Antenna Theory Analysis and Design Lecture - 4

Dr.
Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Antennas and Propagation

Chapter 3: Linear Wire Antennas
(Antenna Theory)
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Dr. Dung Trinh
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Dr. Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014
Linear Wire Antennas

The dipole and the monopole are
the most widely used antennas for
wireless mobile communication
systems.
Arrays of dipoles are commonly
used as base station antennas in
land mobile systems.
Monopole is one of the most
common antennas for portable
equipment such as cellular
telephones, automobiles, train, etc.
It has attractive features such as
simple construction, relatively
broadband characteristics.
Infinitesimal Dipole
Infinitesimal dipoles are not
practical . They are used to build
more complex geometries.
The wire is assumed to be very
small ( /50), is very thin
( ). The spatial variation of the
current is assumed to be constant:
Determine:
- Radiated Field: E and H.
- Radiation power density Wav , Radiation intensity U, radiation power Prad
- Radiation resistance Rr, Directivity D.
3
Infinitesimal Dipole -
To find the fields radiated by the current
element, it will be required to determine first
and and then find the and .
To find we write:

, , = 0 , ,
4
0
=
4
(x, y, z) : the observation point ; (x, y, z): the source coordinates.

R : the distance from any point on the source to the observation point.
path C : is along the length of the source.
4
Infinitesimal Dipole - ,
To find and , it is simpler to transform from rectangular to spherical
components.

=
0
For this problem, = = 0, we obtain:
0
= =
4
0
= =
4
= 0
In the spherical coordinates
1
= = = +

5
=
The electric field can now be found. That is
= /
= =

= +

= +

The and field components are valid everywhere except on the source itself.
6
The input impedance of an antenna consists of real and imaginary parts. For a
lossless antenna, the real part of the input impedance was radiation
resistance.
To find the input resistance for a lossless antenna, the following procedure is
taken.
The complex power The radiation

The Poyting
is obtained by resistance can be
vector is formed
integrating found
For the infinitesimal dipole, the complex Poynting vector can be written as:

= = +

=

7

Then we have: =

= /

= +

Since is imaginary, it will not contribute to real radiated power. The

reactive power density, which is most dominant for small values of , has
both radial and transverse components.
The complex power moving in the radial direction is obtained by integrating
over a closed sphere of radius . Thus it can be written as

= = +

= =

8
It is clear that when , the reactive power diminishes and vanishes.

The radiation power can be written as: =

Since the antenna radiates its real power through the radiation resistance, for
the infinitesimal dipole it is found by

= = =

For a wire antenna to be classified as an infinitesimal dipole, its overall length

must be very small (usually < ).
50
9
Example 3.1: Find the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole whose

overall length is =
50

= = = .

Since the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole is about 0.3 ohms, it

will present a very large mismatch when connected to practical transmission
lines, many of which have characteristic impedances of 50 or 75 ohms. The
reflection efficiency ( ) and hence the overall efficiency ( ) will be very
small.
10
The average power density, in the far field, is given by:

= = =

Associated with the average power density is a radiation intensity U which
is given by:

= =

Then the directivity reduces to = =

and the maximum effective aperture to = =

11
12
Small Dipoles
A constant current distribution is not
realizable. A better approximation of the
current distribution of wire antennas
( /50 < < /10 ) is the triangular
variation.

,

, , =

+ ,

The vector potential can be written using:

/

= + +
/
13
Small Dipoles
Because the length of the dipole is very
small ( < /10), for different along
the wire are not much different from .
Thus can be approximated by
throughout the integration path.

= =

which is one half of that for the

infinitesimal dipole. REF:
/2
0
, , = 0 , , =
/2 4 4
The potential function becomes more accurate as
14
Small Dipoles
Since the potential function for the triangular distribution is onehalf of the
corresponding one for the constant (uniform) current distribution, the
corresponding fields of the former are onehalf of the latter. Thus we can
write the E and H fields radiated by a small dipole in the far field ( ) as
Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole
= = = = = =

= =

15
Small Dipoles
Since the directivity of an antenna is controlled by the relative shape of the
field or power pattern, the directivity, and maximum effective area of this
antenna are the same as the ones with the constant current distribution.
Using the procedure established for the infinitesimal dipole, the radiation
resistance for the small dipole is:
Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole

= =

Reading:
1. Su Tran-Vans book: Section 7.7: Reactively Loaded Dipoles.
2. Balanis book: Section 4.4: Region Separation.
16
Finite Length Dipoles -

The techniques developed previously can be used to analyze the radiation
characteristics of a linear dipole of any length. To reduce the mathematical
complexities, it will be assumed that the dipole has a negligible diameter.
Current distribution: For a very thin dipole (ideally zero diameter), the current
distribution can be written, to a good approximation, as

,

, , =
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1
0
+ ,
2
z
3
This distribution assumes that the antenna is:
4
- Centerfed
5
I
- The current vanishes at the end points. ~
6
- Experiments have verified that the current in L
7
a centerfed wire antenna has sinusoidal form
8
with nulls at the end points.
9
10
17
Finite Length Dipoles -

,

, , =

+ ,

For = and < < the current distribution is shown below
2 2

= <<
2 2
18
Finite Length Dipoles ,

The finite dipole antenna is z
subdivided into a number of
+l/2 R
infinitesimal dipoles of length . I (z')
For an infinitesimal dipole of dz' r
z'
length positioned along the Feed
axis at , the electric and y
magnetic field components in the /2
far field are given as =
x /2
-l/2
Infinitesimal Dipole Finite Difference dz
= = = d = = =
, ,

, ,
= d =

19

Using the far field approximation
for phase terms

for amp terms 1/
Then we can write:

, ,

Summing the contributions from all the infinitesimal elements to integration:

/2 /

= = , ,
/2 /
element factor space factor

For this antenna, the element factor is equal to the field of a unit length
infinitesimal dipole located at a reference point.
20

Using the current distribution of the finite length dipoles, we obtain
/ /

= = , ,
/ /

= +
/
/

+

=

by using: + = + +
+
where: = = = /
21
Finite Length Dipoles

The total component can be written as:

=

For the dipole, the average Poynting vector can be written as

= = =

=

And the radiation intensity as

= =

22

The normalized elevation power patterns, for = /4, /2, 3/4, are shown
in the following figure.
As the length of the antenna

increases, the beam becomes
narrower. Because of that, the
directivity should also increase
with length.
23

As the dipoles length increases beyond one wavelength > , the number of
lobes begin to increase.
Three- and two-dimensional amplitude patterns for a thin dipole of = 1.25
24

To find the total power radiated, the average Poynting vector is integrated over
a sphere of radius

= =

where: =

Then: =

* + () () + . () () ()
=
+ . () + + () +
where = 0.5772 (Eulers constant) and () and () are the cosine and sine
integrals given by:
25

where = 0.5772 (Eulers constant) and () and () are the cosine and sine
integrals given by:

() = () =

Then the radiation resistance can be obtained:

* + () () + . () () ()
= =
+ . () + + () +
26
Half Wavelength Dipole ,

One of the most commonly used antennas is the halfwavelength ( = /2)
dipole. Because:
- Its radiation resistance is 73 ohms very near the 50/75ohm characteristic
impedances of some transmission lines.
- Its matching to the line is simplified especially at resonance.
The electric and magnetic field components of a halfwavelength dipole can
be obtained by letting = /

= =

= =

27
Half Wavelength Dipole ,

The timeaverage power density and radiation intensity can be written,
respectively, as:

=

And the radiation intensity as

= =

28
Half Wavelength Dipole

The total power radiated can be obtained as a special case of finite length dipole

=

= =

where: 2 = 0.5772 + 2 2 = 0.5772 + 1.838 + 0.02 = 2.435

The maximum directivity of the halfwavelength dipole reduces to

= = = .
.
The radiation resistance, for a freespace medium ( = 120), is

= = = .

29
Linear elements near Infinite PEC

The presence of obstacles, especially when it is near the radiating element, can
significantly alter the overall radiation properties.
The most common obstacle is the ground. Any energy from the radiating
element directed toward the ground undergoes a reflection. The amount of
reflected energy and its direction are controlled by the ground.
30
Linear elements near Infinite PEC

Boundary Condition - Image Theory :
The virtual sources (images) will be
introduced to account for the reflections.
Vertical polarization
The tangential components of the electric field
must vanish on the interface. To excite the
polarization of the reflected waves, the virtual
source must also be vertical and with a polarity
in the same direction as that of the actual
source (thus a reflection coefficient of 1).
Horizontal polarization
Another orientation of the source will be to
have the radiating element in a horizontal
position, the virtual source (image) is also
placed a distance h below the interface but
with a 1800 polarity difference relative to the
actual source (thus reflection coefficient of -1). Perfectly Electric Conducting (PEC)
Boundary
31
Ground plane Vertical Electric Dipole

Assuming a vertical electric dipole is placed a
distance h above the infinite, flat, PEC
On the interface, the incident wave is
completely rejected and the field below the
boundary is zero. The tangential components
of the electric field must vanish on the
interface.
Direct Component
The far zone direct component of the E field of the infinitesimal dipole is given by:

=

The reflected component
The reflected component can be accounted for by the introduction of the virtual source
(image) can be written as:

= =

32

Direct Component
The total field above the interface is equal to
the sum of directed and reflected wave. In
general we can write:
= +
= +
For far-field approximations ( >> )
=
= +
Then the total field can be written as:

=

33

The shape and amplitude of the field is not only controlled by the field of the
single element but also by the positioning of the element relative to the
ground.
For > 4 more minor lobes are formed. As > , an even greater number
of minor lobes is introduced.
34

Radiation power and directivity:
The total radiated power is given by:

= = =

= +

As , the radiated power is equal to that of an isolated element.
Radiation intensity can be written as:

= = =

35

The directivity can be written as:

= =

+

The maximum value occurs when
= . ( = . ), and it is
equal to 6.566 which is greater than four
times that of an isolated element.
Radiation resistance can be written as:

=

= +

36
Ground plane Horizontal Electric Dipole

To find the fields radiated by the current
element, it will be required to determine first
and and then find the and .
To find for a horizontal infinitesimal dipole
we write:

, , = 0 , ,
4
0
=
4
To find and , it is simpler to transform
from rectangular to spherical components.

=
0
37

For this problem, = = 0, we obtain:
0
= =
4
0
= =
4
Then the far zone electric and magnetic
components can be found:
0
=
4
0
=
4
0
=
4
0
=
4
38

The total -field generated by the
horizontal infinitesimal dipole can be
written as:
0
= + = j
4
The angle is measured from the y-

axis toward the observation point:
=
= + +
39

Direct Component
The far zone direct component of the E field of
the infinitesimal dipole is given by:

=

The reflected component can be accounted for
by the introduction of the virtual source (image)
can be written as:

= =

For far-field approximations ( >> ) Then the total field can be written as:
=

= + =

40

Direct Component
The far zone direct component of the E field of
the infinitesimal dipole is given by:

=

The reflected component can be accounted for
by the introduction of the virtual source (image)
can be written as:

= =

For far-field approximations ( >> ) Then the total field can be written as:
=

= + =

41
Q&A
Reading: Balaniss book - Chapter 4
Thank you for your attention
42

Antenna Theory Analysis and Design Lecture - 4

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Dr.

Dung Trinh HCMUT / 2014

Antennas and Propagation

Linear Wire Antennas

(x, y, z) : the observation point ; (x, y, z): the source coordinates.

The complex power The radiation

Since is imaginary, it will not contribute to real radiated power. The

For a wire antenna to be classified as an infinitesimal dipole, its overall length

Since the radiation resistance of an infinitesimal dipole is about 0.3 ohms, it

The vector potential can be written using:

which is one half of that for the

Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole

Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole

Finite Length Dipoles -

Finite Length Dipoles -

Finite Length Dipoles ,

Finite Length Dipoles ,

for phase terms

Then we can write:

Summing the contributions from all the infinitesimal elements to integration:

element factor space factor

Finite Length Dipoles ,

Finite Length Dipoles

For the dipole, the average Poynting vector can be written as

And the radiation intensity as

Finite Length Dipoles

As the length of the antenna

Finite Length Dipoles

Three- and two-dimensional amplitude patterns for a thin dipole of = 1.25

Finite Length Dipoles

Finite Length Dipoles

Then the radiation resistance can be obtained:

Half Wavelength Dipole ,

Half Wavelength Dipole ,

Half Wavelength Dipole

where: 2 = 0.5772 + 2 2 = 0.5772 + 1.838 + 0.02 = 2.435

Linear elements near Infinite PEC

Linear elements near Infinite PEC

Ground plane Vertical Electric Dipole

Ground plane Vertical Electric Dipole

Ground plane Vertical Electric Dipole

Ground plane Vertical Electric Dipole

As , the radiated power is equal to that of an isolated element.

Radiation intensity can be written as:

Ground plane Vertical Electric Dipole

Ground plane Horizontal Electric Dipole

Ground plane Horizontal Electric Dipole

Ground plane Horizontal Electric Dipole

The angle is measured from the y-

Ground plane Horizontal Electric Dipole

Ground plane Horizontal Electric Dipole

Thank you for your attention

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