injuries caused by HAV:

Damage to blood circulatory system (VWF)
Damage to sensory nerves
Damage to muscles
Damage to bones
Damage to joints
Pins and needles
Severe pain and numbness
Loss of sense of touch
Loss of grip strength
Painful wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome)
Daily exposure Limit - 8hr 5m/s2

Daily Exposure Action Value 8hr 2.5m/s2
Grinding/Sanding/Cutting stone,metal,wood/ riveting/ compacting

sand,concrete/ drilling and breaking rocks,concrete,road surfaces
Whole-body vibration (WBV)
Caused by vibration from machinery passing into the body either through
the feet of standing workers or the buttocks of sitting workers.
Injuries caused by WBV:

Severe back pain (may result in permanent injury)
Reduced visual & manual control (acute)
Increased heart rate & blood pressure (acute)
Permanent spinal damage
Damage to the central nervous system
Hearing loss
Circulatory problems
Digestive problems
Daily exposure Limit - 8hr 1.15m/s2

Daily Exposure Action Value 8hr 0.5m/s2
Driving vehicles: FLTs/tractors over rough terrain
Anti-fatigue mats, lumbar support;

RADIATION
IONISING RADIATION emitted from radioactive materials in form of

directly ionising or particles or indirectly ionising X-rays and rays or
neutrons.
can be stopped by very thin material as paper (ingestion)
- can be stopped by aluminium foil (inhalation/ingestion)
(similar to X-rays) produced from nuclear reactions and pass through
the body
Becquerel (Bq) activity of a radioactive substance/sec

Sievert (Sv) biological effects of the radiation (mSV)
Factors:
Size of the dose (the more the worse)
Area/extent of the exposure to the body
Duration of the exposure
Acute exposure:
Blood cell changes nausea
Vomiting
Skin burns
Blistering
Collapse
Death
Chronic exposure:
Anaemia
Leukaemia
Other forms of cancer
Effect on human reproductive organs and processes
Stillbirths
Somatic Effects cell damage

Genetic effects damage done to the children of the irradiated person
Sources:
Nuclear industry
Medical centres
Educational centres
Non-destructive testing (crack detection in welds)
X-rays scanning
Smoke detectors
Naturally (radon radioactive gas near granite)
Hazards:
Stochastic (cancer)
Non-stochastic (radiation burns/radiation sickness/cataracts/damage to
unborn children)

Measuring- film badge worn by employee over a time (photographic film
inside) / Radiation dose meter/detector on a shelf for 3 months / hand
held instruments (Geiger counters) immediate measurement
Protection:
Shielding
Time
Distance
Emergency arrangements
Training
Prohibition of eating etc
Personal cleanliness
PPE
Spillages procedure
Signs & info
Surveillance
Radiation Protection supervisor appointed by employer to advise on

measures for compliance with Regs and ACOPs. Competent. Internal.
Radiation Protection Adviser- appointed by employer to advise to the

Radiation Protection supervisor and employer. External.

NON-IONISING RADIATION
The action is to heat cells rather than change their chemical composition.
Ultraviolet radiation occurs with sunlight and with electric arc welding
Burning (skin & eyes)
Skin cancer (if burnt many times) malignat melanoma
Arc eye/welder eye
Snow blindness
Cataracts
Lasers- visible light & light from invisible spectrum (infrared & ultraviolet)
Bar code reading/cutting and welding metals/ accurate measurement of
distances/surgery cataract treatment/ sealing of blood vessels
Hazards: eye & skin burns (erythema)/toxic fumes/electricity/fire/retinal
damage
Infrared radiation generated by fires & hot substances

Eye & skin damage (similar to ultraviolet)
Foundries/fireman
Microwaves - Cookers/mobile telephones

Heating of body cells (eye lens biggest risk)
Protection:
Ultraviolet & infrared:
Goggles
Visors
Gloves
Collar
Lasers:
Shielding
Non-reective surfaces
Microwaves:
Enclosure
Interlocking device
Welding:
Manual metal arc welding
MIG
TIG
Oxy-acetylene welding
Hazards:

Non-ionizing radiation hazards
Fume inhalations
Slips & trips
Manual handling of cylinders
Explosion & fires
Lack of training
Musculoskeletal problems
STRESS
Natural reaction to excessive pressure, not a disease.
Stressors:
Job/individual responsibility/working conditions/management
attitudes/relationships
Action plan. Identify:

Problem/background to it/remedial action/targets & dates / agree review
date with employee

THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS
2007 (CDM)
Construction-general building work incl. Domestic, commercial, industrial.
Safe place of work:

Access & egress
Excavations covered
Fuel removed
Ladders stored securely
Services isolated
Locked gates
Substances locked away
Security cameras etc
Demolition:
Piecemeal using hand and mechanical tools (pneumatic drills,
demolition balls)
Deliberate controlled collapse - explosives are used
Method statement: method of demolition, equipment, protection of public

& workforce, isolation methods, PPE, first aid, emergency, training &
welfare facilities, names, COSHH
Prevention of drowning
Vehicles (traffic routes/signs/signals/speed limits/PPE/FLT & dumper trucks
slopes etc)
Fire & emergencies procedures/equipment
Welfare rest/washing/drinking water/sanitary/first aid/accommodation for
cloths/eating
Electricity hazards & control measures/equipment
Noise silencers fitted/ noise survey/demolition-pneumatic drills etc.
Health Hazards
vibration/dust/cement/solvents/paints/cleaners(COSHH)/PPE/man
handling/silica/cement dust/wet cement/wood dust/tetanus
Waste disposal -
Site security equipment protected/perimeter fencing/lockable
gate/protect public /children/warning signs/hazardous substances
(cement)
Environmental excessive dust/noise/mud on public highway
Arrangements with client/ocuppierprotection of
public/visitors/employees/safe passage/information for neighbours
THE CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN MANAGEMENT REGULATIONS

2007 (CDM)

Construction work carrying out any building, civil engineering or
engineering construction work
Notifiable project (F10) over 30 days or more than 500 man days
Demolition work written plan required
Non-notifiable projects only coordination & cooperation / brief
summary plan/written plan for demolition (coordinator & principal
contractor not required)
Client (additional for notifiable projects in red)

Give leadership
Control contractual arrangements
Make crucial decisions
Implement safety culture
Ensure that designers/contractors/etc are competent
Allow sufficient time
Cooperate with others
Coordinate their own work with others
There are reasonable management arrangements in place throughout
the project
Make sure that contractors have made arrangements for suitable
welfare
Ensure any fixed workplaces which are to be constructed to be safe
Relevant info to be passed to relevant persons
Ensure clarity of the roles
People have sufficient time to fulfil their responsibilities
Good communication/coordination/communication between members
of project
Designers able to confirm that they took into account CDM regs
That contractor is provided with the construction plan
Contractors are able to confirm that h&s standards on site will be
controlled.
To appoint CDM coordinator who will advise him
To appoint principal contractor who will plan and manage
Allowed PC to have enough time to work with designer
Ensure that construction phase does not start until PC has prepare H&S
plan and made arrangements for welfare
Ensure that H&S File is prepared/reviewed/updated and ready for
handover at the end
CDM Coordinator (additional for notifable projects in red)
Give suitable advice & assistance to client to do with:

Appoint competent designers and contractors
Ensure that project is managed properly (arrangements in place)
notify HSE abt the project

coordinate design work/planning
identify & collect relevant pre-construction info
pass the info to others
advise client of suitability of the construction plan welfare from start
produce & update H&S file
Written risk assessment
Method statement

Designer (additional for notifable projects in red)
Make sure that are competent

Make client aware of their duties
Avoid foreseeable risks, when designing
Provide adequate info about significant risks associated with design
Coordinate their work with others
Ensure client appointed CDM Coordinator
Ensure that client notified HSE
Ensure that construction phase does not start until CDM Coordinator
appointed
Cooperate with Coordinator/PC and other designers - provide info for
H&S file too
Contractor (additional for notifable projects in red)
Check client is aware of their duties

Ensure that they and their employers are competent
Plan/manage/monitor their own work
Ensure that their contractors know min time to prepare before starting
the job
Provide their workers with relevant info
Ensure that design they do complies with cdm regs
Comply with h&s cdm regs
Cooperate with others and coordinate their own work
Obtain specialist advice where necessary
Check if CDM Coordinator has been appointed
Check if HSE has been notified
Cooperate
Tell PC about the risks created by their work
Tell PC abt contractors they employ
Comply with directions from PC and any info relevant to H&S Plan
Inform Pc of any problems with the plan & risk identified
Tell PC about accidents
Provide info for the H&S File
Principal Contractor
Key duty holder
Liaise with all other duty holders & workforce
Consult wit workforce
Cooperate with designer & CDM Coordinator
Ensure that clients aware of his duties
Must ensure that client is aware of his duties
Ensure that HSE notified
Make sure they are competent

Ensure that construction is properly planned/managed/monitored
Ensure that contractors know min time to prepare before starting the
job
Ensure that contractors are aware of their responsibilities so work is
done safely
Ensure safe working and coordination between contractors
Ensure that Construction Phase Plan & Safety plan is:
Prepared before work begins
Developed in discussion with and communicated to contactors
Implemented
Kept up-to-date
Make sure that designers & contractors are competent
Ensure welfare
Prevent unauthorized access
Prepare and enforce site rules
Provide relevant parts of H&S Plan and other info to contractors
Liaise with CDM Coordinator on design
Provide CDM Coordinator with any relevant to H&S File info
Ensure everyone have been provided with induction etc
Display project notification
Workers:
Give feedback to employers
Provide input on RAs
Work to the MS
Use welfare facilities with respect
Keep PPE & tools in good condition
Be vigilant for hazards and risks and keep management informed
Be aware of the arrangements and actions to take if in dangerous
situation
H&S File
CDM Coordinator must prepare/review/keep updated
CDM Coordinator must give it to the client at the end of the project
Clients/Designers/PC/Contractors must supply info necessary to put it
together
Clients must keep the file to assist with further construction work
Everyone providing info must make sure is accurate and provided asap

CONFINED SPACES REGULATIONS 1997
Confined space means any place incl. any chamber/tank

/vat/silo/pit/trench/pipe/sewer/
Flue/well or similar space in which by virtue of its enclosed nature there
arises a reasonably foreseeable specified risk.
Specified risk risk to any person at work of:

Serious injury arising from fire/explosion
Loss of consciousness arising from an increase in body temp
Loss of consciousness or asphyxiation arising from
gas/fume/vapour/lack of oxygen
Drowning arising from increase in the level of liquid
Asphyxiation arising from a free-owing solid or because of
entrapment by it
Only enter if its not reasonably practicable to do it without entry.

Adhere to safe system of work unless in emergency.
Risk Assessment:
General conditions (content of space/residues
left/contamination/oxygen deficiency and enrichment/physical
dimensions)
Hazards arising directly from the work being undertaken (use of
cleaning chemicals/sources of ignition for ammable
dusts/gases/vapours etc.)
Need to isolate confined space from outside services or substances
inside (liquids/gases/energy sources/raw materials)
Requirement for emergency rescue (people & equipment)

Mechanical Hazards: Crushing, Shearing, Cutting/Severing,
Entanglement, Drawing In, Ejection of Material, Abrasion,
Stabbing/Puncturing
Non Mechanical Hazards: Noise, Temperature, Vibration, Electricity,

Radiation, Hazardous Substances, Ergonomic Factors (inc. Manual
Handling), Psycho-Social (Bullying, assault)
Develop a system: ERIC PD

Eliminate, Reduce (by Monitoring Substitution), Isolate, Control, PPE,
Discipline
Human Factors: SPAME

Skill Personality Attitude Motivation Experience
Machine Hazards: ENTICCE
Entanglement Nips Traps Impact Contact Cutting Ejection
Manual Handling: TILE
Task Individual Load Environment
Machine Guarding: FIAT
Fixed or fixed distance Interlocks (elect, air, mech, hydr) Automatic Trip
Training: IITS
Instruction Information Training Supervision
Accident Factors: relate to Domino Theory

Attitude Fault Unsafe Accident Injury

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Effective management of health and safety:

is vital to employee well-being

Safety the protection of people from physical injury.

Welfare the provision of facilities to maintain the health and well-being

Occupational or work-related ill-health is concerned with those

Environmental protection arrangements to cover those activities in

Hazardis the potential of a substance, activity or process to cause harm.

Risk - likelihood of a substance, activity or process to cause harm. A risk

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Insured Direct costs:

Uninsured Direct costs:

Insured Indirect costs:

Uninsured Direct costs:

Employers Liability Compulsory Insurance (Act)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

An employee, who is suing his employer for negligence, needs to

Any negligence claim must be made within 3 years (Limitations Act)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Part 1 relates to HW&W at the workplace

PRACTICABLE capable of being carried out or feasible (given current

REASONABLY PRACTICABLE must be technically possible, and the risk

H&S Inspectorate powers include: Investigation, Advisory, Enforcement

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Codes of Practice generally are only directly legally binding if:

DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS (Section 2)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Section 37 Personal liability of directors

DUTIES OF MANUFACTURERS, DESIGNERS, IMPORTERS AND

DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES (Section 7)

DUTIES OF SELF-EMPLOYED (Section 3 )

POWERS OF INSPECTORS (Section 20-25)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Breaches of HSWA can lead to:

Max. 20K fine (max. 5K fine for employee) and/or 6 months

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Management of Health and Safety at Work Regs 1999 (MHSWR)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Regulation 3 Risk assessment (significant risks to be recorded)

Regulation 5 Make proper arrangements for all aspects of H&S

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Finally, it is important to note that the regulations outline the principles of

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Internal sources, which should be available within the organization

External sources, which are available outside the organization, are

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Safety Representatives Functions:

Safety Committee objectives:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Employer must consult RES on the following:

Employer can not disclose to RES the following:

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

Regulation 4 Equip to be suitable

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) AT WORK REGULATIONS

Includes all equipment (incl. clothing) which is intended to be worn or held

Regulation 4 Provision of PPE (Employers to ensure it is available and is

THE HEALTH & SAFETY (DISPLAY SCREEN EQUIPMENT) REGS 1992

Regulation 1 Definitions (user someone who habitually uses DSE)

by Anna-Barbara Patallas for HSfB

any risk assessment shall be reviewed if there is reason to suspect that

A suitable and sufficient risk assessment should:

1 serious or disabling injuries

Health risks fall into the following four categories: