INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL to accompany ADVANCED ENGINEERIN MATHEMATICS PETER V, O’NEIL. ISBN 0-495-08244-9 PETER V. O°NEIL Et THOMSON fe ENGINEERING eee aon IlTHOMSON nee ane ENGINEERING COPYRIGHT © 2007 by Nelson, a division of Thomson Canada Ltd, Nelson is a registered trademark used herein under licens, For more information contact Nelson, 1120 Birchmount Road, Searberough, Ontario MIK SG4, Or you ean visit our Interne site aL wee. nelson.com, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part ofthis work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—zraphie, eleetronie, oF mecbanica, including photocopying, recording, taping, web distribution or information storage and retrieval systems—-withoat the written permission ofthe publisher,Contents First Order Differential Equations Second Order Differential Equations ‘The Laplace Transform Series Solutions Numerical Methods Vectors and Vector Spaces Matrices and Systems of Linear Equations Determinants Eigenvalues, Diagonalization and Special Matrices Systems of Linear Differential Equations Qualitative Methods and Systems of Nonlinear Differential Equations Vector Differential Calculus Vector Integral Caleulus Fourier Series ‘The Fourier Integral and Fourier Transform Special Functions, Orthogonal Expansions and Wavelets ‘The Wave Equation The Feat Equation ‘The Potential Equation Geometry and Arithmetic of Complex Numbers ‘Complex Fuictions ‘Complex Integration Series Representations of Functions Singularities and the Residue Theorem Conformal Mappings Counting and Probability Statistios 4 4 B 106 118 136 143 158 176 199 ail 226 245 281 307 337 364 389 394 405 12 416 430 455 496Chapter One - First Order Differential Equations Section J.1 Preliminary Concepts 1 1. For 2 > 1,29! Ven ey co we have yl +9 $0 y is a solution. 2. With 0e"* 4 06"* = 0, 509 is a solution. 3. For «> 0, we rewrite the equation as 2ny/ + 2y = —e*. Then with y= have Quy! +29 = -0"#(c—e#) + (-e*) +a7¥(c—e*) 4, For #3 sbx/2, we have yf = Meme), wo , 80 is a solution 5. On any interval not containing 2 = 0 we have, yf = 2 (3 + a) set (& - 3) = way o- (=°) =2—y, 80 9 is saolution, 6. For all wg! ys —ce"® 4 {1 + ce7*) = 3, thus Ca} + ce™* is a solution for all In 7 LL, recall that for y defined implicitly by FG, ») C we have Fete WM (a4) for which the partials F, and Fy exist be 7. With F(2,y) = y? + 2y — 20? ~ 30 — 2y = C, we have y— 40-3 + (2y + a — iy! =O. 8. With (zu) 9. With F(z,y) = y?— da? + = C, we have 88 ~ ye — (y+ x6")y! = 0. 8 pe (: z ay’ —y = C, we have y+ (Say? — 1)y! = 0. 10. With F(s,y) = 8ia|s—2y-+4}-22-+6y = C, we have 0. Solving for y! gives yf = 1. With Ple,y) = tan” ) tet 6, we tae I teh ( 12, Direct integration gives C= —3. The unique solution is y 2°40. The initial condition y(2) 2-3. 18. Diroct integration gives y ‘The unique solution is y = 1d yo ators d 15, y = Asin’(@) — 2 16 yoda? + 5 sin(22) 3Section 1.1 5 % 3 ¥ 4 : & ¥ a z ; it za ed ei qq Fa a= 38 83 Esc gs EB eg BY as aa 23 > ig gE ISOC LL DPSS ge = 88 UTI Ee? | AN ae 8 COO TE<< AAD g g . & & T2Z938 4 3 ZOGRS Wid mee ae ra Miiccs 1 GEES 3 pbooe? > ZEUS ® Ba-27 1 fs LeGix 8 een a: aa 3 eek 45 (22,8 8 §glSh | s£eccr a3 GEG 8 gesaS8 8 2G5°33 Bgl a ZEGALN B Brn 3 AZ4A8 Rae & R44 f NOS : roammn: 8 s > LSI et nS 5 : sil Zz g ga a i ga-N 3 a3 ZEN % £ A ag>} a a gy} = enw, g aSection 1.2 3 126, Direction field for f = 2y +3: olution for y(0 =} 27. Choose a point (zo,2) on the line x = a, Then the solution curve through this point has slope y/(x0,2) = 4l#o) ~ pl(zo)2, and the lineal element through this point has equation y = glo) ~ pleto)al(a ~ 0) + 2. The claim is that all these lines pass through the common ; Lalas 1 point (20+ sears a "To a2 this, pub # = + 7 in the tangent Tne equation ant get = i 1 au) = [alzo) ~ plso)2|(10 + ~~ aa) + 2 = pire) plato) Section 1.2 Separable Equations 1, Separation of variables gives Syd 4zde, and integration gives y! = 2s? + K. dz 2. The equation is soparable as % — -%, where we have assumed y # 0 and x # 0 z Integration gives In|y = —In|z| +c, or more compactly, In{xy| — ©. Exponentiation gives ay K where we have renamed the constant e® as A’. Removing any restrictions on KC, wwe get all solutions in the form ay = 3. ‘This equation is not separable, since sin(e+ y) cannot be expressed as A(n) B(y) for any AB 4. Since o®¥ = e%eY, the equation is separable as e¥dy = Sxe“*de. Integration gives = 3e(e FHC. dy a 5, The equation separates as = = Ty 1 + G . za) dy. Integration gives lu fx| + C= In a | which ean be rewritten as y = Ax(y — 1). This can easily be solved for y to give (2) = 0 is alto a singular solution. oS "ae 6. ‘The equation is not separableSection 12 7. The equation separates as aul s, and integration gives see(y) = Ar. 1 ay 1 1 8 Separation and use of partial fractions gives { — — dys (a- dz, “ " 8 G Fa) 8 ¢ =) Tote. gration and exponentiation gives the implicitly defined solution — A{ = Poi “lest 9. Not separable 10. Expand the coefficient of dy by using addition formules for cos(x +y) and sin(x — y) to ‘get [cos(e + y) + sin(x — y)] = (cos(2) cos{y) ~ sin(sx) sin(y} + sin(z) cos{y) — costar} sin(y]] — [cos(r}-+sin(x)|[eos(y) —sin{y)]. Also by a trig identity cos(2x) = cos*(x) —sin®(x) = [eos(z) + sin(z)|(oos(=)—sin(=)|. ‘Thus the equation separates as [eos(y) ~sin(y)}ety = [oos(2)~sin(2)|a. ‘The general solution is given implicitly by os(y) +sin(y) = cos(2) + sin(z) + C. 11, Separation of variables and a bit of algebra gives (v ~i+ zh) dy = ©, Integration ? vields 5 —y-tIn jy +1| In [x|-+C. The initial condition gives 2—2-+-in(3) = In(3)+24+C so y = =2, and £ —y+In(y +1) = Infa) —2. Note: the absolute values on in y+ 1f and In fe} can both be rémoved'slnce the initial conditions ensure we are in a region of the ay-plane where y > -1 and « > 0 3x%de integrates to give Injy-+ 2] = 2° +C. ‘Phe initial condition gives C — wee) La 8, s0 In ( re) ots 13, Writing In(g") = ein(y), separation of variables gives "ay = sodx, with solution (la(y))? = 32? + C. Initial conditions give 9 = 124 C so C= ~3 and (In(y})? = 32?—3. 14, Since e*-#” = ¢-e-%, separation gives tye” dy = etda, with sohition eM” = 6 4. The initial condition requires that C = 0 80 o” = e® or yf Since y <0, we have y =~. sin(ay) , con(8y) 3 9 1 4 initial condition requires Fsin(n) + 5 cos(a) = 5 +C, a0 C = =<. ‘The solution ean be written as 3ysin(Sy) + cos(3y) = 92? — 15. Separation gives yoos(3y)dy = 2edz, with solution = 240, The o ar 16, By Newton's law of cooling the temperature is givan by the solution of re - 60); T(G) = 90 and 7(10) = 88. Separation of variables and the initial condition T(0) =. easily give T'(4) = 60 + 30e*. The condition T(10) = 88 gives 88 = 60-+ He! or eb = ‘ uw B At this point we could either solve for & ae(é } #3 ~6.899287 x 1079, or noting that ct = TE rite te station ns T(t) = 60+ se!9"" sao 80+ 30 (#) Jn 20 minutes,Section 1.2 5 14\? ayy T(20) = 60430 (3) = 86.18°F. To reach 65°, solve 65 = 60 +30 (#) to got s0in(1/6) iptaayig) ©2007 este. 17. Let { O denote the time in minutes since the thermometer was removed from the house which was at 70°F. Let A denote the unknown outside ambient temperature (assumed constant). The temperature of the thermometer is modeled by the problem g = KA), with (0) = 70,7(6) = 60 end T(15) = 80.4, We wish to find A. Separation of vasiebles and T(0) = 70 readily yields T(t) = A+ (70 ~ A)e. ‘The other two temperature readings at t= 5 and t= 15 give the equations, T(5) = 60 = A+(70— Aje* and T(15} = 60.4 = ‘A+-(70—A)e!., To solve these equations for A, solve the first fore == EA = 4) | substitute 3 into the second to get (70 — A) (4) = (604 ~ A) and simplify to get the quadratic equation 10.44? ~ 11564 + 80960 = 0 which hs solutions A= 45 and A= 66.15, Clearly we must have A < 50.4, 50 A = 45°. 18. The solution of the equation which models this bacterial growth is P(t} = Fye*t where Py is a constant, & > 0 and t le moastied in hours, For the particular problem we are given ‘P(O} = 100,000 with time = 0 at 10:00 am, on Tuesday, 90 P(E} = 10K. From 10.00 fam. Tuesday umil noon Thursday is 50 hours, and P{50) = 3+ 10 = 10%", Solve for & = (3)'/5¢ to gat P(e) = 10°(3)*°, Time 3:00 p.m. the following Sunday is ¢ = 125 hour 80 P(125) = 10°(3)'29/80 = 9-108, = 1.56 10% bacteria, Monday at 4:00 pun, corresponds to t = 180, co P(150) = 10°(3)° = 2-7 10" bacteria, Assuming the arth is a perfect sphere of radius 3960 miles, we find the Barth ares to be A = 4a(3960 - 5280-12]? = 7.91 x 10" squate inches. At 10° bacteria per square inch, it would take hours to overrun the Barth * iS whore 10°(3)!/50 = 7.91 x 10%, Solve for f ee 2 1876 hn 78 days. 19, Since A= 4nr? and ¥ = 4 so, wehave A= S5RVHS, 90 OE ok = bYOEEV™. Ao a avy? suming V = Vpattimet = 0, this separable equation has solution V2) [ne +k (4) ‘| . ‘ on or &4 20, The amount of radioactive materia is given by the solution of SF* = &A,A(0) = 3, A(ln(2)) o with ¢ in weeks, Solving and fitting initial conditions gives A(t} yin yy itina 2 (2) as 92 (2) = ye yes 21, We easily find U(@) = 10 G vin years, so U(10°) = 10 G) 2 BT ke, 22. At any time # there will be A(E) = 26M gms. present, and A(d) = 9.1 requires ef = O 1, (90 soko Gin(ss) = Ina. (06915805, Half life is the time t* so A(t" od EX =6,ore = on i? 12 6, ore! z This gives tt = 10,02 minutes,Section 1.2 23, With Je) [ PCP at, we have I(x) = — Beets Fd, Now mele the sub- b stitution w = aft in the integral above to get J'(x) MDH gy = og [Ely = —2(x). Solving the separable equation J'(a) = tes gives 7a) = Ge, Now 1(0) = vn a YF oo Ha)= Fe, Putting c= 3 gives [eat = Is 2 2 n 2d. We use a conservation of energy argument. Let state-1 describe the particle at zest (velocity = 0) h feet above some reference point and state -2 describe the particle located the reference peint ong with velocity v. Then since total energy is conserved we have rghit Sn)? = mg( 0) + gine’, Solve for » to get the zesult v(t) = V/Zgh{H), independent of m. 25. This problem is modeled using Torriceli's law and the geometry of the hemispherical tank. Let h(2) denote the depth of the liquid in the hemispherical dome, r(t) the radius of the exposed surface of draining liquid, and V(t) the volome of water in the container. Then dV fat = ~kASIgh and dV/dt = xr?(dh/dt), where r? + h? = 18? from the geometry of the 2 hemisphere, We are given k= 8 and A= Gi) = jg» the area of the drain hole. Using 9 = 32 ft/sec? we obtain after substitution and simplification (324 — nyt = dnvh, h(0) = 18. This separable equation has solution 1620Vh ~ a5? = t+ K, at (0) = 18 gives = 3888,/2. Thus 1620v/i ~ 8/? = 38882 —t. The hemisphere runs empty when h = 886 V7 sec % 91 min, 39 sec. so Pigure for Problem 25 26. (a) For water h fect deep in the cylindrical hot tub we get V = 25%h, so ah 5 dh _3vi Qn = — 60 h,A(O} = = ces St -0 (8) VBHF (0) = 4, thay SE = ° 160 640 (b} To drain the tank will requite 7 = f (& Jane [ Ty, = A coe, " dh, kh 3vh 3 (©) To drain the upper half requires Ty ~ etn A ev scconds = 625 seconds 160 “To drain the lower half requires T f ~ Beat 2 V9 seconde 1508 seoSection 1.2 7 27, (a) Let r(¢) be the radius of the exposed vnter surfece, and h(t) the depth of the draining water. Since cross sections of the cone are similar, we have wr#(dh/di) = —kAygh, with n(0) From similar triangles we have r/h = 4/9, so 7 = (4/9)h, Substituting & q = 32 and A = w(1/12)?, and simplifying, we got h8/*(dh/dt) = —27/160, with h(0) ‘This separable equation has solution 45/2 = aa + K, and A(O) = 9 gives K = 249. The conical tank runs empty when h = 0, s0 t= 243 (3) = 576.800 4 min, 36 1 iA Figure for Problem 27(6) — (b) ‘This problem is modeled like part {a), except the cone is now inverted, ‘This changes the similar triangle proportionality to 4 g-h Oo or + = (4/9)(9— A}. The soparable differentiel equation now becomes (- ny? 2 dhe) no) = Vk yap OHS. with solution 162/h~ 12h8/ + 2h6/2 =: ~(97/160)t-+ (1296/6). ‘The tank runs dey al k=O, 160 or \ | Ml Figure for Problem 27(b) (%) = 1536 seconds, about 25 minutes, 36 seconds,Section 1.2 28, From the geometty of the cone and Torsicell's Law 2” = (Res dh. se. May a a ‘when the drain hole is two feet above the vertex, With the drain fle 1 the bottom ofthe av (16\? 2dr 682) tank we get a) iit Wh. If one knows the ratea of change of depth ‘of water in these two fistances, then one could locate the drain hole height above the bottom of the tank without knowing hole size, since a (Re we (4) = -kA,/2g(h ~ Tig) divided we(@) a (@), = -EAY/IGI gives VR ho _ (dha) P, a known constant, and 81. dé va (dhjdty, ‘we can solve for ha, the location of the hole above tank ver a 36) ah 29, From Problem 27, we have Sj = (B) t 562) ical tank. ‘Thus if we pour water in at 5 ft/sec, the differential equation would be 16) adh _ xf, ve oe «(ye == pte 7 0 ( — "7 } MO = 0, since the tank starts empty. dh Trom h(0) = 0, we see Fi > O so the water level rises, but as hi —+ 9, the right side of the equation ~1 0, hence 4 0, and the tank never overflows 30. From the geometiy of the sphere, the equation = —kAV/Igh becomes #[324 — 8)°] Gj = 08x (4)" VOER, h(O} = 36, whers his the height above the bottom of the sphere ‘This simplifies to (36Vh - bY")dh = ~O.Adt with solution hVR(60 — hk) = 1+ K. Then when h = 36 gives K = $184, The tank runs empty when ft = igure for Problen 30.Section 1.3 9 Section 1.3 Linear Differential Equations Solution of the equations in this section is routine once an integrating factor is found. Details are given for Problem 1, For mast of the remaining problems only answers are given, A few widitionat details are included where the solution involves anusual features. 5. ‘The equation 1. Identifying p(x) = —8/s, an integrating factor is ef PO {after multiplying by 2-3} can be written ee aya a which gives by 4 routine integration ya$ = Qn(z) + ¢ oF y = ex + 208 Inc ‘We have assumed here that 2 > 0. 4 solution n(~a) fz <0, This | in one formula, for x < 0 can be found by the same technique except we noed f SE would give the general form y= ex* + 203 In(—m}, or y= cx? + oe°in wd a Laet dey moot bet dae’. ect yt, t Byer + 5-7 4, To find an integrating factor write sin(2x) = 2sin(z)eos(x) and put in stendard form sine) _L phe solution is y of + ye ~ soutaye The sohtion is y = s(n) + ceoste) 5. y ade? do Dee ae a2 — eel 6. Standard form gives p(z) » and an integrating factor d . (9? (e+ 1)(e— 2). Thus —(y(e + 1) = 8, and we find y = nee Ne y Ge + VE a, and we Bad y = Gey + wre 7. An integrating factor is easily found to be ¢*. Then ~-(ye") = { “> Je gives y = ei ef Ca) eds +ce™*, ‘The integral hero cannot be evalusted in closed form osx) ~ co’ Ts ina) ccoa(z) 8. An integrating factor is see(x) + tan(z) giving solution y = pay ‘ain(e) 9 yaat-2-2 10, y= 6-24 36% Me ysoti+ arti? 12, ‘The equation ean be written ob “=, which lets us identify an Lys integrating factor of “Phe solution is y= x%{x — 2) infor — Be"* + 2a%(x ~ Dem* e ite 2) 13, Be me a10 ‘Section 1.4 16, Let (#,y) be a péint on the curve, We want the langent line at (x,y) to pass through ~o? (0,222), so the tangent tine hes slope 222" But this slope is also given by y', henve the a? curve satisfies y/ = “—"=" ‘Tie solution of this first ordor linear equation is y = —222 + ex 16, Let A(t) be the amount of selt in the tank at any time ¢ > 0. ‘Then a (ite salt added) — (rate salt comoved) = 6~2 (es) ;A(O) = 28, An integrating factor is (5040)? and the solution is 7 +i wre ‘The initial condition gives C = —180,000, 0 A(t) = 6040) ~ aa 0. ‘Phe tank contains 100 gel. when ¢ = 50 and A(S0) ~ 176 pounds of salt. 17 IE Ay and Az denote the amounts of salt respectively in tank 1 and tank 2 af time 1 8 BAL BAL os . 420 we have Ay = 5 ~ Fpy-Aa(0) = 20 and Ay = 1 A2(0) = 90. Solving the Tinear equation for Ay(t) we get A,(é) = 60 — 30e~/9. ‘Then ez is given by the solution of b+ aA Set, Aa(0) = 90. Solving gives Aa(t} = 15 + 900-2 — 75e-/39, Tank thus 286° — 45¢-# = 0, ‘This givas ef = 9% 2 will have a minimum when A¥(é) = 0, 9 (_ 9 5450 or t= 60In (3): with Ag(Duin = Aa (som (3))- = Pap” Pounds. 5 Section 1.4 Exact Differential Equations out 1. Since 2 ay, function is (2,9) = 2xy? +e +y%; solutions are defined implicitly by Ay +e + y2 =. iy te paye = z the equation is exact in the entire plane. A potential 2, since OM — ga = oN the equation is exact everywhere, A potential function is #(a,9) = Qaty tat + ys solutions are Qay? + 2? -+y3 =e. 3 Pe = 40422? and x = 4s, 50 the equation is not excl, 4 e 2sin(x +y) —2xcos(e-+y) = x 50 the equation is exact everywhere. Potential function is (x,y) = 2xcos(x + y); solutions are 2 cos(e + y) = OM an 5 1 = 21 80 the equation is exact for all x £0. a, y) = Infa| bay + 9%; with solutions In fr] + 2y + y® = 6 ad = 2ye"(0 + 2) coe(y?} and z ye"(1 +) sin(y*), so the equation is not exact 7 me = sinh(}cosh{y) = e 0 the equation is exacts (ay) ~ cash() sinh(y) is 3 | function; solutions are cosh: sinh(y) =Section 1.5 mT an B ou = 104! = SE, 50 the equation is exact everywheres& potential function is lay) = dey? + Bsin(z) — 3sin{y); solutions are day® + 3sin(x) — Ssin(y) 3 10, Qay ~ tan(zy?) = =A taal on lay’ = 5 0 the equation is exact everywhere; Sry — a = aT HL asin(2y a) = i 12, @ + ae =14e°% 13. Not exact VA. wef — y= 8 a 15, To be exact we aod St = bay? - = 3 — any”, hence choose a= ~3. A oy potential function will be (x,y) — 3y? and solutions are xy —3xy - dy? =o, AL 16. To be exact we need ed = cite 3 = —2ay°"', 0 choose o = —2. A potential iy 2 2 function will be (2,9) = ig and solutions are :c* 4 +P actor y #0 a 17, If gis a potential function, then % Mana 3 NV. But then ¢ +0 is also a potenti! tunction, since 2 (4 o) = 2? = ay ana x using d and 1 are the same curves. Section 1.5 Integrating Factors 1, A function of y ouly, u(y), is an integrating factor for M+ Na = 0 if and only if @ (Ml) = Zon, Since » = u(y) we get the condition UM + vMy = vz. Solving for oy vo jyle~ My) ascent condition for such ais that Gee My} isa Ration of y 7 fgls — My) = oly), then »(y) = ef #4 will produce en integrating 2, ay! will be an integrating factor for M+Ny/ = it Sth) = Re 4 N}, Simplifying N this equation gives sufletent condition as My ~ Ne = a> ~ B, for some constants « and 5. J, {u) My = Land Ne-==L so nevor exact 2 jaz) 1 a (b) Since iM Me) i (6) Shawwe 55 OMe Me) = {d) By Probus 2, My ~ Me = (a+b) for any a,b satisfying 2+012 Seetion 1.5 4. (a) My = ~3,N, = 1 80 not exact (b} Since 4 (ag, — Np) = ~4 pe) = eff = (c) New C s 2) +! =D isexact with solutions defined implicitly by % —2in jx or y= ex! +20" Inga. . 5. (0) My = 0,Ne = 4; (b) oly) =e; (c) ae —e = 6. (a) My = 6 4 120 + 2y, Ny = 122; (b) p(x) = &% (6) Ga ye® + ye = co. % (a) My = 4a4 1dy, Ne = 4+ by (b) By problem 2, M, ~ Ne (0) afy? + aatys = 8. (a) My = 2y41,Ne = Gy = ale + By) — b(4x + 6y) holds for e = 2,6=1, s0u=2%y 1 1; {b) ety) = PF (0) ay +2 = cy; (d} y = 0 is a singular solution. 9. (a) My = day + 2x, Ny = Sry + 2x; (b} ly) = 10. (a) My =4y — 90, Ny = 3y — 120; (b) By Problem 2, My — Nz = 432 = a(3y— 6x) —(2y —92} holds for a = (c} aty? ~ 3: . LL. (a) My =1~ 495, Ne = (b) The hint produces p(z,y) iy t= hyte® 12, (a) My = 2— iN, = 2x, aay, geri Py ef@) y=—1 =1op=ay (b) By Problem 2, we get je (2 BelP? +E? =o 1 13. ale) = Aulal ty = Gy = 4— Ina} a. a(n) pee e2y = 62 >0. 16. ple) = 2, 2%y cie%(ys 2) = el 16. ne ey glee 8 1 .) 17 oy) = i + alm habs Gy = de 18, ae jyntet” = cyyntet = 1pet 19. se sin(t —y) = ce" sin(w = y) = 20. oly =i 4 any! =e: 4 ny? = 10Section 1.6 i3 22. Let (2, y) be an integrating factor for M+ Ny’ = 0 and suppose the general solution is defined by 4(a1,y) = 0. Consider SplsMteee ad) ~ FeWNCCOCe 0) = ctote.n [Fan — Fan] 24 +6 ma) [noe — aor $e| = GH, u))0 + Ga, v)ulMdy — Noe] =0 +0 =0. ‘The first bracket term is zero because jis an integrating factor, the second because f(x,y) = 0 are solution curves and yf = a honce M + Ny! = 0 is ecptivalent to Me, — Ne =0. Homogeneous, Bernoulli, and Riccati Equations 1. ‘This is o Riceati equation with solution S(z) = 2. ‘Thus put y = a+ + and substitute Zod nei 1 4 5, 1 i to get 1-5 z(e+3) -E(s+})+1 Simplification gives 2 + Dy =~, with ee) ey ent soluiion = AE 4 © hen y= 2+ 4/3, 80 we put 2, This is a Bernoulli equation with a 18, or y = v¥/?. Sabstitution 2 gives Sot Sait uM og after simplifying of + a = & An integrating factor 1 49 and ‘by integrating v7! for this first order equation is 27/3 so (wat!) P18, 20 ByVal — 7818 = b, 7 pite But v= oy=—2 = ee 3. Bernoulli equation with 4, ‘This is » homogeneous equation so we pul u=y/x or y= ow. This gives u+ au! which is separable as wdi = s sou? v Infe| +6, and Fy =2in |x| +e. 5, Homogeneous y ts [yl — ey 6. Riccati equation with solution S(2) 7. Beast; ay - 8, Homsgeneo, se (2) 4 tan (2) = ce4 Seetion 1.6 9. Bernoulli with «= -3/4; 50%/4y"4 4 72/4 = ¢ avd, oy fQyaa\ 10, Homogeneous; “F* tan? (A ) sini te A, Be NH with =2b 2 11, Bernoull with a= 2iy = 2-4 = 2 24 Le = injalee 12, Homageneons: 55 et 13. Riccati with solution (0) oe eae 1 «equation y= 2. 14, Bernoulli equation; y = == ast iy te eeMviad bela) (a fe have (EE at bys) befy ¥) it and only ife =0 18. (@} Web (eee ) (ce fi) 1G) ly fe and r= 0. ay a¥de ‘th ¥ = sch, we have by the chain rule S = = (6) With ¥ = yk and 3 = ehh, we have by the chain ule > = SOS = Tink) = Ott HEN ay AY ax ite detey tr ax EX B+ eY —k) +r aX + bY te ah— . -_ J F (Gta =) By (a), this will be homogeneous #Pah+bk = cand di-tek =r # ‘The given condition ae — bi’ ensures that for any ¢,r there will be unique values of hand so that ah-+5k = cand dh-+ek =r and the tion = s0 the equation St =P -w equation in X’ and Y will be homogenecus, Ye find these values of hand che We find these values of fk and & to be fh= SF k= SES 16. From 15(b), choose h,# 20 that # = 3, and A4+E =I, or k= 2. The new wjuation y y, aX ~ Xe "Ty yye w+wex = oe which is separable and has solution Wn |W] ~ 1 in X and ¥ becomes Now let W? = ¥/ or ¥ = WX to got + , ~3 5 Replace W= 3 = EOS and simply to get (y= 3) lly — 9} ~ (#42) 17, To make homogeneous, choose hand k so 3h—k=9 end A+ = 1, thus & = 2, ay Uk-V 5 ge 29 ‘Thon solve Ty = Sopa As & homogeneous equation and substitute to get 3(e—2)? 2x — Diy +3) ~ Yr =e 18. (2 £5)? + 4(e + 5)y + 1) ~(y + Ih =e. 19, (2a +y — 3)? = ely — 2 +3) cnt by 20, Putting e = autre ate ee Np (Se) = bd = ! (arte “tayts) (FAS), stone meet & om +e a ty ory = (us) given du Hence we get a 14 on (ToSeotion 1.6 1s du ut? L om Problen 29, let = 2 yy to got Sm 1-242 = wo (wp 3} = de o+ 2 From Problem 20, Jet a = : yy to get SAS a gpg et tlee = deo S ave ese Hence ESM 452g) mete 22, Let wa 30+ y to get the soparable equation # coat tun 3 Fea) d= de and integrate to find 2 — ; Inffu— 10] = Te +6 Since w= Set y, we get 14(y +32) ~In]212-+ Ty — 10] = 492+ 23. With w= 2 —2y we find a solution « ~ dy — 4In | — 2y +4] 24, With u=2—y we find a solution 2 —3y + 7In |x y— 1] 25. At time £0, ussnine the dog is at the origin of an ey system and the men is located at (4,0) on the 2 axis, The man moves dtectly upward into Ube ftst quadrant and at ime ts located at (A, uf). The position of the dog at time £ > Gis at (x, y) and, ae stated, the dog runs with speed 2v, always directly toward his master. At time f > 0, the man is at (d,vf), the dog is at (,y} and the tangent to the dog's path Joins Unese two points. ‘Thus # sf for © < A, To climinate # from this equation use the fact that during the time the man hes moved vf units upward into the first quadrant, the dog has run 2ut units along his path. by el al ‘Thus 2et = f [is ( #) | dé, Use this integral to eliminate the vt term in the original In wy 2) df —2y, Now differentiate GPE Dah or AM ay = (LPP, differential equation to get 2(A — 2}y!(2) = f it ( this equation and obtain 2A ~a)y" — 2y" = subject to y(0} = 0,4°(0) = 0. Let a= y! to get the separable ation te = ject to v0) = 8yf(0) = ne equation Fs = aa) 1+ which has solution Inf + YI] In(A - 2) +0, tome y(0} = uf0) = 0 gives - A aevire - ye equivalently ¥ + V1+G’P = =.y(@) = 0. From the equation for y” (before the substitution) get /T+ W? = 24 — 55 soy! +2(A—a)y"" = vA y(0) = 0,y'(0) = 0,2 < A. Let a =y to write this as a linear first order equation An integrating factor is —— Po and wo got a) aA — a9 Vara & "Dhe solution of this, subject to w(0)} = 0 is ww 1 7 ——(A~ 2) 4 3A, using y(0) = 0 to determine the constant of integration, The dog catches the maa ake A, so they mest at {A,2A/3). Since this is also (Ayu!) when they meet, we find ut = aA so they mect at time 2A be Integrate once more to get ya) = AVA ie16 Section 1.7 26. (x) Clearly exch bug follows the same curve of pursuit relative to the corner from which it starts, Place a polar coordinate system as euggested and determine the pursuit curve for the bug starting at 0 = O,r = a/V2. At any me the bug will be at (/(0), 8), ita target dy _ dyfdi _ F(C)sin(@) + f(@)cos(8) | is Ht (LOn0 + 0/2), and FE = FT = Ta canay jay aiatay PY 8 ee other hand, this tangent doe rust be from location (7(B), 9) to target ((8),0 + 1/2), dy _ f48)sin(@ + x/2) — f(@)sin() a. sin{?) _sin(@) — cos(6) Equate Hence 7 FO} cost ~sin(8) —cos(@) ~ sin(@} + cos(@) these two capi for # and simplify to get fo $10) = 0, with f(0) = a/v. Thus (8) rule. On the ve (b) Distauce traveled is D = Pe tr a “149 of e "d0 = a. (e) Since r= f(8} = between pursuer and quarty will be ae~, ® gives polar equation of the pursuit curve . na “a0 [~ fe e y) wo b iW > O for all 8, no bug ever catches i quarry, The actual distance 27, Assume the disk rotates counterclockwise with angular velocity w radians/secone, and ( a the bug steps on the rotating disk at point (a,0). ‘Then by the chain rule 2 thus r= * and r(0} =m gives (2) o “This is a spiral. (b) Ba coach the omen, sve r= Oto get 9 = radians ore is revolutions (€) Distance traveled s = f£ "ETP - Lf (o-)' @ a. ‘Vo evalne we ! ee — tn ween er) ate this, let = “2, so =~ Ba ld = his, loro = ah Ve ide= ction 1.7 Applications 1. Take =0 a8 the point at which one end of the chain just touches the floor end let x > 0 denote the upwetd movement ofthe shorter end of chain, "Then Uhe mass of moving ehain is m= (18~ om slugs and the net force that acts on this is F == (2+2)p pounds. The mation is w(16-2)°] = 0 y= Oife= wd 0B tay a HM _ ty modeled by lo 16 vel = Gaz}e.y Oita = 0. By thechsin vole THe) = SESE = wil aod PE -ah souk jolls—2 | = 82(2-42}. Rewrite as the Barnoulli equation (ee = 32(2 Let 2 = oF fo gol the linesr equation 2 — (iSection 1.7 has integrating factor yu = (16 ~ 2)? end solution (16-2)? 2/8) . 64 (22% +12 - 3). since 2(0) = 0 or va) = Put © =7 to get v(7) = 18.91 fi/see. r 0) Fat 2. The time require for the chain to leave the pulley is ty = f “dt = f (a) - > 0 " " a at 1 1-2 f (g) de = [ wo" f ie Sn = Ls ile L901 seconds 3, Since 10 feat of chain ang down initially, the chsin touches the floor at t= 0, ‘The forox pulling ebain from the platform Is F = 109 pounds, « constant, and the arnount of chain roving is 20 feet with mass = 122. Let w be the velocity of the center of mass ofthe henging pay dv oak leaves the support when s = 90, at time t = Nw at a velocity of (a chain, 90 10p = gyv(0) = 0. We find u(t} = 32¢, and sft) = 16:2, ‘The chain 8/30 = 43.82 ft/sec 4, Take x = 0 to be at equilibrium with 24 feet of chain on one side of the pulley and 16 feet of chain and the Sp weight on the other. ‘The system will be released from & = 1 al w = 0. ‘Total mass in motion is = slugs, and for a > 1, the net force acting is F = 2a pounds ‘Thus 2p = 0. Solve by separation of variables to get $v? = 422+ uf} = 8 gives & {2% — 1). ‘The chain leaves the pulley at 2 = 23, with y= B11 26.5 ft/sec. 5. Let aff} denote the amount of chain hanging dows from the table, and note that once the chain sar moving, all 2 fos move, wth veledty +. The motion is modeled by oe = Dp du _ 3p, di 4 a Ae ly yf) = 0. Thus 2? = 5 u(6) = red gd ade (6) Thus Y be, and uf6) = 0 gives ¢ = 36 so (a ~ 36). ‘When the end leaves the table, 2 = = 24, sou = 125 © 26,84 ft/sec. The ime is ty = oan a aye =[ pyeede = Sate vi 2.15 seconds. f ve) lp Wa? — 36 i Is 6, ‘The force which pulls chain off oe table is due to the four feet of chain hanging between the table and floor, Let # denote fhe distance the fee en of chain ox the tsble has moved ‘The motion is modeled by 4p je aif, y= 0 when # = 0. Rewrite us 12840? = a (2 aw, and solve by separation of variables to get ¢~In(22— a) = 5 ln(128 44%), and u = 0,2 = 0 gives c = In(176V2}. ‘The end of the chain leaves the table when z = 18 so / 3744 #2 61.19 hse. 78 Sestion 1.7 8, Compute potential energy by PE = mgh where A is the height of the center of mass of ‘the object above the floor. Initially, PE + KE = 7p(16.5) + 9p(15.5) + 5 £(0)? = 2869 foot pounds, Al any later time, the chain moves with velocity v, and the ends have moved feet ap and down from the equilibrium position, for 2 2 1,PE+ KE = (8—a}o(16 +2) + @+2)0(18- 2) + ae quate these two expressions to get v%(2) = («? ~1),x > 1. 9. Since the mass in motion is not constant, we need to derive @ conservation law by finding, a constant of the motion, Consider ig Tye = since the equation of motion is ous + Fe 0 when 2 = 10 and v= Owe got MO we 2 10. Tho chain leaves tho pulley when « = 40, 50 v = 2v210 29 ft/sec, t 10. Let y = y(x) be the shape of the curve, then the normal line to the curve has slope 1 meng =F, @ 4 a dy areata dy ~ oe? EL. Once released, the only force acting on the ballast bag is due to gravity, so if y represent é distance above the ground, fe ~9 = ~32,y(0) = 342,y'(0) = 4. By two integrations obtain y(t) = 4 — 32t,y(¢) = 342 + 4¢ — 16%. Meximum height is reached when y(t) = 0 which must be the equilibrium direction for the acting forces, ‘Thus 2 ‘a.separable equation with solution y = ett parabola. or += 1/8 sod, Max height ~ y(1/8) = 942.25 fe The ballast bug remains ab unt 1 u(t} = 0 or 160? + 42-4342 0, hence t= spond = [y'(19/4)j = 1480, (sec 12, With a gradient of 7/24 the plane is inclined at an angle @ for which sin(0) = 7/25 and he veloc ox sutisies (2°) 2 gn (24) (2 7\ co = 275. iy tte (8) = 0) (!) aa (2) 5, ) =, Soe Tn on = seconds at which time it hits the ground with — = ft/seo, which reaches zero 35Section 1.7 9 when fy = In (3) sec. ‘The box will travel a distance of sits) [ wleMde = Bae b ae, 4a, (2) 82, far # Bw) Be (G) eam 382 de a 6x,v{0) = 0. The solution for 0 < # <4 is easily found to be w(t) = 32¢1 —e*}, When her chute opens (f = 4) she has velocity of u(d} = 32{1 —e°*) ft/see. Velocity with an open chute satisfies (B)e 8 _ 99 — gu®, ud) = 92(2 — efor 6 > 4. “This equation is 13, Until the chute is opened (ab t = 4 sec) the velocity is given by 2 separable and can be integrated by partial fractions a5 J [aa a aaj - -f But bo +8 de S{1 + hea) et 8) ge yin BOAT v got v(t) = St be} get In [= 3 Bet [5 =a 482, Solve for v to got v(t) = SEER p> * get where k= P—, ‘Pemnal velocity is Jim o(2) = 8 fife, Distance fallen is s(t) foou- aa L bet for 0st sd, and for (4, s(t) = 3268 + 4) 48 —4) 4 2In(L = he 8) — 2h (Ge ) 14, When fully submerge the buoyant force will be Fy = 1 x 2 3 x 62.5 = 975 pounds 384 upward, Te mass, im = —— = 12 slugs. Velocity of the sinking box sutisties wf 32 384~ 375 ~ ,o(0} = 0. This linear equation has solution vf} = 18(1—e"/*4), intends the box will have sunk s(t) = 18(¢ + 24e-¥/4 — 24) feet. From u(t) we find terminal velocity = Jin v(f) = 18 Moe “To answer the question about velocity when the box reaches the bottom (s = 100) we would normally solve s(#) = 100 and eubstitute the ¢ value into velocity, This equation can be solved numerically to use this approach. We can answer the question by an alternative approzch, Find ty so v(t,) = 10 ft/sec, and ealeulate 2(¢,) to see how far thie box has fallen. With this approach we solve 18{1 — e~/4} = 10 to get ty = 24la @ seconds, and compute slés} = soa ( — 240 = 110.3 feet. We conclude that at the bottom (# = 100) the box hos not yot reached a velocity of 10 ft/sec. 15. If the box loses 32 pounds of material on impact with the bottom, m= EE shigs. So ih = —a82 + 375 — Fe, 00) = ‘ouft) = 46(1 ~ -¥), vo distance traveled up feom the bottom is o(f) = 46(t +2262 — 22) , where we have taken up as positive, Solving gives20 Seotion 1.7 fect. Solving s(¢) = 100 gives t ~ 10.56 seconds and a surfacing velocity of epproximately (10.56) #2 17.5 fr/sec. 16. The statement of gravitational attraction inside the Earth gives, # kr, where is distance to the Barth center, When r = R we know the acceleration is g, so & = dy ge de _ dear ich oi and SP = —4F. By the chain rule S- = S257 = vGe, which gives the separable equation gr 2 oe v& = —4, with o(R) = 0. Integrate to got v? = gh 8. Pub r = 0 to got the speed at Earth's center of v= /@R = 24 = 4.9 miles/second. YT. With 6 the angle thaé the chord makes with the vertical we have m4! c= mg cos(0} a) = os \2 geosd where 9 is the length of the chord. By the law of cosines, the length of thie chord satisfies s? = 2K? — 2K costn ~ 20) = 2R?(1 + cos 26} = 4A* cos” @, Thus t 0. Then s(t) = at? onl); so the time of descent is given by t = independent of 8 18. The loop currents in Figure 1.22eatisy the equations 208 + 26(i, ~ i) = 10, 18(6 i) + ._} 30fe =O 80 f= 5 amp. and tp = 5 amp. 19. The capacitor charge is modeled by 250 x 10% + pris 8.000 = 0. Simplify and put {= of to got q! +29 = 92x 10°, with solution g(f) = 16 x 10°81 — e-®}. ‘The capacitor voltage ia B, = 4q = 80(1 —e™). This voltage reaches 76 volts when t = + 1n(00) =: 1.498 seconds after the switch fo closed. Calculate current at this time by é(in(20}/2) = q (in(20}/2) = 32 x 10-e- ®*) = 16 micro amps. 20. From Problem 19, the goneral solution is g(t) = 16 x 10° 4- ce“ for charge or Be 4 = 804 Ae, If B(0} = 50, then A = —30 and By = 80 ~ 30e~%. Now this reaches 76 ec 1, (16 = tn (3) 1.00 sons volts when z 21, The loop currents satisfy the equations 5{¢ —%)+10i, = 6, —Bij +5) + 30:2 +-10(q2~g3) = 0, 10g, +1095 + 15a + gy = 0. Since mf04) = aal0#) = e+) = 0, from equation 3, 4,04) = 0. Add the three equations to get 0i:(0+) + 30i2(0+) = 6. From the upper node between loops | and 2 we reason that i3(0+) = ig(0*). So (04) = in(04 a 22, (a) Calculate #(t) = Ze-B¥ > 0, so itt) incceases. (b) Note thet (1 — eo) (c) For (0) #66, the time to reach 63% of E/R is tg = 4 a [ 163+, co the inductive time constant is to = L/R. EERO), cee swith (0) B (0) = q an integrating factor is 8° go (getty = Byasnc 23. (@) Ford + 5 and g(t) = BC + Ae YRC. 9(0) = a gives A = a ~ EC, 60 gft) = BC (go — BC) UR (b) lim g(t} = BC, independent of go,Section 1.8 ai (0) If gp > EC, Gmuax = 4(0} = go, there is no minimum in this case but q(f) decreases toward BC. If qo = EC, g(t) = EC for all t, If go < BC, Quin = 9(0) = qo, there is no maximum in this case but q(t) increases toward EC. (d) To reach 99% of the steady state value solve EC + (gp — HC}e/B° = ECKL +01), 80 ~ EC! =RCn DEC 24, Dieontiting +29 = Hip we find that he given fil suc tho deena equation y! = 3 ‘Ths the orthogonal trajectories stily yf = 2, and ace piven by y= Rete 25. ‘The differential equation of the given-family is we Fi orthogonal trajectories eatsly dy 3 : _ 3 © 3 and ato given by y = ~Zin|el +e 26. ‘The differential equation of the given family is a Jp orthogonal tajoctorinnatity BY and ce gon by y= Ast, a fly of parabas aefy-D 27, ‘The differential equetion of the given family ig y! = 2Kx = orthogonal trajectories satisfy 2 and are given by (y— 1)? (E or 2a | which is separable with solutions 2 ay 1) of ellipses, 28. ‘The differential equation of the given family is 2 — yy! K = 2 2G. ‘The differential equation of the given family is fourd by solving for K and differentiating — la) 5 Lang) + by! <0 or yt — Zine bo got K = SB wo Sy In(y) + go! = Oor yf = ERM, orthogonal txajectories satis 4y _ © which is soparable with solutions y2In(y2) ~ 1] = ¢— 22. dx ~~ yln(y) Section 1.8 Existence and Uniqueness L. Both /(2,y) = 27°+3xe¥ sin(ay) and z = 4y-43ce¥ sin(2y) +3226" coa(zy) are continuous everywhere. 2. Both f(e.y) = dey + cosh(2) and a = 4x are continuous everywhere s0 ‘Theorem 1 applies, Since the equation is linear we could epply Theorem 2 3. Both f(e,y) = (y)? — sin(y) and z = ey? ~ cos(y) ate continuous everywhere 4, Both f(x,y) = 25 —y° + 2xe¥ and z = ~5y! 4 2ae! are continuous everywhere,2 Section 1.8 5. Both f(a,y) = a aye-2 tg? and ze =ate-® 4 2y are continuous everywhere. 6. (a) Taking |y’| =! we get y! = 2y with solution p(x) = yoe"*-*), Taking jy/| = yl we get yf = —2y with solution y= ype 42-70) (b) Solving {y’| = 2y we get y! = £2y = f(x,y), dut f(x,y) = £2y is not even a function (unless y = 0), lot alone continuous, 60 ‘Theorem 1 does not apply. 7, (a) Since both f(x,y} = 2—y and o = —1 ate continuous everywhere, the initial value problem hes a unique solution. Wjy=2-e* (c) wo = Land ys auf tdt= 143; h 2 + [qu ntee- 4 a 2 = t & nois [o-t4 pide tee F eo sO 2 2p x wots fae age site See -9 a wait [ond vt Gide tbs 7 ata eo god pate [intact gees i ee ye +(-1)" aoa Since 2 Peay = jim ya(a), the Picard iterates convorge to the urigue solution. a 8. (a) Since oth f(x,y) = 44 y and 2 1 ere continuons everywhere, the initial value problem has a uniqpe solition. (b) y= 44 ret (yy =3 and mad4 [ran a4ts: lo 2 waa4 forgo st et 2 vs Perna jabs B+ 2247S $7 fo 2 us a oa a mass firenes wide arene er are, 2 7 oo [wtoa= pte4 TE 47 lv e atta tgSection }.8 23 w= 3+ [ ‘ys(i)dd = 9+ 7 + be @ ua S847 HTS et Note ya(z) =~ ~4 + Te® since the series iat me converges. Thus the Picard iterates converge to the unique solution, f 9. (a) Both f(x,y} = 2x? and OF <4 are continuous everywhere. att gl Q)y= 5845 wah, ; nad4 frase ri 3 t gna ta | a) Since f(x, y) = 202 is independent of v, we have wa(z) = gua) = be + q for all n> 1, aud he soguenca of Pir iterates i content sajence ya ge +353 +z 1) +e —1)7 + yee 1)? is the Taylor series of the solution. For n> 3, the nt partial sum of the series is the solution. Certainly {yn} — y so the Picard iterates converge to the sotution oF oy 10. (a) fey) = cos(z) and (b) v= Lt sin(2) (©) v9 = 1, anid wait | cos(tidt=1+sin(2), = 0 are continuous everywhere, (@) Since Hx, y) = cosa) is independent of y.ua(e) = u(t) = 1+ sin(e), for all Picard iterates, m > 1. mee acetal 2 y = L+sin(z) = Gere l4e-F sum of the Taylor series Zh(x) does not agree with the n!* Picard iterate yq(z). However ‘The n! partial a lim T(z) = fim ya(2) = 1 +2in(z) so both soquences converge to the unique solution.24 Section 2.2 Section 2.2 Theory of Solutions In Problems 1 - 6 direct substitution of y) and yp verifies that each is & solution of the given differ ential equation, h(22}sinh(22) 1b) We= deinh(22) 2eosh(22) €; cosh (22) + 22 inh(22); = cosh(22) | cos(3e) —sin(3e) 2D) W= | _gein(Be) Scas(32) (0) y = e1cos(S2) + cp sin(3e); (@) y= ~foinl32) a ge tee = 2cosh?(22) — sinh?{2r}] = 2; .awe 2 * con f7z) eain( 7x) . e*(cos( 72) + V7sin(Vi2)) e-*(—sin( 7x) + V7 cos( 72) hoy cos 72) + ep sin( v7); ~*12c0s( V2) + “sin F=)] Vi = Vie", af ating 5.) W | 3 ane + 2? (chy = ate, + caln(x)) 5 (@) y= 224 = det in(e) Se “ CRD GE tee) un ayF + of, 6.) w=? a fe __« easle) — (16r-+5) sin(z) y= Pe eos 7. W=] 2x 82? | = otim and yp are tinearly independent solutions of the differentialSection 23 25 4,6 5 equation 2%! ~ day! + 6y = O or y" — yf + oY = 0. Theorem 3 applies for this equations only on intervals pot containing = 0, and on any such interval W = x* #0, & Clearly wand yp ae nearly nutepencent om [1 1 soe (2) AoC). The diixenta equation can be weliten y"- Sy + zy = 0, so Theorem 2.3 appliss only on intervals not containing 2 = 9. 9. yf — yf — dy = 6 has solution yy = 2, bul yiyn =e isnot a soletion. 10. Theorem 2.2 applies only to Hinear equations and yy! + 2yf — (y")? = 0 is nonlinear 11. At arelative extremum of a differentiable function y, we have y'(za) = 0. Thus W(zo} = yi@o) volo) uilto) paleo) wieo) vale) 0 0 dependent, 12. By Theorem 1, y+ play! +ala}y = 0, js clearly yl) = 0. If (a) = 0, then d(x) Hence #(t0) ¥ 0. = 0, and by Theorem 2.3, y1 end yp are linearly hhas a unique solution, which G-which contradicts the fact that ¢ is non-zero, 0 sn(eo) ya(%0) o | ate Also} vi(to) vale) 13. We have W(co) | and ya ate linearly dependent. @, and by Theorem 2.8, 42 Section 2.3 Reduction of Order Jn problems 1 - 10 we put yo(2) = u(z)yi(a), derive the equation satistied by 1, give its solution for u(x}, and give the general soluti 1 af the second order equation. 1. w cos(2z) — Asin(2a}u! = O;u(e) = tanf2s)iy =e: eoe(22) 4+ en sin(22) 2. a! + 6a! = Osule) = e-Biy = ee ge 3. ul = Ojula) = ay = cre + conet™ Ao aul! tu =0;u= Infshpy = eye! + one in(e). 5. cul + uf = Oyu = In(a)jy = c12” + op” n(x) 6. (nd tape 4220; wa Be 4s y = ere + (2a? — D, 7 aul + Tul = Opus a Sy = eat + oye ® 2 Baul O which can bo writton as [xc # 0. Thus w= 14 4 and u= Tye SS and y= ex(a? — I) bear 9. a7? conta )ul! — 22M? sin(x)e' = Opu(z) = tan(x)y =e 10. {203 4 Bx? + abu" + (62? + Ge + 2]u’ = 0 which gives ui = 1 and the general solution is y = ci +e (4)6 Section 2.4 Ve y= ce? + cae 2 12, (a) With u = of we get a ~ u = 2, first order linear with solution w= -2 + ext. 2 Integrate to goty= f ite) de —21n|o| +22" +ea Pe bp ow + 2u= a gies ue = +S ane thon y= E+E tex Jiu = ded gives us ce 44 Land then y= a+ Ge! + op ( & L fou ives & = —— (2) f bul =O ges d= Ey 1 gives u = tan(x-4c1) and then y =In|sec(2 + )}[ +e, (eu! ad ay tu 13. (a) wg + 3u* = 0 is separable as ETT integration gives Inful = —3infy| + and then y= Inf +e] +e cor wy? = A. Thus dy = date ans & cst nonyt mye +p {bv} Wy Ye sorter or y= cy y= oa ry (a) y= ln |sects +a1)|-+02° @)y=Injae teal a A . 14, With y = ug wo got y"+Ay! +By = el A ¢ Tut A (al — Sue) 4 Bul tet wer AV2 9 fh ul = 0. Thus w= ey 4 eytand y = ee 42/? 4 opne-Ae/2 A B 28, With y= tn ve get y+ Sy! + y= uta? + (A ~ Ajan! — 04) (Ce Me uta (2 i) + Bu) OOP — fru ila FAN = gif ou pe = 0, Thus a =o top in(edand y= ey20-AW? 4 eget inf), Section 2.4 The Constant Coefficient Homogeneous Linear Equation 1, The characteristic equation is A ——6 = 0 which has roots = general solution is y= qe + ene 2 and A= 3; thus the 2, The chacacteristic equation is 7 — 24+ 10= 0 which has roots A= 1-34 and A thus the general solution is y= ¢*fe; cos(3a} + cy sin(3x)] 1-3; 3. The charactoristic equation is \?-+624-9 = 0 which hes repeated roots } = —3 and thus the general sohution is y= e7**[oy + cga] 4, ‘The characteristic equation is M* - 3A = 0 which bas roots 4 = 0 and A = 3; thus the general solution is y= ¢ + ae 5. The characteristic equation is A?-+10\+26 = @ which hes roots A= —5+i and A= 5 ~é thus the general solution is SH costar) + epsin(e)] 5. ‘The characteristic equation is 4? 4 64 —40-=0 which has roots the general solution is y= cre ™ + eye Wand 2 |; thsSection 2.4 ” 7. The characteristic equation is M+ 9A +18 = 0 which has roots 4 = —3 +397 and = —4 = 184, chus the general sokution is y = e~¥* In oa C4.) + epsin (45) 8, ‘The characteristic equation is 1? +16\-+64 = 0 which has repeated roots 4 = —8 and A= 8; thus the general solution is y = e~*{ey +r¢] 9. The characteristic equation is A? 149-449 = G which has repented roots A= 7 and A= 7. thus Ue geneval solution is y= &"[e; + en] 10. The characteristic equation is 1? -6A4-7 = 0 which has roots A = 3-4éy2 and A thus the general solution is y = e*(cye¥* + ope" V2} vB; i, ‘The characteristic equation is A? + 44 +9 = 6 which has roots A= 2+ a/5 and = 25 —2.— iV; ths the general solution is y= e~ 12. ‘The chayacteristic equation is A? +52 general solution is y =e, + cae 13, y= 5-20 14, y = Ae + Re 15, y =O forall s 16. y= 13a} [1 cos( YB) + ey sin( Vex] which bas roots 4 = Q and A —S; thus the eMen2) 7 +7 iy Ato) 18. y= Few = ein) 19, y = elas - 270] 20, y= 5 — VIE na o(B =) + 22. (a) b= efor tea); (b) de = eMfere™ + cre; (0) liga) = fer + ca] # O) in general 23. (a) B= e[o-+ (2 ach] (o) og = eet [sede (©) lima) = F limlald-acreeje- lac d-pecje tefe™ +e7)| = [et (d—ac)e] = 2), by L'opital’s rube 21, yw oft BID wt Ado 24, The characteristic equation has roots dy VRB wd dy = 3A With B > 0 we have A® — 4B < A?, 50 A; and Ap ave either both hogative ceal numbers of are complex conjugates with negative real part, In the first ease Bla) = ew" + ege™" aad im g(a) = 028 Section 25 In the second case He) = 4 leon (SVB Hs) 4 sn (VB P)| Totey| <4 fA and nn] = 0, hence eno Section 2.5 Buler’s Equation Lyear ter fer + enln(z)} €3 cos{2 In{ =r) + 69 sin{2In(x}] exo! + cpa? 2-%{ey cosS n(x} + c2sin{3 In(z)]} ar? toa? = 2* {ey cos{? In(2)] + 9 sinf? In(z)]} Moy + eg in( caw! + cpa t 9-2" aoe {Bs see Ba 2 27*(5cos(d In{—2)] — 25in(4 n(~2]}) ltt a ) +i) : y= [4 - 3lo(a)} =~ cos{2In(—2)] 9 5G)" 3G) 4-1 + 12in(e)] 10 [on ui oneal“ ef transforms the Buler equation 2?y/" + Azy! + By = 0 into ¥¥ + (A= 1)¥" + BY =0. Let Ayand Ag designate the characteristic roots of this constant enefficient equation. Suppose on the other hand we substitute 2” directly into 2*y"+Asy'+By = 0 to get r(r~ Us" + Ara” +Ba" = (r+ (A tr Ble” = 0. Then r must satisfy 7? + (A r+ B= 0 and the values of 7 are exactly ry = Ay and rp = Az. ‘Thus both the transformation method, + and direct substitution of 2 lead to the same sohitionsSection 2.6 9 Section 2.6 The Nonhomogencous Equation 1. By variation of parameters with yr = ccs(z),yo = sin), and f(x} = tang) we get w = a7 coo(a) ~ see(z), uv = sin(a). ‘Thus w(c) = sin(x) — In|sec(x} + tantz)) + cy and u(2) = —cos(x)+0, and the generat solution is y = c} cos(z)-+e sin(e}—coa(sx) In | ofr} + tans) 2, y =e + ge + $o0a(e + 3} — Zsin(s +3) 3. y =) cos(3z} + cgsin(S2) + 4zsin(3x) + 4 In[cos(32)] cos(3x) by variation of parameters. 4. Pirst write 2sin®(x) = 1 ~ cos(2z) and get y= exe" + qge® — 4+ Z cos(2x) + 4 sin(2e) 5. y = ene + one — e?* cos(e“™) 6, First write Ssin?(4z) = 4 cos(8x) 4 to get y = cre +ene** +2 + 38 cosfBar) + (M0; sin{(Be) Tao + oet—ete-d 8. y = cre + ene — 26 8. y = efor cos(Se) + cpsin(32)] +222 42-2 10, y = e™*[ey cos() + ce sin(a}] + 21e* Ly = c1e™ + ope bet 12 Sf, + ona) + $sin(e) 13. y= cre? + exe + Bcon() + sin(s) 1. y= began ~ Ba — do? Ym Bol 1. y 16. y 17. By undetermined coefficients y= eye" + oe-* + Je” e*[c; coa(3x) + epsin(3x)} + te™™ |e, + con] + 32+ 6 + ¥cos(Se) ~ 2sin(3x) 18. By variation of parameters y = ex + oxt~® ~ 4h in(x) ~ dy 19. By undetermined coefficients y = cye™* + oz¢- ~ dar ~ 20, First write 2sinh®(z) = cosh(2r) — 1 and use undetermined coefficients to get y = cet + cge* — § cosh (2x) + Fy sinh(2z) ~ 7 21, By variation of parameters y = 2? + 24 +2 Moy + ep in{a}] + 2x7 In?(z2) 23. By variation of parameters y =; cos{2In(z)} + e2sin{2 In(z}} ~ { eos2in(2)] In(x) 22. By variation of parameters y = 24, By varintion of parameters y= cu? + cyt”? + fa? n(n) +} 25. By undetermined coefficients y= ere + eyre’™ +e ~ } 28. By undetermined coefficients y = ee + cye~ 27, y= Felt — fort — Taal 28 29, 26. 3-42e- — 2eos(z) + 8sin(o) + 22 ie Wy Bey Nonny — Bem aher sd fe Jet ~ be*|oos(2} + dsin(x)]30 Section 2.6 BL y = Bel 4 2¢-% — Qe ~ 32, y= et — nel 4 Qaete 33. Be + Hel + gy cos(2n) ~ & sin(2e) om fon) - ») + dy sin to facilitate fitting the initial conditions specified ab @ = 1. We get y(l) = old, 1 Saray 2. We find dy = 3e“'end dy = ‘The general solution can be written in Ue form yadeor fae (F ee » ~im (Be-»)] eh 8 fogeVTE 4 cge VM] 4 By the results 5 of the hyperbolic functions this solution ean be inh 142 + 1))) + >. his foram will gest 34, The generat aclution is given by y = can also be written in te forin y =o? [2 08 pea] + 4,and y'(8) yet + 35. ‘The general solution is given by y = of Problem 27, Section 2.4 and properti B written y = ef [Acash( VTle + + vid facilitate Atting the initial conditions specified ab 2 = —1. We get y{—1) = Ac~*y hr = Sand y((-1) = ddet + Bet — 4 2. Solving for A and B gives the general solution ety ye [(55 — e) cosh v14(a + 1)) {Se — 198) al Via sinh(V1d(e + 1))| + i 36. y = Lh fe-*(108 — 2702) — 8eos(x) ~ 6sin(a)} 105 BT y= 4e-* —sin%a) — 2 38. y =4cas(z) + 4sin(z) ~ cos(2) In fsee(2} + tan(z)] 39, y= da8 4 ad dp? 40. y= Sa" + 224 Infz) + Sla(z) - 2 2? + eva{ln(2)] + sinfn(}} cote (SeteSection 2.7 30 Section 2.7 Applications 1. The solution with initial conditions y(0) = 6,y'(0) = 0 is w:(4) 3 Be Honsh VBE) + /Beinh(/2t)); with initial conditions (0) = 0, y'(0} =5 is yaft) % simh(\/28). 2, The solution with initial conditions y(0) = 5, conditions (0) = 0,9! (0) = 5 is yaft) = Ste32 Section 2.7 3. The solution with initial conditions (0) = 6, °(0) is s(t) = Se-*[2cos(2t} + sim{2u)]; with initial conditions y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 6 8 ye(t) = fe-*sin(2t), 4, ‘The solution is y(t) = Ae-*feash( vt) + V2sinh{V24)] and is graphed for A=1,3,6,16,-4 and —7.Section 2.7 33 A 5. The solution is y(t) = * sinh(V/2t) and is graphed for A= 1,3,6, 10,4 and 6. The solution is y(t) = Ae (1 +26) and is graphed for A= 1,3,6,10, 4 and — 7,o Section 2.7 ‘7. The solution is y(t) = Ate~™ and is graphed for A = 1,3,6,10,—4 and —7, A ty 8. The sclotion isy{t) = Fe~[2cos(2t)+sin{2}] and is graphed for A= 1,5,6, 10, —4 and —7Section 2.7 ES 9. The solution is yt) fe sin(24) and is graphed for A = 1,3,6,10, -4 and —7. 10. From Newten’s accond law we have y= Jyforces = ~ 29y — 10y/, s0 the motion is de- scribed by the solution of y+ 10y’-+29y = 0,¥{0) = 3,y/(0) = —1. The solution of this under~ damped cane is y(2) = e-¥"{3.cas(2t) + Tsin(2t)] = VERE cos(2t— 4), where p= tan™"(7/3) Comparative graphs are shown below for y(0) 7,-12 em.fsee, {recall down is the positive direction). i initial velocity for undardamped spring-taaee problem, 12 cam/see. Crap showing fl of Siutowet yf 4 H0y 2p —Oys(0) = 32/0) = Vas¥o= 12.436 Section 2.7 yd 11. The motion is desoribed hy the solution of y+ Ly’ + Qty = Oy(0} = 35 m, 9/(0) = —5 m/sec. The displacement is y(t) = alere — 52e-}, Comparative graphs are shown below for (0) = 3,12, 20, 90,45 em;y!(0) = —5 an/see, Graphs showing effect of varying displacement for overdamped apring- mass problem. Solution of y!" + Fy! + 24y = 0,y(0) = Dp; Do = 26/9, 12, 20,30, 45 cm, yO) = —5 m/sec. 12. Since one pound = 4.45 Newton and one inch = 2.54 em we caleulate the epring modulus © 4(4.45) Newton/m 2 700 Newton/m. ‘The equation in the mks system will mB ,¥(0) = 0,y(0) = —4 with solution y be Ty" + 700y = 2 sin(108) meters. 13, For overdamped motion, the displacement. is given by y(t} = e-°'(A-+ Be®) where a > 0 (-a is the smaller characteristic root) and 8 > 0 is the difference # = (larger root - smaller root). The factor A+ Be* could be zero at most once and only for some t > 0 if -A/B > 1. ‘The values of A and # are determined by given initial conditions, in fact if yo = (0) and (0) we have A+B = yo and ~a(A+ B) +B = m. With a bit of algebra we find $- ‘To ensure that — < 1 we see that: no condition on only yo will be sufcion. He sled specify that ep > ~aqp, this wil ensure that the overdamped bob never passes through the equilibrium point 14, For critically demped motion, the displacement is given by y(i) "(A+ Be) with a> O and A and B determined by the initial conditions. From the linear factor we sce that the bob could pass through equilibrium at most once, and will for some ¢ > 0 if and only if BA 0 and AB <0. Now note that yp = y(0) = A and up = y'(0) = -aA +B. ‘Thus to ensure that the bob never passes through equilibrium we need AB > 9, which becomes: (v + a30)yo > 8. No condition on yo = y(D) alone can ensure this. We would also eed to specify 9 > ~ayo, and this will ensure that the critically damped bob nevor passes through, the equilibrium pointSection 2.7 a 15. For underdamped motion we have y(¢) Vien on which has frequency w = ing c incresses the frequency. 16, For critical damping y(t) = e“*/?"(A + Bi). For maximum displacement we need 2mB cA Ac y(@) = O from which we find # = “=. Now y(0) = 4,y'(0) = ~ 5 + B and since am? wwe are given y(0) = 9'(0) # 0 we find tf = 5 ‘Thus increasing ¢ decreases the frequeney and decrens- , p: independent of y(0). ‘The maximum displacement is y(t*} (om + je 17. In the case of undamped mation, my, When @ a sor = a ‘ cos(ut) +ep sin{ust), therefore y” ‘The period of the motion ie P= 2 = any/— yedy" = 2,900 = @ Note that d and @ (as scalars) will have opposite signs, 18. ‘The period of the original system with mass m; is p= 2a/%. ‘The now system with ‘mass (ry + mg) will have period py = 2a /™P"* = 20/1 + ME = py ft 19. With w # wy the solution of y” + oy A contuthin(O) = ¥C0) = 0 ull) = cos(wat) — cos( wt) ml aod) tsin(wné) which is the sohution of y” bey = & contuntx(0) =¥0) . Letting «& + wp and using L'Hopitals’ rule we find lim y(t} = Bera u 20. The spring constant is k= 10+ -— 16 Be = 3 eg 90 the 4oos(wt). ‘The general solution of this equation is WE) = BA costev TH) + Bain(2VTO) + ez aaa Tee ooo wt) +4uosin(ot)} As t -» +00, the exponential term dies out and the steady state solution can be written aaa 8), ‘The amplitude is maximized when w is chosen to minimize the radicand (44—w?}? + 16.7 = (w! re ‘From this form we see we should Veto ~ mm 22 pounds/ft, mass m= cquation of motion is 3u” + 2 + 22y Yer = choose wi = 6 to get maximum amplitude of —=— 1270, cosy Ham — 24/2m) +c sin( YBa ~ ot/2m)]38 Section 2.7 21, ‘The gonoral solution of the overdamped problein y" 4 Gy’ 4-2y = Aeas(3t) can be waitten 8 y(t) = eer cosh (V7) + casinh( V)] ~ oy oslat) + gp inl) (a) The initial conditions 4{0) = 6,y/(0) = 0 giv a — 8 and @ = 22% and unique solution ya(t) = shy{e™*|2266 cosh( Vit) inh(/7#)] — 28.co8(3t)} + 72sin(3é}} (b) The initial conditions y(0) = 0, y'(0) = 6 give cy = BS and cy = BYP and unique solution s(t) = sip fe [28 cosh( V7t) + 2 sinh(V7E)] — 2Beas(3t) + 7 Pein(3t)} (c) Those two solutions are roped ‘on the axes below. at Lert [anos eashve} + S282 sinc v7 ve 28 cost) + suites} w= { ast 1 ae ane Tada} \ SA 22, ‘The general solution of the critically damped problem y+ dy! + 4y = 4eos(34) ie given by vt eles + eat] — peo) + een (a) The initial conditions y(0) = 6, y'(0) = 0 give = {QP and ep = 188 and unique solution welt) = Tey fe° [1034 + 19244] ~ 20cos(t) + 48sin(3t)} (b) The initial conditions (0) = 0 and y'(0) = 6 give c) = # and cz = 919 and unique solution yo(2) = eB {e-*[20 + 9104) — 20cos(3e) + 48sin(3¢)) (c) These two solutions are graphed on the axes below.Section 2.7 9 ve(O = w {o- [1034 + 19242] — 20.con(3¢} + 48 ain(3e)} 23. ‘Tho general solution of the underdamped problem y/" + yf + 3y = 4cos(3t) is given by vit (# y(t) =e? Jey cos. “yr ) tesa )| — Hf cuw(at) + H sin(3t). (a) he initial conditions y(0) = 6, y'(0} = O give a = 3 js {e" pp (*) + Jaan (*) - aot sean} at 0 =O give cs = f and o = 7284; and unique solution = jgihq ond unique solution (b) The initial conditions w(0) = walt) = z {eo [ams (B+ + a sin ()| ~ 8 eos( 34) nga {c) These tity solutions ate graphed on this axes below. wd= & {en poe (2) + den (#)| Beast) + 4.sin(32) mira ine() han (eB) star40 Section 2,7 In Problems 24 through 27 the RLC cirenit driven by the potential £{2) is modeled by the differential equation ut + Rif + i = E(t) for charge g. Since current ¢ = q! this can be written Li + Ris Lg = A(t) aud by diferentiation we get the second order equation 1 6 Ti+ Ril + Gi = Bt). With a(0) = (0) = 0 we get 0+) cotton for the euatent problem. In the answezo below, some lem with exceedingly small coofficionis (~ 10°) have been dropped so inftial conditions may net be sntisfied exactly. 24, a(t) = —0.0050272~98% + (0.001030 + 0.005027}e* 25. a(2) = —0.000938e~ 9625 + 0,01 80006~%99 2%. 4, 000852 cos(20#) + 0.299908 sin 201) 26. (2) = 0.007695" — 9,0007704e~" 27, i(6) = —0.00051£e-9 "6" + 0.016% — 0.00112 1e~* eas( 6t} = 0.000044e~t sin( Gt) U4) ‘7 fis the second initialSection 3.1 Chapter Three - The Laplace Transform Section 3.1 Definition and Basic Properties 1. £fsinh(s) — 4] = Lhe — 8 Tei F488 6 3, 8 Se ae i 3 “aya t Ba10 = eos dt} — § sina iv 14, Seosh{/7t) + psn, 15, Se" +t 16. Ste" 17. ot — Gites Luo ts, 8 18. 55 ag + ge Rn 19. LUO} = Fis} af eo" F(e}de. Bor each R, lot fe be the largest integer se that (i+ 17 < R, and use additivity of the integral to write 4a42 Section 3.1 a Since F(a) exists, for R sufficiently large; [ e-"/(0)de can be made arbitrarily small. lesiyr a so pine Also as Rs 00,k + too. Thus we nave f 8 FOdt = x eo f(i)at I Soha 20, This result is established by « change of variable one 09 follows: [ eo pleyde = [ eH Ha 4 Pe uP fa since f(u + w Ga). inti 2. LF] = LE] Lf, v and the periodic property of “/ sor | © Fala, b 2 ” eo F(thdt = See fe“ ft}dt, by Problems 21, 22 and the ‘ 4 hb ca fact that t Yl is independent of 5 22, For all s > 0,e7*| < 1, hence Se"? = Story" = wh a LUM) 6 4 23. f has period T = 6, and [ ef (thde = [ ene 4. [ \ fs Gse*) 5 ¢ 8) ele) te te . 24. Since f ot B sinlut)at = Zo gil +e] and f bus period T= afer, we have I Fee Bo [irer] py [oper] me om Ata = a PE] = yl (Boa ($2 a f0<8<5, 25. From the graph we have fQ)=¢ 5 i5<1£10, and f(e+ 25) = 0 tw ] Hl) 5 0 5 32, y" + 2H(t— 3), y(0) = —2,y'(0) = 1, ‘Transforming gives us ¥(s) z Then = heen ra —ayre3] Hu-3) 38. Assume that the switch is held in position B for five seconds, then switched to position A and loft there. The charge 9 on the capicitor is modeled by the initial value problem 250, 0009" + 108y = 101 ( — 5)}, g(0) = €, B() = 5107), ~ ‘Transform and solve for Q to get 4(10~°),Section 3.3, 8 Inverting the transform, we gel «, a Bout = 10%g(t) = be + 19[1 — eH) Het — 8). 3A, ‘The current is modeled by the initial value problem Li! + Ri ‘Transforming, we get 2 i i | ate - € 10) = aH Iaverting gives us it 436. The current is modeled by Li’ + Ré = [1 — H(t —5}),4(0} = 0. ‘Transforming, we get k kf. i ose 10h Tat aG-sml ae) Zu =e MUSE 5). i Tnverting gives the current, $n en Hey én =e MOOME2(¢ — 5) amps. it) 36, The eurtent is modeled by Li’ + Ri = AeUH(t — 4),i(0} = 0. Before transforming write the impressed voltage as Ae~4e-@-Y 7(¢ — 4). ‘Transforming and solving for I gives us pg te Aa G4 Nlis+ Ry UREL, and inverting gives us W R= 1 we have 38Section 3.3 ‘To transform this function, rewrite Fih= MMe) oe -a)]| Ht-0) N ~paqlt OH or (b-ahH(t- a} + l; baal +(M — NYE 9} = Then Pom et +(M —N 39, Since f is piecewise linear we can write fO= pat a\{st96— @) — He—D)) it oH(t 1) M(t), or Alea) [te wom alee ea) mera wee) i- Hee} DH 8) h(c—a) v0. a" =o) H(t 2) Then Aye ena reul-4§ at Gje=a) 40, ‘The current is modeled by the initial value problem Li! + Ri = (i), where BE) = 101 — H(E—2}} for 0 nd B(t-+4) = 2(t), The transform of this differential equation gives us (Ls + RUS }. Since BG) is 8 periodic fumetion with period T = 4 we get 1 Paty 10 de® an S180) = paw fetes a =Section 34 31 aaa (res) Since €°% > 1 for 8 > 0, expand 1/(1+e"% in the genmetuic series T%o(~1]%e™ to get WE afl 1) ane Ho = RL i veal Inverting this transform gives us Then a ‘The graph of this current function is shown for 0£4<28, with R=3 and L=1, 2and4 ale Re-annit) an(e— an). =a { = ‘Convent far Problem $0 with R= 3,b=1, 2, 4 Section 3.4 Convolution ey = one “1 yprsy = S29 aug po sinh (24) L Lat Fs) = rpg ond ls 4 90 LEE) = A and CGE = 2-4 Ye convoluti ae By the convolution theorem, £ | 7 ‘| Fain(2e) se sinh(2t} = 1 ff satote —ysahcarier ~ J inter) eosh(tr) + esl — sinh) r Falsinin(2e) — sin(20) s 2, Take F(s) Gs) . ee f cos(4{t — 1) )H(r ~ 2kdr. Since Hr — f {and £-*[F(s)G(3)] = costae) + He = 2) = = { 0 red 732 > 1R(C()) = [ cose myer = — sin - a] I, i and zero otherwise, We cau write Uis as we have fsfate = 2) rt 22, 1 sinlaCe — 29)21(¢ — 2)2 Section 3.4 coogi] eee =| tern 4 [ sinf{b— a)r-+ at] + sin|(b +a}r — atldr = 18, weg ecr| Lf cosf(h—a}r +t] cowf{+a)r—al] | _ 3 aay a Cae cosfat} eee Ga) Wa) * Ga” Ba) J Kale ray ea) ‘ ta sin(at) le f, {sin{at) +sin|2er — at} dr = 5 a sin(at} — 3 - eaesH =) (#5) ee . cont Vira = 0 [con VErje Mar I, 5 4, Express ye waar eso = 2 ser de vfanivin + yielding . 3 3 Be 2 fecuterg] et fev + Bancv . 1s and oo! [ 1 nto 5. Since £- | ara Pa? , wwe have £1 |sertanp] Steeda ecintan = 3 [o- cos{a(t —r)]} sin(ar)dr = fee ge test eo geo 2 ale nett fate Shay a 1 # fine Sar Aft ~ costar) = <5 sin(ot), ot i Fos otherwise, So £-* {+ see ten ]eerene-s wrap eo MMe = 3 9 ft > 4 and vero 4Section 3.4 53 89 (5 * [2+ 22082 <4 [oanivite— nie cos( V5), a PT5 V5 9, Taking transforms we got (s? ~ 5s + 8)¥(s) = F(s) or By the convolution theorem, y(t) = e%« f(¢) — e** + f(t). 10. Taking transforms we get (s® + 10s + 24)Y(s} F(s}-+ 8, since y(0) = 1. Solving for ___ Fe) 8 1 ee: 3 2 YO= By eierd | GrOers poly Ali al 1 1 and inverting by the convolution theorem gives y(£) Me F(t) — sea f(t} 4 30 20, uw) = ie sft al a Flt) + 228 — bet 32. x(t) = rd +O) ~} ote Hoa ge uo 13, yl) = F sin(ae + FE ~ conte) + Esin(@i) 14, y= finn) + (9 — Boosie) ~ fsinh(et} 15. u(t) =p lOrE ee FQ te te fli) ~ je ye + te 16. 0 = Fes he 10- al w= Be FF) ST. he nseralauaton canbe expresses f() = 1+ JU) +°% aud asta aves = 2! 2G). When solved for Fis) we get 3 hers #48 1 8 eF3) Hera) Fs wie 18. Rewrite as (t) = t+ f(t}esin(), transform and solve for F(s) = ~249 Invert to get f(t) = 19. Rewrite aa f(2) = e+ f(t) +1, transform and solve for 3 1 i P= ETie=D if Invert to get f(t) = it 4 ie = cosh(t).54 Section 3.4 2, Rewrite as f(2) = 1 +4—2f(¢) «sin(t), transform and solve for G-setet) 2 1 2f 5 2/1 PQ) = aieeay * Bet aaa) +3 (2 Invert to got £0 = 4 } - Fost + ws sin( V3t) 21, Rewrite as f(t) = 3+ f(1) * cos(2t), transform and solve for a2 3 POs Gao sa a) aed Invert to got f(t) = 3+ wis ef? sin »(F) “ 22, Kewrite as f(2) = cos(é) + f[ ‘Fla)e dex = cos(t) + f(t) «e, transform and solve _ set) es wan fo PO) Baye y= sagt (a) +4 (we) Invert Lo got = —Fets Sete) + tn 2 28. Rewrite as f(l s+3 3 eDe+8 ~ Hers) 24. Lot f(t) satisfy conditions which enaure f has a Laplace rans, on f Pins continuous on [0,1], all T > 0, and [/(0] < Me™. ‘Phen el fi ‘su a = cite fi= te) S -3 maf. flayed =e « wee", transform and solve 3 for F(s) = Invert to got $0) = Fo 4 Soret 25, With f(4) = cos(t) we have (f¥1)(4) > footer ~sin{é—7)[f, = sin(t} # coo(t). ls 26. f(t) =e fhe™cos(3w)der = fye-%) cos(Swhdw = e°% + cas(ae}, so £[f(t)] = aaa 27. Changing the order of integration in the double integral we have f f Flodadw = fo Jo f [feat [ste fia = ou aldo = f(t) eb= ot [co . 3Section 3.5 55 Section 3.5 Unit impulses and the Dirac Delta Function 1. Transforming the initial value problem gives (8? + 53 -+ 6)¥(s} = de~® — de~** Solving for ¥(s) wives 1 1] ae td | te ¥e) 3| aalé tla sale and inverting, we obtain fe HERD MEAT — 9) — shor AEM xt) HES) He 3-4} sin|3(t — 3))A(t - 3} (erent 4 te“) Beos(dt} + Ssin[A(t — 5:r/8)] Ht — S/8) 5. f(t) = (B+ De —(B + Ge; §(0) = 3,4/(0) = B. The Dirac delta function applied at time fo, 6(¢ ~ to}, imparts a unit velocity to the unit mass, 6. The pote Thre 3 ean beni os f F(e}A(t-a}at= im, 7 FOE jd = t= tpn Fa = hin > -effe +8), where 0-< # <1 by tie Mean Value Theorem for Integgals, But ln, flat 6a) = flat), which establishes the result 7. By the Filtering Property, Theorem 3.12, we have [ nO /8ydt 8. Write f Po(t— 3)dt = f Bl — H(t 2st — 3)at = 0 by the Filtering Property. te 0 sito 9. Since (=) 8 if Pit t>2 fee and by Problem 6 [iose-oa we have Me * pect — 2h 4 A(t+h} 8) sf ! Now note for h > 0, #(¢-+h) — H(t) = 0 for 10, Formally "(0 = fim, all £ > 0. So consider h <0, and let ¢ = “i Then 4'(@) = tim om 1) He fig, #@ HOCHEA 9. 4(t) for t> 0. 11, From Example 3.17 of Section 8.3, the initial value problem ia given by 25 10% + 10%q = 10fH(t — 2) — H{é—3));i(0) = g(0) = 0. Differentiating the equation and using H'(6) = 6(f) gives 25 “Tad eee) ote ~3}]. Transforming aad solving ° = ety . for 1) eves 108) = Gee pam |, Inert the transform to get aft) and then Emus = Rift} = We?) (4 — 2) — e HSL (E ~ a)Section 3.6 12, LH) = 6 [EE() EO) = Butif H'(#) = 64), den £[H"()] £16) = 1. These results are not compatible, ‘ * 0 iftee 13. S(t —a}e f(t) = Fret — 7 — adr = [ F(\s((l-a)— adr = 4 fie—a) itz i ln by the filtering property of the Dirse delta function. 14. The motion is modeled by the initial value problem my" ky = 0;y(0) = 0,9(0) = w. ‘The Laplace transforms give Y{8) = pe And inverting gives y(t) = vo sin [ may initial momnentumn is mt, 15, The motion is modeled by the problem my" + hy = mund(t),y(0) = y'(0) = 0. Tranforms a mot give ¥(s) = and inverting gives yl) = w0/'Fsin | /Et 24 3p = yg SEE The motion is modeled 16. = ka gives k= age = 9 pounds/ft, and m + Ho) = 0. ‘Trans’ ives Y(6) = pty = Fote}:y(0) = ¥(O) = 9. Transforming gives Ys) = A, and hone Section 3.6 Laplace Transform Solution of Systems 1. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives aX ~26Y = I/s; sX¥ —X4¥ Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥(s) gives X(s) 4 =stl PQs —1) Inverting the transform gives the solution ¥is) a(t DH Rell, yfe) ~14e. 2. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 25X + (¢--3)¥ = 0; sX +sY = Us? Solving, these equations far X(s} and ¥(s) gives +8 (9 = = Inverting the transform gives the elation x(t)Section 3.6 57 8, Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 5X + (2s — IJ = Ifa; sX +Y = 0 Solving these equations for X{5) and ¥{s) gives wana 3(2)*5)-3 GS wang) 49 =3) Y= Taverting the transform gives the solution 4 wit, yy = 2 4 Beau gems ute) = 5 58 4, Taking the Laplace transform of the syste gives (6 1)X +6¥ = Solving these equations for X(3) and ¥(s) gives weygi OX +28 =O. 23 X(8) = aay 3s) ¥(s)= rae Investing the transform gives the sohttion 1 att sil 1 . ~ 5 00s(2t) + 5 sink2t)s w= ie + feoe(20) - Faint 24) 5. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 38X — Solving these equations for X(a} and ¥(s) gives 34) +36)- 23% 9X + (s-1)¥ = (=) YO aay Inverting the transform gives the solution5 Seetion 3.6 6. Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives 8X +(4—2)¥ =0; oX +2¥ at Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥(s} gives —4s+1 ft (an X00) = yas — as) Inverting the transform gives the solution BB su. 30 7. Taking the Laplace transform of the aystem gives (s-+2)X —a¥ = (+X 4Y = S Solving these equations for X(e) and ¥(s) ives 1 sth ~ yt waar s+ 2) 2 21 1 YQ)= Sirgaea 8° at GST Inverting, the transform gives the solution aft ~iteteos(t); y(t) =#? ~ t+ entsin(e), 8 Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives (s+ 4} ~Y¥ = 0; sX +5¥ = 1s? Solving these equations for X{s) and ¥(s) gives . 1 Loa X(0)— amas) Tats ~ Boe? at+4 1 1 YO)= Sara) 7 "Ts Inverting the transform gives the solution V2 de 1 pe a(t) = oe — set 1 73st" as 9. ‘Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives (s+ 1)X-+(s1)¥ = 0) (s+1)X+28Y = is. Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥{s) gives I-s 1 4 2Seetion 3.6 59 Inverting the transform gives the solution aft) =1 ete 9 = 10, Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives {e—I}X +2s¥ = 0, deX + (8+ 1)¥ = —6{e. Solving these equations for X(s) and ¥{s) gives a sate __6is-1) 3105/1 YO) = SpsFr 25) + etd Bed Juvevting the transforma gives the solution aft) = 6-4 668; y(t) = Sek hms 11, ‘Taking the Laplace transform of the system gives s¥j — 28Y2+3¥3 = i/sts Yi ~ 28Y) + Js¥y = —I/s. Solving these equations for ¥i(s),Yo(s) and ¥s(5} gives | Yi ds¥a + 8¥5 = s-3 WO = Bayo vfs) =? Yas) = Inverting the transform gives the solution de de n= tT 5e + 50 12. The loop currents, 41, and i, satisfy the system of differential equation Qt 5Sti ~ iy) +341 = Bt) = 2H(e~ 4) - H(L-5); te din + she -a Simplifying these oquations and transforming gives Ss +I) - Ssh = Solving for ,(s) and Jo{s} gives [}-ze* 2 4s, 1 5s ier” 5Qer* Als) fis) = —“ Section 3.6 and inverting the trarisform gives A) = Ph mG ~ 4) — fA), in(t) = 29 4) + got Ones). 13. The loop currents, 4, and #2, satisy the system of differential equations Sd + 5é ~ Si, = 1-H(t— 4)sinf2(¢—4)]; —B#; + Bi) + Bip = 0. Simplifying these equations and transforming gives 1 (s4Dh ~sh= = Solving for 4i(s) and Ja(s} gives n= itty | (s+ 1) i - and inverting the transform gives sy § ft 2 9 ett] 2 yaya -ayee - - 5 | wl coslQ(t~ 4)} + 5 sin[2Ce — a} AE(e— 4); alt) = fhe? + Ele OM ~ colle] —Asinfate — ay} HUE ~ 9. 14, Letting «1 and az denote, respectively, the downward displacements of masses mz and my from equilibrium and applying Newton's second law we obtain the equations of motion mix Yoforees = —kiz + kale — a1) + fill); mash = Doforces = —kywa + balay — 22) + falt) Substituting values fy = Oka = y= $.m = Lama = 1. Ail) = 2, f(8) = 0) simplifying and transforming gives (s? + 8)X) - 2X2 = et (8? + 5)X = 0. Solving for Xy(s) and X2(s) gives Kye) =e = BAe 8 (ie WS) ry ast 36) ibe 10 a) EO) Hat) = ~4 typify) 4/_s w8) = Ay Tae? + 36) is 5S ea) LTO and inverting gives the displacement fimctions Bra 8 Bil) = Fy 79 84 ~ Ge cos(8i); aa(¢) = i ~ gest” + HeostaeSection 3.6 61 15, Following Problem 14 above we have the equations of motion af + Bry = eq = 2 — H(t— 2); -2n1 +09 + Bag e];, -2N1 + (5? + 5)Xa ‘which upon transforming gives (9? + 8)X1 ~ 2% = [2 — Solving these gives P45 iy (SF Ts? + 36} and inverting gives the solution ei SOF 18 a5 7 Xs) 3, als al waft) = | — 5 costar) — eosta0| - 5d aca(e — 23) — 4 cost age — 2))] HUt-2); 36 20 36 0 45, wo [5-4 16. {a} The equation’ of motion are sn! + kitn — Kaltte — v1) + cua = Asin(wt); my ~ (2t) +2 so] le t cos(att— 2) + 2 cost — »} Hit-2) alai ta) = 0, with initial conditions 41{0) = v4(0) = vs(0} = 96(0) = 0. “Transforming and solving for ¥(s) and ¥s(s) gives ¥i(s) = #2y4(3) and 2 Awky VS) = Gaya Sma + Oh + ly + Mh Beas + ky) (0) Iter = of then (+ Aw “ME Tas Th tet Mae eas + he ‘The absence of the factor (s? +”) im the denominator indicates that the forced vibrations of frequency w have been absorbed, 17. ‘The equations of motion and initial conditions are myf = Myz— yi); may = Ry — ya); 1(0) = ¥f (0) = (0) = 0, 92(0) = d. Transforming and solving for ¥i(s) and ¥2(s) gives dims? +k) . = , and ¥9(s}. = —~——_—. The quadratic facts 0 = ser aap sat Cagayan etor the denominator shows that the motion has frequency w = y/("E2)k, and hence period fa 18. ‘The equations for the loop currents can be written as 21 BH (t~ 5), 8005 + 10a + 10(i2 ~ i) = 0; with (0) Ay(s) and Fe{s) gives ____8(808 + 20}e"8* nn ne a) 54 AGS) = 00st + 7008 s Werh 5 eri }f® if + 10 — &) = Blt) = ©. Transforming and solving for _ 50e* _fi 1 18/1 ts 1S) = aaa Tide +10) ~ li ‘ety ( + | °6a Section 3.6 and the currents are 1 9 afr dete 9 ese] yee — a(t) A wae ae ] H(t- 5); in) = ea Feta Set al He-8) 19, Following Problem 18 above with 5(f) = S6(t— 1), the transformed eqjuations have solution, 1) Tagg pow = 10D) ~ (805 + 20)e* [ 1 9 | as+1 * ime) ° Bde Rosey] ¢ and the currents are = [ge D4 be ns] H(t); (= bi 1 HD 4 eO8) ar n° +B | ae By} 20. Let ay(4) and g(t} denote, respectively, tho amounts of salt (in pounds) in tanks 1 and de 2at any time t > 0. Then 4 = rate of change of salt in tank 1 = (rate salt aided) — (rate salt removed). With this notation, 2y(é) and mp(t) satisfy the system of differential equations 1,38 , 5 5 whe st yet? ~ ggtti THO) = Ws eh = gam — Fe ae FACE 4) — H(t —6)]; 22(0) = Simplifying and transforming these equations gives 4 (12s + 1)Xy — 2X2 = 51192 3% + (B84 10)Xo and solving for Xi(s) and X23) gives (4752s? + 19688 + 40 + 799|e~** Kilo) = 84325" 4 1568+ 4) 6 | 8 foo rsa J, 7S peitaet (5 a7 ail! ~ BDRAS? + 6485 4 12-4 306(128 + 1}f (GIs? F 156s + 4) Xa(s) = 3, 9, 86 (9 MY gy s Bs+1° 36841 e 8st) 36541Section 3.6 6 Inverting the transforin gives y(t) = 10 — 64 + 307/98 + 2]09 + Ge“ AVS — 1080-498) H(E — 4) =2[99 + Ge“ HSH — OBE 8/99) FEE — By oft) = 3+ Be7U 4 oo H58 4 fa9 — ae MIS _ gyeHt-A/86] AAC — ay [99 — 276-98 — 720) 6) 21. Using the notation of Problems 20 absve we have a) 3 4 4 af = aan + jpg Mul) = 10s oh = sige ~ gaggia FBKE- 8], m0) =H Simplifying and transforming gives (100s + 3)Xy — 3X2 = 1000; -2X + (100s + 4)Xe = 500 + 500e"* and solving for Xy(0) and Xe(s) gives LOD000s + 8500 + 150% ae 200 pate [__ 800 150 200003? +. 700s +6 (100s +1) ~ (50s 56) Oost 1) GOs + _. S0000s + 3500 + (50005 + 1500)e~ 4ols) = og nsE + TH + 6 a 00 as f_ BO 200 Gis +H) * Glide FH Ws) * Tos + Inverting the transform gives alt 580 4 96-100 4. gfott- I/O _ —ME-8Y/8O} F7(¢ — 9), int) = 2 EO 4. GeO. [ger ME-BYAD 4 nor -DNON TEE — 2)64 Section 3.7 Section 3.7 Differential Equations With Polynomial Coefficients 1, Before transforming the equation make the substitution uo 1/t, Letting 2{u) = y((e)) = wena fv tz du de WA) wend a ae Bde 2. Now transform te get (ee a-te = : "Then Z(s) = by the chain rule and 2 ae Bg, a 4) ae 20) 1 a) SH2 5 Invert ta get 2(u} = ce-™ — 1, or y(t) = ~1 4 ce", This is also easily solved by first order linear techniques 2. ‘Transforming the initial value problem gives [s°Y ~sy(0)—y'(0)] 4-2 [s¥ —y(0)) av = ‘Compute the indicated derivative, substitute initial values and rearrange to pet ‘he first order 2p linear equation 4s¥7+(8—s?)¥ = 7, ‘This equation has solution ¥(s} =~ at Bee where cis the arbitrary constant of intagration. Since im ¥{e} = 0, we must choose ¢ = 0. ‘Thus ¥(s)= -} and inverting gives y(é) = —7t. ay aT? dys at Sy =ctet 6 y= 3? Ty=d 8. y= 104 8 y= 50 a ‘ 10, Transforming gives |s”¥ — sy(0)—y/ (0) + alr ~ sy(0)—y'(0)] ~ =o Computing the indicated derivatives and substituting values for y(0) = 3) 0): ae we have (a? -s}¥'+(s?+28--2)Y = 89-42, first order linear iy ¥'(s). This equation has an integrating YW] = aster + 2se* factor of # = se*, and multiplying by this factor gives Ries Integrate and solve forSection 3.7 65 Inverting the transform gives the solution y(t) = 3e! — 4t + K[e'? — s] H(t ~ 1), valid for all values of K. Note the appearance of the term with coefficient, K’, which arises in solving by Laplace transform. ‘This term gives a bifurcation of solutions at ¢ = 3, which are shown in the graph below for K = —20,0,20. Notice that the hypotheses of the existence, uniqueness theorem are not satisfied at ¢ = 1, which is a singular point of the solution, If this original initial value problem is solved by series methods (see Chapter Four), or by using a software package, this bifurcetion may be missed in the solution,66 Section 4.1 Chapter Four ~ Series Solutions Section 4.1 Power Series Solutions of Initial Value Problems lia a v get teeta Here ¥ Bee 3924 ee 345 eu + ie a ptsdw-1+ Age 1A 2) ~ He 2)? 4 Stn 294+ Seo ay 5. y= 7430-1) =e 1 = (=a) +(e 1)8 + a 1 6 yet ta? Db int 5a Se eat es nog. Broo” * 7,909,600" * | Sof go mt v Pa Fat ea gas Boa ae age? + 2e~#/3 in closed form, 3.2) find the solution y Bey pital Ae~, Here again the solution can be expressed in closed form since the series can he recognized] regen del a weer ee Lio 1s, re x 16" as5" ~ 2,900 i ols 180° Peo Seo my jen [et ae aaa n 5-9 10-1 15-19-20" L + e610 i 15-16" 56° * 5 610-1” 1 16 a Hae |Section 4.2 or rl , 1 afte f Le = 5, Wo, 82 ay, | 20. y= a0 [+3 oes Bote he + ae bay 2, Oto 3sa8" > 710,506 39 166 vs 1 ai 35° * ian” * 175175" Section 4.2 Power Series Solutions Using Recurrence Relations L yleay= Den 2 Sea ¥ ay + [2aq—ag]2-+ ) > [nay —aggJe™ | = 1a, which too a gives the recurrence relation ap erbitrary, a1 = 1,2ay ~ a9 = —1,0q = n> 3, Letting , % Ca © a= wwe get coeffi = Beg = = a= 1p = ey + 1 we get cx ents 104 es Frage = ey gigi = has FEF FEF ge and soltion kee Stam Gath re dea Bon 2y = raga” — Sage" ot = recurrence relation is aa arbitrary, ay = 4,az = a3 = O,¢n solution 9 = 4) ery =o p+ Bag + Sasa? +S “Ina, — age”? = 4 the68 Section 4.2 By tA —2y= See "+ Sina — Sat (a) tay) + (2a +a} + > fran + ob = 2; the recurrence relation is ap arbitrary, a) + a) = 0,202 +a, = On-3 =0 er 3, This gives the solution nan + oy 1 4,19 1 1 1 + Ytnaya™ == mt = 4 yl tay tay = n(n — tena 4 a2" = (Pay + 2a) + (3-2ay + 2+ 2ag + ag}at+ Sle = Vay + 2 = Taunt + dag}? = 0; the recurrence relation is st ana arbitrary, a = —a1, G+ 400-409 =O,rfn— fon +2(n—T)tuca tan 3 = Ofer n 2 wl = =0eh fe Loy hyd ‘Taking ao = 1 end a = 0 gives one solution ay = 4524+ cs Bett Gat ts taking ao = 0 and a; = 1 gives a second sohution yp = a—2? + 52% at + 254... The general solution is of the form y = agyi(x) + axyn(a) where ag = y(G) and ay = {0} are arbitrary constants. 5. y! - ay ty = Sone — Taga * = Spon + Songs” = nn + 09) + De a6 = +3 with cp arbitrarya; arbitrary we get the (=) Lay — (rn ~ B)an-a}e" recurrence relation a = qa, M1 > 3. This gives the general solution yadtmete 12 >~ it 12 which a = y'(Q) and o = y(0) —3 are arbitrary. 6. yf bay + ay = Sontn = ane 4 Sone a + ona = = don + Shot — Ves + fat Qay2 + anugla = 0, ‘The reeusrenee relation is ap and arbitrary, a2 = 0,en = = for n > 3. Taking aj = 1 and a; = 0 gives one solution yy = 1 — ie 3-5 2 s trae gives a second soltition Vota, 8 rs "ya" try rs 3-4-5) 2 ‘homogeneous, the general solution ie y= agy;(2) + axye(a) whete ay = y(0) and ay = ¥/(0) are arbitrary constants, soa" bos teking ay = 0 and a, = wasn :t° +--+ Since the differential equation is Toy — ay! + Oy ox (n= Tage? ~ Spe mtd Soma" (2a + 2ay) + (3 mi = 2a3 + 2ai}e + S[nfm — Lop ~ (m — 3)an—g + 2ay. ? = aw, The recurrence relation aot is aay arbitrary, az = ~a0,8a5 + 24) = tha, = © s— Bead for > 4, tho kn = 2) general solution of the nonhomogeneous differential equation can be obtained in the formSection 4.2 6 dehy. | eh -| where ag = (0) and a; = y'(0) are erbi- tzaly constants, ‘The third bracket above is a Series representation of a partis obtained from the recurrence by putting 05 =a, =0. By" 2%y! + y= Stn Lone? + Shaye" + Some (2a + 2a5) + (3-205 + 18 oi lar solution 2ayja + Poin = La + (n — 8)eu-a + 2an-a]z”* = 0. ‘The recurrence relation is ap, a, at (n= Banas y Panne itary, a = ~< - for n > 4 Taking aj arbitrary, ag = —a9, 03 co : for a > 4. Taking ag = ¥ and sob = 1-4 aat+ Dat 5 {taking ap =O and a; ‘a, = 0 gives one sohition 9 z +h +p Gore to taking ao = 0 and 7 Ft by Tah po the gi i 36 790" ‘Whe general solution 3 of this homogeneous equation is y= aoti() + aiva(e) where @ = y{0) and ay = '(0) are arbitrary constants. 9 yh ead + Oy = Some Men a 24 Ye at) — Sagat Pana = oe gives a second solution ye = © {Zaz +1 +200) +) fr — Lan + (m— Lanna — (Aone gla? = 1 - 2”, ‘The recurrence = relation is ap, arbitrary, 2a +a, + 2a = 1,6a3 + 20g + 0, = 0, 1204 + 3ag = —1y iy = n= Donat + (n= Ae for n> 5. ‘The general solution of this nonhorsogeneous differ~ n(n = 1 Ls lal tial equatio bbtained i = ay /1—a? +a Lat y Dad — ential equation can be obtained in the form y of aa gat att ay + =) fl la te tio, 2b as |z— >] + [52° g2"— ag" > ago" tae | ste 0 = uf) ad 1 = 0) are arbitrary constants, The third bracketed termn above is’ « particular solution of the non- homogeneous equation, 10. ty - (eee ay = Loe = ‘aga? + Yew 1 ~Y a" San att =o Sat? = (az + ai — ap) + (Bag + 2ag ~ a) + ag)e + Sinln = Dag + (2 - Vox — = wi Oy. -9 + Gy_y — Mga)? = ~5. The recurrence relation is ao, cy arbitrary, 2ay + a1 — 4g = —5, Gag + 2ay — a, + ae =0, wna Haas Fett #804 ene 4, ‘The general solution of this pontaogsneons differential equation has the form wd basen bbw de Bat ed oy = B® a 03" oa tap - a + ae - | where ag = y(0) and ay = 9/(0) are arbitrary constants, The third termn above is 8 particular solution of the nonhomogeneous equation 1 1 v= wpe ae a70 Section 4.3 Uo ty = Sone! + Sage” = ay +) Bkone + agg] + S28 + oases + = ie =i ‘The recurrence relation ig ap arbitrary, ay = 1,aax i 1 , fork & 1. 'Vhe solution is y = a9 [1 ~ 3 ty qe - ar + | where ap = y(0) is an arbitrary constant. 12. y +2 = Saco ~ i)an2"-? 13 at a”, The recurrence relation is ag, a4 arbitrary, az = 0,ax 1 for n > 3, The solution is y= vo tea fe ja® + oe By, oy, | Lie Lig 2a6y Bye Myr 196 765, BL 9 tog’ — gett gett ae! tt ptt get to] wheveag = 9(6) ane a; = y'{0) are atbitzecy constants, The third bracketed term above is a particular solution of the nonhornogencous equation. Section 4.3 Singular Points and the Method of Frobenius 0, 222) _ He+2) % “Play ) “e3 is a regular singular point. For 1. From Pl) Rez) _ 2? Pi) are both analytic at ¢ = 0, so: = os sa) M23 ae 9p A == 3 is a reilar singular point. 2 Sines P(e) = (e+ 1)%e (2-8)? = 0, singular points arex = Oand x = 3. Fors = 2 and e — 2 are both analytic at a: = 3, so aa “land © = 4 are singular points, 4 is regular, rower E10) is not analytic at = —1, so 2 = —1 is am irogular singular point 3. 2=Oand 2 = 2 are singular points and both are regular. 4. @ = 3 and ¢=—3 ave singular points and both are regular. 29 5. © = 2 and 2 = 0 are singular points, © = 2 is regular, however Pay analytic at x = 0,50 2 = 0 is an irregular singular point. a wteger are allsingulae points, "2@) 6 @= ands = bk any non-oeto integer ane all singlar points. EE) = is not analytic at z= 0, 50 7 =0 is an irregular singular point. Fora = bn(e #0), (2 AN Qe} (2 ~ kr) tan{) Fay Bainla — a) coale =) O96 # movable singularity atSection 4.3 n rr, as does = thus = ko(h 90) in regular singular point, Since at any a = QR-+1)E (k any integer, each point = (24-+1)5 isan imegur singular point {e —km)*R(x) s — ka) | cos(x} Play singe —) jan(2—") tan(a) is not analytic 12m fa} and 2 © are both analytic at « = 0, s0 2 = 0 is a regular singular (a Play ~ 2 Po) 4 point. With y= ons"! we yet d2%y"+2ey'—2y =D Ant rite Dene +S 2+ = = f= ent? — Sonat = ar(2r = Dena” + Slee + e247) — Yea — eal a tat (h) Since cp # O,r saust subsfy the indicial equation 2r(2"-— 1) =O with roots ri = 5 and nad ° 1 (@ The recurrence selation is & = GEE Ay ean 21 2 gives Oo = gt ey ad on aot (eS (d) Using r z gives cy ina +) ‘y—1 and one solution y= lt > Gn Fi) 1 whereas using r= 0 gives Cn = aba cen and second solution yo hereas using F = 0 BES Ow = Tey cond solution yx = 1+ 2Ql2}__ 2 R(x) Pe) 4 Py 3 8 (a) 7g both analytic at =0, (b) Tho indicia equation is 16r? —16r 4-3 = O with roots ry = Janel ra = 3 {0} = aera mz] (a) Using $ gvercn = mony yet ee an fn thet ye it +f wtonsir Eyres Ate sada ale Sac Pt Oe aa ae | 9. (a) ye O and oe 2s +0, path analytie at x= 0. (bs) e896 +2 = O with routs 15 = 2/9 an = 1/3 6 = Fer aeame ye {d) Using r = 2/3 gives em = ey rand yy = 27/8 [ whereas r= 1/3 gives ey = cya and yp = 2/8 [ ~ Ga Tnn Section 4.3 aQ(x) 5 1 2a? — and — 1h a 10) BP yg 88 gy = yp bath enaltie at (b) 12? Fr 41 Which nas roots ry = 1/8 and 2p = 1/4 0) Oy ng, ()e= apy HG ee) Ot =? 1 Jsing » = 1/3 gives cq = >, 9, or with n = 2kyeae = aoe) —ong_gy ke > (€) Using » = 1/8 gives oo = rap ayo OF with m= 2h eae Rom Tye t et ‘4 = L andy =e! re and jn = ee ps i0-79---ie+ ay” | whereas r= I/H gives Cn 2 b> Land yp = Win Tor Oe oe vfs Enea yp and Bay = & both analytic at x = 0 (b) 2r? — with roots 7, = 1/2 and r= 0 (6) tq = pd fat nQ@ +r) <1) 7 (Qn +3) alt (a) Using ry = 1/2 gives on = oo espera gn = 2 | 1 - veh Ben dethety Mate |: Ant Co ) eM een ond [ree 1 ea Reed whereas = O gives ta = — ma 3 both analytic at a= 0, (b) 2r? — Sr + 1 = 0 with roots r; = 1 and rp == 1/2 1 (ch en Owen were ete? (a) Using r = 1 gives cy = = ee ctegtenantn = [Lt Daa vs awh) |: whereas + = 1/2 gives oy ==) yn, andy = 22 ag h = UP gives cn = Ti yen and oe [hs Sag Tey” 13, (@) 2 a fe) HT ayy 2 , both analytic at 2 = 0, (b) 2 O-with roots 7) = Land ry = 1/2 (6) (2r ¥B)er + oq = 0,05 = 2eR= AAT Dew 2 (4) Using = 1 gives 1 = ~£0,¢4 = neSection 4.4 a 4 Pk 457-9 : = n= Sena 1 2p 18 ye 16H el 58" ope" HBS whereas 7 = —1/2 gives cr = ~Co,¢n 3, 13,5, 10 wort rg Sat Boa, 28 we hi a + a8 n> 2, and 14 (a) ae 3 anc RP both analytic at 2 = 0. (b) $2 4r—2=0 with rots ry = 2/8 and ry = —1 © = Gata erey een) (a) Using r = 2/3 gives en = 5Gna 4 and wow | aga ees : whereas r = —1 gives cp = Wane and - = a wae ‘ptes Ta Gn By aQte) oR Poa fcate= 15. (a) Boy = hand Gy mg bath analytic at 2 = 0. (b) Gr? ~ 4 = 0 with roots r, = 2/3 and rp = —2/3 a =e= 1 1Gna2,th > 2 BR +r) — HEM +2) (@) Using v = 2/3 gives ¢ = 0,00 = Taney > 2 and a ge =n ae nee +See teas ay” | whereas + = —2/3 gives Cpa) BE Band nln — 8) <. cys _ [: + mt vd Fe (3n = 2h 4 Second Solutions and Logarithm Factors 1 (@) ay’ +(i-2yy' ty = Soneryinte = Nena +S (ner jena 1S intra = nb at Sot atte Sint Pen (mtr — Dep a|e"! =O. Since e # 0,7 must om net satisfy the indicial equation r? = 0, which has equal roots ry = ra1” Section 4.4 {b) By Theorem 4.4 - (2) there will be one solution of the form yr = Sez" and a second é solution of the form ys = yi (x: pine + Sos (m2) {c) Hor a first solution, ys, choose the coefficients La satisfy c) = Iq = 5596, n> This choice of coefficients yields the solution y = I~, It follows that yy = (1 ~ x)ln(e) + Siete" and by substitution into the differential equation we obtain x [-2 — Bs 3 +e 2) kw Inf’) + + (8) lala} + Safe Yea 4-1 aS neha! + Sepa = = wi +) [née —(n —2)eh_yj2"4 = 0. The coefficients cf are given by 3 2 ot 4. > 3, and 2 second solution is yo = (1 — 2) Inf} + 32— 2 (a) r( — 1) = Owith roots my =A and m= 0. (b} Since rj — rz = 1, a positive integer, by Theorem 4.4-(3}. 32 = Srene a+) with eg £0, = and 92 = kun (e soins} + Sos 2n in Gt 1, With r= 1 and cy = 1 we obtain yy = 2 as a first solution. Substitution of ye ~ (c) For gn the recurrence relation for the coefficients is ey # O, cn = kx In(z) +) cha" into the differential equation gives (after simplification) (2ef +4) +26} - = . 0. For simplification tale oj = 2, thus & = —2, ¢f an nn 1) is arbitrary (which we choose to be zero), cf = —2, and of = 10 3. this gives 2eln(z) +1 — Sac Got a second solution yo = 3. (a) —r8 4dr =0 with roots ry = 4 and m= 9 {b) Since ry —r = 4, by Theorem 4.4-(3), 1 = Sina with oy #0, and yo = ky (e) In(x) + ma Sooke” where & may be zero. a nat (c} Using 7 =4 gives the reourrence oy = ( ) nai and solution yy = a4[1 +294 3x? 4Section 4.4 18 d ae Etasettattaty “ye A senna alton isa = 4. (0) dr? 9 = 0 with roots ry = 9/2 and re = 8/2 {0) By Theorera 44 (8), 92 = Sreue*9?,00 £0; wt and ya = ky: (2) In(z) + “ee? 8? where & inay be zero, = a. cola 2 yaa » on + Sas eee ; la, i 1 ofp ey L . ! * [: To” * 290" ~ isiz0” * sero75* * } (b) n= 2? ema" co #0; yo = Seba” at a Oman? j- Somes STF) — efits lis, a [es soa" * Sene80 Beet yal 3-8 Gn Hh 1 i - aot" + pay 720" * 4820" | ait de 0 with rooia ny = 3 ond ra = =f = Siena, 9 # Wand yo = hya(2) Info) + Sa wa, {c) Note this is an Buler equation with solutions y 7. {a 2? — Br +2 = Qwith roots ry = 2 and rm = 1. 2 and yy = 28 (0) 1 = Sen", 9 £0 and ya — kunt} ate) + ete, a cad i (on = att Batt Bal 4 Fat t= asinhta 4 a te 24 Sat galt ge? a 3 8 (a) 1? — ar =O with roots r; = 2 and r2 =O tb) nn = Soent™, co £0 and ye = bunts) infa) +S eh2" wt mb16 Section 4.4 (©) Por yi, the recurrence relation is cg arbitrary, og = m & 1 and a solution is ae . (1/2) ao ye Fs pd dis, 1 (sith co =) 0 sah gat pat — ea + + Substitution of the form of ya, the series solution for y;, end simplification gives (2c} — ef} + S“[nfn ~ = Dok + Beha + = y aoa "= Q, With oj =1 (for simplicity) we get of = 2k = 2,5 arbitrary (which we tale to be O) of = ——-t— for 4 WPA] os 5 and got a y R= ay PA niga Bye = 8 ond cond solution yz —% ie 3 me 18; wf senoned solution ye = ~2yp(2} na) +1 +2045 3° + aw 9. a) 2r? = O with roots ry =r =0 = Sa" eo #0 ond yo = ile} In(z) + Sea” mb w= (m= ann (-ajin(- 10. (a) r2 O with roots ry Ody See me yn(e) Info) Sine at tb 4 ¥nlfs 8 ihe Gat D)) (@) 22 + 15 b) 1 = Seat, #O and yo = kys{x) In(a) +See 4/8 ot 12, (a) —192r? — L44r — 27 = 0 with roata ry = ry = 3/8 (} ys = Lena" 09 #0 and ya = gue) Ina) +S oye 9/6 =o < 13. (2) 48r? ~ 20r —8 = 0 with roots ry =2/3 aud ry = —i/4 (b) a = Sena with eo AO; y= Doefe? M4 with of #0 = =o LA. (0) 984+ Br 56 = 0 with roots ry = 1/9 and rg = 8/3 (b) vn = env"*7/3; cg £0 and yy = kyr (x) Inf) + Sie 8 where k may or may not be yee 3 ‘ Scop 61 we = 0 with roots ry = 1/8 and ry = —4/5 zero. 15, (0) 472 ~ 10 = 0 with roots ry = 6/2,0nd ry = 0 (b) = Seat with co #9; m= Sige" with o§ #0 vot aoSection 4.4 16, (a) r= Br-+ 2 =O with roots m= t +e and t HS Joya with co #0, = Soe ao with £0 (b) ai 7* Section 5.1 Chapter Five - Numerical Methods Section 5.1 Euler's Method In Problems 1 through 6, approximate solutions were computed by Euler's method with A = 0.2. then h = 0.1 and h = 0.05. 1. Approximate solution of y/ = ysin(s);y{0) = 1 on (0,4) Th h=02 h=O1 A= 0.05 ‘Exact, 00 1 1 L V 0.2 1 1.009098344 1.011503107 1,02013342 04 1.09073387 1.06048863 L.O7118496 1,08213832 0.6 112071215 115460844 117239843 119084648 0.8 1.247272 129838437 1.32567276 135431161 1 142622019 150052665 1.54082744 1.58359518 1.2 166624478 1.77177248 1.82981081 1.89201472 14 107684583 212354101 2.205173 2.29339409. 16 236646226 2.56550146 2.67726796 2.79882454 ‘18 2.89955291 3.10178429 3.24991245 3.41167064 2.0 3.39261128 3.72595725 3.91473574 412121011 2.2 4.00058982 441563127 4.64536355 4.89640429 24 465793762 5.12853123 §.39367649 §.68251387 26 §.28719068 5.90260482 6.09104775 6.403782. 2.8 5.83230149 6.36250556 665682772 6.97423289 3 6.22305187 6.73296375 7.01389293 7.31547887 3.2 639869129 6.85637053 7.10744867 7.37646684 34 6.32368766 6.70882212 6.92043335 7.14775408 3.6 6.007799 6,30806368 647904791 6.56425664 3.8 5.46968635 5.70948505 5.8457521 5.99525134 4 480035219 499149302 5.10259695 _ 5.22598569 2. Solution of yf = r++ ysy(1) = ~3 on [1,5]. The exact solution is y(z) = e®? — ce h=02 . h=005 Exact 10 3 -3 12 ~8.415506825 —3.42140276 14 864) ~S87745544 —3. 8018247, 16 4.371561 439585633 —4.4221188 18 —4,8736001 —4.94358881 —4,98287549 ~5,02554093, 2.0 ~8.48852001 —5.09974246 5.654297) —5.71828183 22 6.186984 — 6.342838 -7.32012915 —7.45H19907 24 —6.98318081 —7.19749834 —7.32012915 —7.4551997 2.6 —7.89981697 —8.19197299 8 36494148 —8 55303243 28 —8.05978036 ~9.95992731 —9.59181615 —9. 86060748Section 5.1 3.0 101917364 —30.7275 — —1).0999887 —11,3890562 3.2 —11.6300837 —12.3402749 —12.7871803 ~13.2250135 34 -15.31G1008 —14.2497927 —14.8012697 ~-16.4231764 3.6 —16.2993205 -16.5181765 ~17.2428083 —18,063738 BS —17.6391846 ~19.2200936 201674125 —21.2446468, 4.0 ~204070216 224404023 —29.0791859 —25.0855360 42 -25.6884259 ~26.3137768 —27.9046673 —29.7325302 44 -27.5861111 —39.9476599 —32.9978649 —35.9641001 46 ~32.2233333 —26.5126806 —39.1451342 —42,1982544 4.8 —37.7479999 —43.2043435 —40.5743208 —B0.5011846 5.0 —44.8375999 —61.2592556 —55.5614412 —60.5081501 3, Apprescimate solution of y’ = 3ny;y(0) = 9 en (0,4) my b= 02 k=O] h=005 — Exact 00 5 5 5 5 02 5 BIS — S.22810641 5.30918274 od 56 5.0831 614480554 6.350248775 0.6 6.944 —-7.66309928 8.09129921 8,58003432 G8 9/44384 — 10.9426582 11.8990307 13.0584824 1 18.9768832 17.2324981 19.4849022 224054454 1.2 22,3630131 29.7949802 354287514 43.3506883 1A 38,4643826 56.3244477 718385803 94.5792316 1.6 70774464 115.972038 158.672657 252.627372 1.8 138717949 259.1731 388.901099 645.121012 2.0 288,893335 626.631648 — 1047.95246 2017-14397 2.2 634.773337 1634,25534 —3097.73286 711.2827 24 147267414 4684,73992 —10024.1822 28266.6493 2.6 3593.92491 13800.0872 35439.1284 126682.333 2.8 919891176 44461.0564 —130620.046 640137.266 3 24659,0835 15298 373253.363 3647081.85 3.2 69928,6339 560083536 261346149 23427893.9 3.4 201563611 2188060.18 —12923807.1 160682214 2.6 G12753.378 90607S7.21 —69209615.8 -1.38565379 + 9 3.8 1936300.68 397658512 4007451131, 27581728B +10 4 6351066,22 184664659 2,S0522053F +9 1,32445011E +11 4. Approximate solution of y’ = 2-2; y(0) = 1 on [0,4]. The exact solution is y = (2+4-4r—2")/2. ry R=O2 h=O1 h=005 Pract 00001 i 1 1 02 1d 189 8385 1.38 04 176 174. 1738 72 06 208 2.05 2.035 2.28 08 286 232 23 25 L026 © 255 2.825 2.68 12 28 274 2.7E 2.68 14 2.96 289-2855 282 16 3083 2.96 2.92 18 316 307 9.025 29880 20 22 32 31 32 3.08 3.16 3.04 308 2.95, 2.98 2.82 28 265 26 244 2.36 2.19 2.08 1.9) 176 1.87 la 12 308 8. 3.085 2.98 298 2.92 2885 2.82 275 2.68 2575 2.5 2.46 2.28 2.105 2.02 181 1.72 1475 1.38 wood Section 5.1 5. Approximate solution of y’ = y — cos(z);y(1) = —2 on [1,5]. The exact sohution is Be 10 12 4 16 18 2 2.2 24 26 28 30 a2 34 3.6 38 4 42 44 46 48 6. Approximate solution of y! sin(2) ~cos{1) —2.50806046 —2.52479287 —3.0821441 8.121086 —3.73256036 —3,80201852 447323072 —4.58543259 —5.32244724 —5.49105224 —6.203707338 6.547925 —TAAGTASS7 —7-79LGL134 878861954 -9,26662206 =10.3749657 ~11.uar9aTT 2.26181 ~15.1430705 145158187 —15,6943008 —17.2193235 —18.7815845 ~ 204098289 —22.5256874 ~-24. 2844426 —27.07 26284 =29.1031370 ~32.5982807 —34.7950364 —39.3145364 ~41.6536915 —47.4765804 =49.9228433 ~$7.3917761 —89,8840815 —69.4304735, ~TL8794775 —84.03149 1 et eres Exact -2 2.51995265 -2.54372200 ~3.14398517 -3.10074525 ~3.BA308839 -3.88424161 ~4.6482984 4, 72647611 —5.58620527 —5.68095512 —6.68669139 —6.838775 ~7.98890878 —8.20617878 ~-9.54186557 —9.54642081 11.4063233 —11,826018 ~13.6570618 —14.2309928, ~ 16.3855953 -17.1609616 —19.7034187 | -20.7420636 —23,7461298 —26.127167 = 280779076 ~ 30,5025422 ~24.6970485 -37.0949271 —42.046999 —-45.1801881 —51.0160562 —55.0930413 ~61.9598251 --67.2445787 —75,3038559 —82.1202380 ~-91.5664048 -100.35338 yu) 401 (0,4) (cos(x} ~ sin(x)]Section 5.4 al me b= 0.2 heOl h=0.05 0.0 4 4 4 0.2 08 1834 2,06878526 04 712 —1.81731995 146706786 6.6 0.696112 1,09365165 1.19624908 G8 0.715222434 9997119506 1.07054936 1.0. 0.772913808 0.972106068 1.02580076 1.2 0,853434657 0,992035493 1,08065387 14 O.947764614 1.04087909 1.06818001 1.6 LOA8L13—1.10750278 1.12608679 18 14840483 118377918 1.19578843 2,0 12446381 1.26391494 1.27116397 2.2 1.8848133 1.94408173 1,34806994 2A LAS48709 1.42203937 1.42303597 2.6 14960577 149671230 149736677 2.8 156841997 15677814 1.56776551 0 1.63643173 1.63695114 1.63501891 3.2, LTQOS4997 1.69972016 1.6992724 Bud 176227185 1.76124314 1.76078252 3.6 182115144 1,82026104 1.819832 3.8 1,87783203 187707327 1,87600254 4.0 1.93248163 1.93193214 1.9315994 7, The exact solution of y/ = yiy(0) = 1 is y = €®, 90 € = (1). Using Euler's method with 1h = 0.01 to approximate y(1} gives us ¢ ~ 2.70481389, This approximation is too small because y"(z) = ylx) = & > 0, s0 the solution curve is concave up. Since Buler's method follows the tangent Hine at each point, the approximate vaiues will always lie below the actual solution values. 8. The exact solution is y(z) = In(x), so In(2) = y(2). Using Buler’s method with h = 9.01 to approximate y(2) gives us In(2) *: 0.6956534306. This approximation is too large because y"(z) = -1/x? <0 for « > 0, 50 the solution curve is concave down and the tangent line at each step (ou whtich approximate solution values are taken) lies above the actual solution, 9. The table and the graph show the effect on y(40), the depth required to reach a velocity of 40 feet pet second, due to varying the drag coefficient D. Approximate values of y(40) were computed ‘using uler’s method. D_ y(40) 0.2 225.3 0.3 238.8 O4 254.2 05 272.3 0.6 293.6 ay 3194 08 3514 09 392.8 1.0 448.9 410. ‘The table and the graph show the effect of y(40) due to varying the coefficient p. Approxi- mate values of y(40) were computed using Euler's method,2 Section 5.2 Pp y(40) 1.0 260 1.05 275 Li 204 L156 323 12 369 1.25 455 1a 719 Ls19 1587 LL With fe = 0.1 we get y(40) = 442.6 fot, so drums will Kitely rupture on impact, Section 5.2 One-Step Methods Tn Problems 1 through 9, the approximate solutions were computed for the indicated value of fh, using the modified Buler, Taylor and RK4 :ethods. 1. Approximate solution of y/ = sin(e+ y)sy(0) = 2 on [0,4] h=02 ty Mod Euler Taylor RKA 00 2 2 2 0.2 216276019 2.16596852 2.162573 O.4 2.27710203 2.28)72312 2.27782433 0.6 2,33995722 234461272 2.34197299 08 235626076 236030271 2.35937518 1.0 2.33366881 2.33693853 2.33748836 12 229794712 2.28230605 2.28390814 14 2.20094703 2.20292281 2.20518645 1.6 2,10243707 210305777 2.10658823 1.8 198824842 1,98942164 1.99221666 2.0 186149654 1, 86240027 1,80523474 22 172458851 1.79520835 1, 72807915 24 1.67939204 1.57995044 1.58263585 2.6 142737086 14278115 1.43037559 28 126967441 L.27002L72 1. 2724554 3.0 110722027 110780021 1.10979405 3.2 0.94074422 0.940969099 0.943197937 3.4 0.770842980.77102395 0-779052969 3.6 0.598002896 0.598149009 0600054304 3.8 0422625177 0422743336 0.424532579 4.0 0.245042591 0.245138181 0.246819036 h=OlSection 5.2 ay Mod Euler ‘Taylor RKA va 2 2 2 0.2 216260835 2.16351964 2.165779 0.4 2,27764497 | 2.27864781 2.27783452 0.6 2.34149618 2.34249201 2.341986¢1 0.8 2.95961818 2.35950834 2.95938954 1.0 2.3966017L 9.39728697 2.33750216 1.2 2.28204068 2.28347612 2.28392071 1.4 2.20420580 220461236 2.2.0519759 1.6 2.10562833 2.2.10593799 2.106508, 1.8 199129888 2.99153803 2.99229519 2.0 1.80496976 1.86455048 1.865242 2.2 172727006 1.72740984 172808569 24 158188451 1.58109169 — 1.58264163 2.6 LAQQ67893 142976193 1.4303807 28 LOTIS1OLS 12718748 1,27245995, 3.0 110919644 1.109246521,10979812 3.2 0942574227 0.942613018 0.943135 34 0.772538925 0.772560048 0.7 73056001 3.6 0.599577036 0.599600237 0.60057301 38 O.A2088544 0.424106255 0.424535308 4.0 0,266405248 0.24641858 0.24682183 b= 0.05 2% Mod Euler Taylor RKA bo 2 2 2 0.2 216258437 2.16275169 2.16257832 04 29777872 2.27802032 227783617 0.6 2.84186678 2.34200633 2.34198724 0.8 23592098 2.5940579 2.85939042 1.0 2.38728455 2.33744082 2.587503 1.2 228368518 2.2838058 2.28302147 14 2.20498844 2,20505023 2.20519827 16 2.10643374 2.1065986 18 2.99200183 2.99205451 2.99222571 2.0 1.86803179 186507179 1.86524266 22 172788915 1.7279196 1. 72808609 2d 1.B8245892 LSBMMB215 1.58264198 2.6 1.43021129 1.490220041.49038101 2.8 1.27230803 127231659 1.27246022 3.0 1,10965277 1.1096631L.LO979836 3.2 0,942996879 0943004703 0.943131815 3.4 0.772031004 0.772936875 0.773056196 1.6 O.899941166 0.599045507 0.600057476 38 0424427241 0.424430376 0424535465, 4.0 0246720806 0,246722988 0.24682167 2. Approximate solution of y! = y ~ 2%:y(0) = 2 on [1,8]. ‘The exact solution is y= —9e"™ 3 +84 P42 02 4 mod Buler 10 “4 1.2 -5.14200001 14 ~6.64004 1.6 —8.5900458 18 -11.1090595 2.0 —14,3398826 2.2 —18.4566202 2.4 —23.6718767 2.6 —30.2448865 2.8 ~38.4919652 3.0 ~48.7989976 3.2 ~61.636777 34 ~77.579668 3.6 —97.328305 3.8 —121,737842 4.0 ~151.850967 4.2 -188.94018 44 ~284.557819 4G ~290.59774 48 ~359.370442 5.0 ~443.69474 OL, 2% Mod Baler 10 -4 1.2 ~6.14975125 14 ~6,65928727 1.6 —8.62581149 28 —111680117 2.0 —14.4308088 2.2. -18.5911545 2.4 —23,8661117 2.6 ~30.5164982 2.8 ~38.8674425 3.0 —49.3112712 3.2 —62,3282462 3.4 ~78.5047791 3.6 —98.5568931 3.8 123358871 4.0 ~153.978232 42 19718447 44 ~238.471084 4.6 —295,279488 48 -365.416533 5.0 -A51.479554 Taylor -4 Bild 6.6356 8.582632 110980111 ~14.3243735 184357356 =23.6443975 ~30.2093049 —38.4466252 ~48.7416828 ~61,564853 ~77.4899206 ~97.2169032 ~121.599822 =151.680583 =188.730311 —284,299779 —290.280931 —358.981935 ~443.218761 Taylor -4 5.149225, —6.65811846 '~8.62385809 111651003 14426776 ~18.5850451 =23.8578583 ~30.5071185 =38.8554597 49.2961 136 3082121 ~78.4810118 —98, 5273468, ~+123.322267 ~183,933012 ~191.662706 238.102497 —295,195215 =385.313107 —451.352742 4 —5.18260067 —6.66637645 8. 63808286 111897243 =14.464312 186407173 —23,0363148 ~30.6166056 ~39,0058727 —49,5001956 —62.5893456 ~78.846201 ~-99.0104605 =123.957607 = 154,764284 —192,745503 —239.50742 —297.011794 —367.654716 454362772 RKA -4 —5.15262358 —6.66841914 -8.63900329 ~11.1898585 -14.4645211 ~18.6410294 ~28.9967666 0.617245, ~-38.006762 —49,6014155 ~62.5850004 ~78.8484247 990134284 —128.961534 =154.7634543 =192.752277 —289.516255 ~297.028271 -367.609575 =454.381949 Erract “4 ~-8.15262483 ~6.66642228 ~8.3906921 —11.1898684 =14.4045365 ~18.6110523 —28.9367997 —30.6172918 —39,0088272 —49,5015049 —62.5851215 —78.8485875 —99.0136424 —123.961821 =154.769832 ~192.752772 239.5169 ~207.02411 = 367.670661 ~454.38335 Seetion 5.2Section 5.2 3. Approximate solution of y! = cos(y) + e“%:yf0) = 1 on [0,4] he te 00 02 oa 06 0.8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 36 38 40 02 Mod Euler 1 1.26192858 144915876 1,57895669 1.65583608 17211279 176844332 1.76927425 177369631 176975866 76077648 174855122 1.73453923 L.T1978L18 1.70500301 1.89080427 L.87716806 1.66481241 1.65311732 164271403 1.63837612 Od ‘Mod Enter 1 126402944 145281544 1.58340547 1.87072202 1.72800007 1.78807746 1,7 7354268 L77733578 L7731483 1.763728 175197799 1, 73688018 1.72157518 17064905 1,69191812 167816081 1.6050987 165375148 164320934 163384881 ‘Taylor 1 1.26243807 144887640 157813647 1.68462541 171969487 1.75189313 176770426 177196464 1.759176 475941776 1.747302 1.73340407 L.71875959 170409105, 1.68988581 1.67645645 1.663987 41.85257212 1.64228704 1.63296547 ‘Taylor 1 1,26403233 1.45269679 1,1.58325838 167040421 17250358 1.75769492 177316065 1.7 7686658 L.77279968 1,76339926 1.78078179 1,.73641198 172133454 1.7062763, 1.69172569 1,67799425 1.66526414 1.65362453, 164309917 1,68382381 RK¢ 1 1.20465161 1.45389723 158483705 167216598 L7erasTre 1.75944359 1.7479969 L77846513 177414403, 176458702 175181791 178730594 1,7220984 1,70692335 168226948 16784478 1,66563982 1/.65393362 164335178 163387228 REA 1 1.26466198 145391187 158485267 1.67218108 1.774517 L.75945615 77481079 L.TTBATAB 177415235 1,76459409 175182385, 1.73731088 1,72210246 170692664 1.09227208 1.678449 166564147 1,65303488 1.64836274 1.68387303 8586 Te 08 02 04 06 08 LO 12 La 16 1s 20 22 24 28 28 30 32 ad 36 38 4.0 Oo Med Buler 1 1.26451 1.AB864883 188452735 107183176 172710406 1.73912611 1.7450732 4.7820233 177301225 176438583 L76164565 L.7a716027 Lva1g76ot 1.70682263 169218701 1.07838106 1.68558637 1.6538013 2.64332871 1.63384681 “faylor 1 1.26450883 145361432 158446508 1.67175087 17270131 175903146 177441334 1.77811186 1.7382707 1.76430695 176157357 1.7370951 1,72191823 170677071 16921414 1.678347 1.66855114 1.68386063 1,64329212 163382382 4, Approximate solution of y’ te 30 a2 34 36 38 40 42 a4 46 48 02 Mod Euler 2 0.8392 9.370657996 0, 197852483 1h.114752506 O.071657123 0.0480268873 0.0347999252 0,0272685199 O.0231638246 ‘Taylor 2 0.64 RKA 1 1.28466259 145391973 158485357 LG7218196 L72TA8248, 175945687 L77481143 1.77847536 177418282 L.76t94a9 178182419 1.737318 1.72210269 1.70692683 Lagz27223 167845002 1.86564156 1,85393495 1.64335279 1.63387303 / — 2ay;y(3} = 2 on [3,7]. RKA 2 o.o27007s72 O.2U4141523 —0.281610758 O.1281716 —1,.0797282508 0.0678810294 —9,0218081447 9,0402782591 5.02711083F — 03 0.0257474268 1.60552109F — 03, O.O177885656 442481887 F — 04 O.O1R8IT2411 1261887528 ~ 04 0.018220877 3.785894068 — 05 Section $.250 52 ba 56 58 6.0 62 6a 66 68 74 h= cs 3 32 84 36 38 40 42 4a 46 48 5.0 52 5A 56 58 6.0 62 64 66 68 70 he co a a2 a4 a6 38 40 42 44 46 48 Section 5.2 0,0213450684 9.55814261E — 03 1.213850528 — 05 0.0213430845 9.17529297H ~ 03 4.213290188 ~ 06 0.0231509167 9.87II7T44E — 08 1.6082847729 — 06 o.og72227469 © O.0l0Rdi6s76 0.0340602836 — 0.0193213296 Q017731633 B.orioie91s7 — 4,0255203145 0.113881513 0.0396900127 0.196396857 —0.0665006996 0.36274873 | 0.197688 0.230781823 O47 TaGa063 0.70960326 on Mod Buler 2 0.904305462 a.270802401 0.0819938833, o.230404273 6.23828219E — 03 1,03626228 — 03 4181937028 — 4 1.047780962 — 04 2.58967132E — 05 6.354316928 — 06 1.55791012E —06 3.84120812B ~ OT 9.58570797E — 08 2.43635531E — 08 6.34558624E — 09 1703630032 — 09 47124499 — 10 1.37509096E — 10 4176908978 — 11 1.88496752B — 11 0.05 ‘Mod Euler 2 o.gi1797601 0. 264080584 0.0676674935 0.0160850959 8.54890589F — 03) 7.304074 F — 04 LA02117258 — 04 2.61 360145E — 05 4,21373054E ~ 06 Taylor 2 0.945628172 0.248496901 0.0715668658 0.9.0198260382 5.28890271F ~ 03 L.36538795E — 03, 3.481211182 — 04 844469092 — 05 2.048308428 — 05 4.9280285E — 06 1.18370259% — 08 2.8BTI6TBAE — 07 6.97531692 — 08 1.73337015E — 08 441727958 ~ 09 1,15694036B — 09 3.1439858F ~ 16 8,90123053F — 11 2.638421. — 11 8.251086328 — 12 Taylor 2 0.396832109 0.250884168 0.0656024585 0.0155328476 3421626592 — 08 7.02077238 — 04 1.3493 9863B ~ 0€ 2.400064248 — 05 4008721838 O.7510687LE — 07 S.A6918THE — 07 1667746288 — 07 9.87576172E - 08 6596262972 — 08 497544878. — 08 4,23925682,2 — 08 4.07825998E ~ 08 RKA 2 0.914284078 0.260933358 o.osas662457 0.014894893 3.16931L068 — 03 6.20382675 2 — 04 1.A2894506.8 — 04 L9DBSB4G7F — 05 2.98878483E — 06 4.859240231 ~ 07 5.909432458 ~ 08 TASSSO889E ~ 09 8.672924 ~ ~10 9.84815667E — 11 Los43249u7 — 11 101319557 — 12 9.48209478 — 14 8.38560022F — 15 710TI1162B — 16 5.78635946E — 17 RKA 2 913821781 0.259041336 o.c644117662 0146711175 3.08425981E — 08 S.986114898 — 04 LOr2g64928 ~ 04 LTTAG9BOLA' — 05 2,7LLOBI38E — 06 8788 50 52 54 5.6 88 6.0 62 64 66 68 7.0 8. Approximate solution of y! = 2 on 2 od 06 08 io 1a 1d 16 1B 2.0 22 24 26 2.8 30 a2 34 3.6 a8 40 12 ‘Mod Euler 6.61458233 8 — 07 G.737538018 — 08 1346453638 — 08 LTBLOTTIBE — 09 2.147840028 — 10 2486705652 — 11 2.72404622E ~ 12 2.82886027H — 13 2.79008825 8 — 14 2,621928628 — 15 ‘2.35074951E — 16 4 344006748 3.4¢ 2.95338237 | 2.95179692 252067827 2.52772408 216267201 2.1605441 LS4S7IS14 18435388 LS7270832 1.57056252 1.53810166 1.33605234 1.13003745 1,13501844 (.964787486 0.96301856 O817 733484 0.816123042 o.692326037 0.680874539 0.585549056 0.584245628, 0.494747947 0.493596287 0.417648947 0.416632728 0.352260579 0.351368447 O.296867774 0.296088087 6.249992964 0.24931416 0.210366242 0.209777334 0.176898549 0.17638921 0.148657 0.148218475 h=01 ‘Mod Euler Taylor RK4 en 00 0.2 04 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 4 3.43020787 3.43808537 2.95093866 2.94997425 2.5987356 2.62528799 21581661 215766738 184087289 1,.84037264 156772495 1,66723338 1,33313308 1.88266345 109122 1.18165172 0.960142026 0.959737036 L ‘Taylor 4 4 3.34867474 2.94941776 2.52454578 2.15679207 1.89941205 1.56622506 1,33163863 1.13063507 0.958747437 0.812024757 0.812011699 0.686991726 0.686979582 0.580606091 0.580594901 0.490215845 0.490205616 CAIS517713 0423508426 0.348517861 0.348509479 0.293495395 0.203487869 0.246968024 0.246962198 0.207666276 0.27660291 0.174497327 0.174492021 01465298 6.2684076.2 ~ 07 9.10920738.2 — a8. 1,265284388 ~ 08 1638589068 — 09 1.999858128 — 10 2.90347007 8 — 11 2.50994068E ~ 12 2.59213972B ~ 13 2.542608008 ~ 14 2.374307362 — 15 2115307438 — 16 4 4 3.43860949 294940876 2.52453424 2.4507 7084 1.83939807 156621078 1,38162448 113062135 0.958734358 3.82422355.2 — 07 4.981374532 — 08 5.g92248888 — 09 6.657308 — 10 6831440382 — 11 6.A755482L8 — 12 S.OT072592E — 13, 4.58839263E — 14 2430742158 — 15 2.ATNBTELE — 16 1, 51594852 - 17 (0) = 4 on [0,4] Exact 4 343866916 2.9494082, 2.52453353 215677903 183939721 15662099 1,33162362 1.1306205 9,958738552 0.140525111 Section $.2Section 5.2 2.0 0.813341791 2.2 0.688221511 24 0.581743491 2.6 0.491259275 28 0.414468238 3.0 0.349378446 3.2 0.294270343 3.4 0,247663405 3.6 0.208288963 38 0.175048125 40 0.14701764 = 0.05 2m Mod Buler ow 4 0.2 348879055 04 2.949631 0.6 2.52482424 O8 218711194 1.0 183975385 12 1,56657595 14 1.834988 16 113097564 18 0.939073547 2.0 0,812332718 2.2 0.687279952 24 0.580871987 2.5 9.490459746 2.8 0.413739872, 3.0 0,348718077 3.2 0,203676479 Bd 0,247131187 3.6 0.207811048 BS 0.174625992 4.0 0.146643746 02 2% Mod Euler 0.78 1 0.98 1.10643889 118 113133284 188 111242798 1.58 1.07670951 1.78 1.03881192 1.98 1.00426366 2.18 0.974614076 2.88 0.949574406 2.58 0.928410471 0.812973396 0.687889673 0.58144 7053 0.4909H63, 0.d14236234 a.3ag174974 0.294092618 0.247508773 0,20815189 o.Lragazzay o.1a6917746 Tayler 4 3.438746, 2.94954594 2.52471694 2.15099481 1.83963397 L.50645816 1,33187568 1.13087036 0.98897657 9.812244494 6687199795 o.580801015 0490396795, 0.413684365, 0348670286 0.293538952 0.247094192. 020777807 0. 74598274 0.146619857 Yaylor 1 1.09819165 ‘L12 796487 111108997 1,07567835 103741125, 1,00261973 0.972818282 0.947647407 0.812012458 o.886080287 0.58059855 0,49020021 0.413508964 0.848509965 0,203488305 6.246962588 6.207660638 0.174492328 0.148525383 RKA 4 B.A8866918 2.94940824 2.52453367 2.15677008 1,83939726 1,56620996 1.33162360 1.13062086) 0.958733602 o.gi2011746 0.686979625 o.58050494% 91.490205653 91.419509508 91.848509508 9.203487895 9.246962221 207660312 p.174492309 0140525127 8, Approximate solution of y' = sec(1/y} ~ ay®su(n/4) = Lon [n/4,4-+ x/4] RKA 1 112861788 1.18326609 1.12878771 1.08670113 1.04361713 1,00583831 b.974452028 O.p48agai23 0.926287198 0.926795228 892.78 2.98 3.18 3.38 3.58 3.78 3.98 4.18 4.38 458 478, o.g10474273 6.805314578 e.882R64074 0.873740995 .870256099 0.87498838 0.921730205 104485648 1,83250821 2.53839586 224842891 b=01 ea 0.78 0.98 118 1.38 188 1.78 1.98 248 2.38 2.58 2.78 2.98 3.18 3.38 3.58 3.78 3.98 4.38 4.38 4.58 4.78 Med Ruler 1 112460026 114972786 11264371 1.08888129 1.04320034 100574444 0.974409415 0948497533 0.926679173 0.90815266 o.s92132825 0.878099907 0.865676389 6.854580957 0.844598715 9.83556224 0.827339492 0.819826502 0.81294455 9.806644616 h= 0.05, m 0.78 0.98 118 1.38 1.58 LTB 1.98 218 2.38 2.58 Mod Buler i 4.12802067 3.15203644 1.12863964 1.08669708 104358141 1.087128 0.974220801 9.948224581 0.026488396 (.go79ea997 0.892063 O.87BLBORL 0.865803604 0.855063851 0.845815738 0.838900898 0837854717 0.8582474 0.911278323 100809716 ‘taylor 1 1.12370845 114946367 1.1262473 1.08527232 1.04286594 1.00543846 0.974127074 9.948204534 0826487192 0.90799054 0.891991339 0.87797 2084 0.865556786 0.854465038 0,84448198 0.835439409 0,827209217 9.819664889 0.812735609 0.806342237 ‘Taylor 1 a.r2y9r221 1.1529082. 112860199 108663327 1.04350758 100564467 0.974165659 0948181835 0.926455222 .goR332291 o.g92asss14 0878450033 0.86186968 o.855304723 0.846088608 0.838882738 0.837128058 0.86979209 0.652966304 =22.0813377 RK& 1 1.32896304 118878701 1.129204 08697272 04366394 1.057016 og7ais2i4 0.9481 87488 0.92646048 0.079104, 0.89198005 0.877966797 0. 865555607 0.854466656 0.844495602 0.835444523 0.0.827209445 0.819871853 0.812742736 0.806348304 RKA 1 1.12897508 1.153806 1.12922007 1.08698233 1.04366976 1.00569426 9.974171102 0.948175352 9.925448849 Section 5.2278 2.98 3.18 3.38 3.58 3.78 3.98 418 4.38 4.58 478 Section 5.2 .907990438 .801993128 a.877975302 O.se55s0663 0,854458957 o.go7964067 O.907959373 .891971858 0.891968617 877957205 4.877955391, O.R65545156 U.86554404 085445643 O.R5445475 0.0.844485507 O.844473584 0.844079215 0.835442383 0.827205283 O.81966561 0.812734187 0.806330992 083543262 1.835931402 O.82719549 1.827195488 0.819656593 0.819656709 O81275787 0.812725995 0.806329075 0.806329358 9, Lot (0,42) = fi. By Buler’s method with step size A, Now ase treet Then 10, Approximate solution of y! = 1~ ysy(0) = 2 on [0,4]. The exact solution is y = 1+ e-*. h Be 0.0 0.2 Of 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 28 28 a0 32 34 36 38 40 esd = tat hye) pe + AF (is te) = e+ af le + hifi, from Euler's method to get i fie= 5h Phat) = 5 it flonstsamea) = 5 Uk + floitasah + MD) 2 dost = pet GU + Mlonyrsae + Asad) Buler Mod Buler Imp Buler Exact, 2 18 164 1.512 1.4096 I 1.32768 1 1.26214d 1 120971521 167772161 Lagaal773 1. L10vs7418 1. 1.08589935 1 106871948 1 1.05497558 1 1043080471 103518437 1 1.0281475 1, 2 2 2 1.82 182 181873075 1.6724 1.0724 1.67082005 1.551368 1.551368 1.54881164 ABLI2176 145212176 1.44932806 37073984 137079984 1.36787944 30400667 130400667 1.30119421 DAD28647 1,24928547 1.24058696 20441409 1.20441409 1.20189652 16761955 1.16761955 1.16529889 13744803 1.13744803 ° 1.1353528 41270739 111270739 1,11080316 09242008 1,09242006 1,09071795 O75 7e4d5 LOvS7R445 1.07427358 06214325 1.06214325 1.06081006 05095746 1.05095746 1.04978707 O4L7S12 LodI78512 Lo4o7622 4.022818 1.0342638 1.042638 1.03837397 Loiol4d 1 101441152 1 4,01152922 1 02809631 1.02809631 L.02732372 (02303898 1,02303898 1.02237077 L889196 1.01889196 1.01831554 ot2 Section 5.2 h=O1 Dy Euler Mod Euler Imp Buler 0.0 2 2 2 02 181 1.819025 1.819025 OA 1.6561 1.67080195 1.67080195 0.6 1.531441 154940357 1,54940357 0.8 143046721 144997526 1.44997526 1.0 1.94867844 136854099 136854009 1.2 1,28242954 1.30184428 130184428 14 122876792 1.24721801 1.24721801 LG 1.48530202 120247773 1.20247773 ‘L8 115000464 1.16583432 1.16583432 2.0 112157665 1.13682240 1.13852246 2.2 109847709 1.11124199 1.11124199 24 1.07976644 1.09110997 1.09110997 2.6 1.06461082 1.07462134 107462134 28 1.05233476 106111675 1.06111675 3.0 1.04239116 1.05005614 1.05005614 3.2 1.03433684 1.04099723 1.04099723 34 1.02781284 1.03357776 1,03357776 3.6 1.0225284 102750102 102750102 3.8 1.018248 102252403 1.02252403 4.0 101478088 101844774 1.01844774 A= 0.05 Th Euler Med Euler imp Euler 0.0 2 2 2 0.2 181450625 1.81880159 1.81880159 OA 1,66342043 1.67043605 1.67043605 0.6 1,54036009 154895411 1.54895411 O8 144012667 14404845 14404845, 1L.O 195848592 1.30145061 1.30135061 1.2 129198902 1.30135061 130135061 14 1,23782689 1.24674636 124674636 L6G 119371148 1.20203631 1.20203631 LB 115777921 1.16542766 116542766 2.0 1,12851216 1.13545243 1.13545243 2.2 110467396 1.11090866 1.11090866 2.4 1,08525759 1,09081219 1,09081219 2.6 1.06944284 1.07435717 1.07435717 28 1.05656163 1,06088377 1.06088377 3.0 1,0460698 1.04985172 104985172 3.2 103752414 1,04081867 1.04081867 3.4 1,03056365 1.03342239 103342239 3.6 102489428 1.02786631 1.02736631 3.8 1.02027655 1.02240758 102240758 4.0 101651537 1.01834736 1.01834736 LL. Approximate solution of yf = —# + 2341) = 1 on [1,8]me 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 4.0 42 44 46 48 5.0 1.07333333 12 1.37 LSTT77778 1.82 209454546 24 2.78538462 Bt 3.49333934 8.915 4.36470588 4,84229293 5,34730843 5.88000001 644000001 70727274 76473914 8,28333334 h=O1 ee 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 3.0 32 Bd 36 38 4.0 42 44 46 38 5a Euler 1 1,01909091 1.19307692 1.23660667 1al7e471 1.62368421 1.86952881 2.1473913 2.456 2.794d4445 3.16206897 3.558387], 3.9830303 4.43871428 4,91621621 542435897 5.95 990999 6,52302235 7.11393332 7.73085105 8.37551019 n= 0.05 Mod Euler 1 1.03818182 1.18881002 1.27432878 145495428 1.67136234 1.92100622 2.20250721 2.61444832 2.8560973 3.268494 9.62625024 4.05395148 4,50968188 4,99822713 550441554 6.04310794 6.60919053 ‘720250912 7.82310522 847091287 Mod Euler 1 1.03616507 1.1304068 127101358 145144731 1.66777308 19174816 2.19889755 2.51085981 2.85253832 3.228324 3.62275978 4.050496 4,50626061 4.98983879 5.50105862 6.03978091 6.6.60580176 7.19929706 7.81991837 846768081 Imp Buler i 1,03666667 1,13142857 1.2725 1,45333333, 1.67 1.92 220166667 251384616 2.85671429 3.22666667 3.62625 4.05411765 4,52000001 4.99368422 8.50500001 6.04380953 6.61000001 720347827 7.82416667 8472 Imp Euler 1 1.03583333 13 1.270625 14511111, 1.6675 191727273 2.19875 2.51076923 2.8525 8.22833334 3.6228125 4.05058824 450638889 4.99 5.50125 6.03999999 6.60613636 719956521 7.92020832 846799009 Exact 1 103855886 4.12952381 127 1.48037037 1,66696667 1,91636364 LL777778 2.50974359 2.85142857 3. 22022099 3.62166667 4.049417 450518519 498877193 55 6.03873616 6.044849 7.19826087 781888889 8.466666671% 10 12 La 16 18 2.0 22 24 2.6 28 30 32 34 36 38 4.0 42 4a 416 48 5.0 12. Approximate solution of y! = y — e*sy(-1) = 4 on [1,3] (ae Ea -1.0 08 08 04 0.2 00 82 4 6 08 Baler L 1.0276087 1,1166867 1.25370968 1ABRA2857 1.64551282 1.80325581 2ATISTIBA 2.48313725 2.82318181 3.19237288 3.59023809 40164179 4,47063379 4,95265665 5.40234176 5.99951805, 656408044 7.18893404 7.77499998 BAzt21211 ale 2 Baler 4 4.72642411 558184314 58844944 PT T2O7832 916274423, 10.7952931 12.7100711 14.9537204 17.5800408 Mod Buler 1 1,0357021 1,12973676 1.27024501 14806312 1.66693507 1.91663523 119805015 2.510154 2.88169908 3,20249103 3.62103359 4,04967673 4.50544819 4,98903301, 5.50026924 6.03898763 6.60510426 7.19851504 781914155 846091789 Mod Euler 4 A. 79132848 S.73711711 6.867005, 8.21617057 9.826386 17471867 14,0871514 16.7657196 20.0149849 Imp Euler 1 1.085625 112964286 1.2701 5625 1.48055955 1.666875 1.91659091 2.19802083 2.50999999 2.85169642 2.22249909 8.62195321 4.04970887 45054861 4.98907893 5.50031248 6.0390476 6.60517044 7-19888604 781921873 8.46099998 Imp Baler 4 4.79092157 5.73612368 6.86518148 8,21920993 9,82186843 117405302 14.027707 16.7525717 19,9960202 Exact 4 A.79p7a524 SPATIAL 6.88628518 B24717912 9.87312732 LLSLA7844 14,1322453, 16,8967396 20.1926607 Section 5.2 ‘The exact solution is y =Section 5.2 10 12 14 18 Lg 2.0 22 24 26 28 30 b=, um 1.0 08 06 ~04 02 a0 2 od 06 08 10 12 Ld 16 18 2.0 2.2 24 26 28 a0 hea tH -1 0.8 0.6 ~04 0.2 0.0 02 oa 06 08 20.5800408 24. 2874725 28.4209436 33,240023 98.9625043 45.5448397 53.1759917 62.0061873 72,2027894 83.9505977 ov 4517903 1 Buler 4 47588763 5.659156 6.72655593 7.99131565 9.48894781 11.2611098 13.3566026 15.8325163 18.7555364 22,2034203 26.2667218 1.050590 30.676974 43.2869103 51.0451108 60.1327509 70.7708589 83. 201456¢ 9.704778 114.596456 05 Buller 4 4,77669693 5.70188503 6.80338236 8.21407589 9.67280884 LL.8254138 13.7259134 16.9379111 19.4362003 23.8818502 28.2805 B4 33,9461415 404368508 48.1391079 72718398 68,0902835, 80.8947847 96.084678 113.91,7082 138.015119 Mod Buler 4 4.79455824 5.749089 6.88109682 8.238355) 9.86054529 11. 7965726 14.1066209 19.86.4271 20,1447208 24,0555116 28.710752 34.2484305 40.8311581 48,6502043. 57.930743 68.9363912 819763712 974121605 115.685613 137.227982 Mod Buler 4 479543751 5.74708124 6.884938: 824501533 9, 86986402 118100604 14. 1286979 16.887578 20.1801886 23.8573605 DBAMTITAS 33.9023506 40.3789405 48.0620788 571719708 67.9606253 80.7266326 95.8173368 113.637038 134.085275 Imp Buler 4 4.79448137 S.74464791 6.88081868 8.23805697 985935683, 14,7948309 14,1041395 16.8579639 20.1399628 24.0490556 287020792 34, 2368762 40,8158692 48.630191 7.904439 68,9021268 81,9319118 97.3546722 115.591507 187.18272 Imp Kuler 4 4.79541012 5.74096434 6.88481574 8.24481573 9.86955928 1.809618, 14,1249615 16,8866896 20.1 78968 241196607 28.7957968 343602256 40.9770079 48.8395742 58, 1749794 69, 2500776 82.8776006 7.92348) 126.31508 138.050452, 9596 Section 5.3 LO 23.1086182 24.103014 24.1013575 4.2 27.4581759 28.7737251 28.7714998 14 326054974 34.3312082 34.8282431 1.6 3.6915095 40,9301907 40,9352675 18 45.8810461 48790434 48.7852738 2.0 $4.3655083 581115643 581048118 22 G64.367755 69.1686207 69.1598237 24 76.1460949 82.2733988 82,2619829 2.6 89.9992753 97.7906722 97.7759092 28 106271825 116.14637 | 116.127837 30 126.35980% 137.836776 137.812307 Muitistep Methods In Problems 1 through 5, approximate solutions were computed using A = 0.1 and the Taylor, modified Euler, RK4 and Adams-Bashfortdi-Mopitton methods 1, Approximate solution of y’ = 4y? — 23y(3) = 0 on [3,7]. = 002 2, Taylor Mod Ruler RK¢ — Adams-Moulton a 0 0 0 0 32 -0.62 0.548 0534175479 —0.534175749 3.4 -0.80756092 —0.760542319 —0.800211467 —0.800211467 3.6 ~0.883586757 —0.856173691 -0.901774383 -0.901774383 3.8 -0.931557148 —0.914680066 —0.91958589 —0.887947739 4.0 —0.90831005 —-0.95736816 —0.981533021 —0,908078807 4.2 —0.999555229 ~0,992105032 ~1.00860355 -1.0359039 44 ~1.02771202 ~1.02240058 ~1.03388159 —1.12481081 4.6 —1.05394433 ~1,04998501 —1.05824281 — —1.05377481 48 17886314 —1.07578031 —1.08195365 ~-0.901642364 5.0 —1.20281209 --1.10030768 ~1.1051143 —0.97490577 5.2 —1.49599657 —1.12887702 —1.12777544 —1.26839477 5A —1.14854662 —1.14608128 —1.14997251 -1.34044722 8.6 117054911 —1.16884579 —1.17173458 —0,965939027 5.8 —119206515 —1.19045507 —1.19308708 —0.26900074 6.0 -1.2131307 —1.21156783 —1.21405284 —p.895645005 6.2 —L23380713 —1.23222564 -1.29665257 —1.57930763 6.4 -1.2540944 ~1.25245726 —1.25490513 —1.99055949 6.6 1.274023 -1.27298015 —1.27482779 0,996802302 6.8 —1,29360996 —1.29171044 -1,20443644 0.125650833 7.0 —1,31286829 1.310743) —1.31374507 —0.682007544 h=01a 3.0 32 34 36 3,8 4.0 42 44 46 48 50 52 5a 56 58 60 62 64 6G 68 70 ay 3 32 34 36 38 4.0 42 44 46 48 50 52 BA 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 2. Approximate solution of y Section $.3 Taylor 0 —0.54950962 —0.806871572 0903569977 ~0.950052097 —0.981680238 100868179 —1.03393561 =1,05828751 =1,08199512 110518444 11278152, —1.1500123 -L1T1T7457 —1,.19312738 1.21409353 ~1.23409571 125494679 127487005 =1.29447936 =1.31378934 0.08 Taylor 0 —0.538575012 —0.806970999 —0.908708738 ~0.951937066 '~0.982408487 —1.00895536 ~1.03402352 —1.0583147 ~1.08200379 =1.10515769 —1.12781685, =1.15001344 -LAT17T551 ~1.19131281 —1,21409428 = 1.23460439 ~ 2549742 ~1.27487063 =1.29447989 ~1,31378953 ‘Mod Euler RKE 8 0 —0.535839145 -0.53549281 0798461491 ~0.806778015 ~0.000885864 —0.907274543 —0.949091031 —0.982253424 —O.081381742 0.982583 ~1.00856077 —1,00898002 ~1,03388121 -1.03403163 = 1.05825061 —1.05831874 =1.0819542 — —1.08200803 110512619 -1.10515651 —1 LA277886 —1.12781858 114998697 —1.15001214 117175085 -Lava7T4a1 = 119310414 —1.1931269 ~. 121407118 121409298 — —1.93467218 —1.23460300 — —1.28402601 125404612 — 127487995 —1.27485934 — =1,29445983 —1.29447861 — -L.B1377045 | ~1.31378855 —1 Mod Buler RKa 0 0 —0.538550414 —0.535607221 ~0.80527647 —0.807053647 —0,906180366 ~0.907465216 —0.951795773 -0.952334311 —0.982429582 ~0.982620954 —1,00894161 —1.00899824 =1.0840159— —1.03403522 —1.05830873 —1.08401777 108199844 —1.08200466 110515271 -1.10515802 —| HL1zeelel7 -Li27sr7ud — 115000902 —1.15001358 — Ad-Bosh-Moult a =0.535492881 —0.80955223 ~0,905024282 —0.952144216 —0.982752774 +1,00908338 ~1.03408442 —21.05832243 ~1.0820113 1.20515675, LAQTSI814 1.18001326 LATITT585 119312833 121409441 1.23469455 1. 25404751 126487076, 129447997 1.31378993 Ad-Moult, a —0.535632364 —0.806044105 0907432876 ~0,95234005 0.982616899 =1.00900073 103408605 —1.05831806 ~-1,08200479 1AQ518811 LADTSIT12 115001365, SAATITTB2 -117ITI6O2 -LATLTIT 119312423 ~1.1931283 — ~1.21409049 —1.21409455 — —1,23400078 ~L.23409446 | 1.26494397 | —1.25494747 -L.27487333. ~1.27487087 — ~1,29447673 —1.29447993 -LB1378679 —LaL378985 — 119312837 1240942, 423469452 126494784 427487074 29447999 178092 esin(yd — 0%; y(I) = —3 on {1,5} 9798 h=02 sy Taylor L -3 1.2 —3.2484524 1A .52541303 16 ~3.82379739 1.8 -4.14689708 2.0 —4.51287072 2.2 —4,96503229 24 ~8.60543892 2.6 —6.69902382 2.8 8.744684 3.0 -10.3713991 3.2 ~LL5580734 34 -13.4328755 3.6 —17.0373894 3.8 -18.8919556 4.0 —23.0737015 4.2 —95.2416611 44 ~30.54225 4.6 —34.8034179 48 —37.2023547 5.0 —43,2867464 hed = Taylor L -3 1.2 ~3.24695865 14 —3.52311817 1.6 —3.82198866 18 ~4.14710675 2.0 ~4.5174237 2.2 —4,9708868 2.4 —§.65082604 2.6 ~6.836927 2.8 880968097 3.0 —10.3662565 3.2 -11.6882433 34 -15.8415497 3.6 —16:6682156 3.8 185854051 4.0 —22,2363038 42 —24.7749149 44 —28.0538292 4.6 ~32,3838368 3.8 —36.8616443 5.0 421817796 = 0.05 Mod Enter -3 —3.24804498 352482278 =3.82397069 414986872 ~-4.52007901 4. 9821068 —8.6459567 =6.7940522 8.7 7504425 ~10,2836162 ~11,5860806 -13.6187121 =16.4855869 18, 5000885 =22.1935065 = 24.7448582 29. 249671 2.795052 —36,8355409 41, 9680528 Mod Buler -3 —3,24685213 ~8.52200655 —3.82210566 41478628 4.6195 1221 —4,98492708 ~§.8634307 ~-6.86457152 —8,79427022 ~10.8510751 —12.6846368 —13.8890238 165240231 -18.627576 ~22.11176KF —24.7958629 ~28.8336633 ~-82.3442329 —36.6820651 416452747 RKE -3 8.2405 1078 0248135 =3.82158019 —4.147489315 ~4,61986538 —4,980012187 —5.67070095 —0.8918032 ~8.80582348 —10,8721013 1.727168 -13.962184 —16.5802825 —18.7295178 —22.1915762 —24.9913905 —29.0071697 —32.6932086 —36,9508256 —42.0675048 RKA -3 —3,24680426 248816 —3.82156093 4, 1A7A1057 4,5 1934832 —4,98001764 —5.67060388 6.89813249 —8,81009295 ~10,3738256 “ALTE 74 —13.9812302 —16.6849961 18,7457098 = 22.2076657 -24.97225, —28.996905 =32.6923004 —36.9104519 419812336 Ad-Moult -3 -3.24851073 —3.52248135 —3.82158019 ~4,14769638 4.52004327 —4.98770222 -B.67MBd7E —6.88208844 ~-8.G5276891 ~1DAL3UE5 —11.6365956 =13.785296 16622165 187048922 21544148 —25.0920224 —28.805366 —32.8285012 — 38, 2608886 —43.0848163 Ad-Moult 3 3, 24650426 8.5 2247584 3. 82157796 414743901 —4,51941407 —4,9861058 ~8.67108192 ~6.89188775 -8.80884813 ~10,3882545 =1-7321468 =15.9782572 —16.6316291 18.8009960) = 11.2530543 -24.07478 28. 1084926 ~82.6440587 —36.8863821 AL. 9460734 Section $3Section 5.3 t, ‘Taylor Mod Enter 1 =3 —4 1.2 —3.24661362 —3,24688084 14 ~8.52262005 —3.52259319 16 =3.8216521 ~3.82169028 18 —4.14731389 414751947 2.0 451883051 451938849 2.2 —4.9843705 —4.98573519 2.4 —5.66523559 —5.66873777 2.6 687847108 —6.88554907 2.8 —8.80905039 —8.80539974 30 —10,3708626 ~-10,3680212 32 117064988 —11,7119768 34 —13.9501887 —13.9587611 38 —16.6768573 —16.5690402 38 -18.6986359 —18.7140276 4.0 221997816 —22.1795489 4.2 249049566 —24.9233028 44 —28,9761177 —28.9531288 46 ~32.5817023 —32.6070501 48 368277714 —36.8367133 5.0 —41.8338787 -~41,807109 3, Approximate solution of y* had 2, Taylor Mod Euler 0.0 -2 2 02 4.24 4.238 0.4 ~8.96960001 8.96336 06 18954752 —18,9395232 0.8 —40.0592743 —40.0240892 1.0 847144614 —84.6307771 1.2 ~179.274058 —179.514327 1.4 —379.611075 —379.209174 1.6 —804.17068 —803.443849 1.8 —1704.06104 —1702.51816 2.0 —3611.63021 —3608.3573 2.2 —7655.45604 ~7648.51548 2.4 —16228.1236 ~16213.4076 2.6 —34401.9133 —34370.7133 28 ~72030.0593 ~72863.9135 3.0 154609419 —154469.187 3.2 ~327769.328 —327472.035 3A ~694807.979 ~694237.718 36 147311674 —1471780.59 3.8 —3123003.72 —3120171.07 4.0 —6620763.7 -6614757.47 RKA =3 —3.24650389 =3.52246739 382155975 414740913 ~4.51934704 4.980064 —B.67068973 -6.8932823 ~8,810388 --10.3739986 -ELT217732 13,0826687 ~16.5857680 = 18,7473158 ~22.2103784 ~24.9760805 290023129 27071482 16. 9211604 —41.8937799 + dyj y(0) = RKE 2 444149333 =9 84468412 = 218055083 48.41 55479 ~107.135343 = 23773588 527. 837489 = 1172.58983 —2604.64904 57878354 ~12860.7721 —28580.1814 ~63514.7048 141152.874 —819695.599 697154 188 184935217 344327654 ~7652333.62 —17008541.6 Ad-Moult -3 —3.24050411 352246823 —3,82156002 —4.14741102 451935173 =4.98603074 ~5.67072051 6.89315282 881104726 —10.8741634 = 1172199 —13.9815364 ~16.5877236 ~18,7490278 —22,2295609 —24.9831371 —29.0207174 —82.7218506 6.951908 419423920 2 on [0,4] Ad-Moult Exact -2 2 444414933 —4.4477837 0.844642 —9.87258259 21,.8055033 —21.8981285 18.1843246 —48.5896688 —106.5173 —107.896358 —236,682355 —230.764385 —521.638006 —533.00824 -1188.13001 | -1185.75367 —2558.57459 ~1185,75367 ~5667.99096 ~5870.04229 —12557.3308 -13062.6841 —27R21.8776 —29069.935 816.4748 ~G4604.4344 —136582,183 —143977.899 302624668 —320426.152 670527141 —713118.596 =1485095.8 | ~1587071.31 —2201870,70 —3582088.44 —7293842.79 ~7860803.19 161610727 —17494534.6 99100 h=od mn, Taylor 0.0 -2 02 -4.3786 o4 ~9.56702144 0.6 | -20.8862678 08 —45.6108649 1.0 —99.6738964 1.2 ~217.977103 1A ~476.967742 16 ~1044.09633 18 —2286.14646 2.0 ~5006.52093 2.2 -10964.9933 24 240161713. 2.6 —52603.1881 2.8 ~115219.882 3.0 ~252375.158 3.2 ~552799.719 34 —1210489.3 36 —2652240.7 38 —5800463.99 4.0 127250454 0.05 ‘Taylor 2 —4.42768992 —9.78329859 ~21,6009202 AT. 7097555, =108.454104 -239.257392 —516.240361 —1142.97394 = 2531.2058 ~5606, 38685 —12418.7004 27509.9884 —60941.9504 —135004.617 0 ~299077.863 32 —662554.634 34 —1467776.9 3.6 —3251615.2 3.8 ~7203406.97 4.0 150579518 4. Approximate solution of y! = 1 — cose — y)+<*,y(3} = 0 on 3,7] Mod Euler -2 4.37798 ~9.50504339 —20,8813151 —45.5991965 —99.648156 ~217.920101 ~-476.842205 —1043.82086 —2285.54246 ~-5005.19732 ~10962.0934 —24009.8188 —52589.273 —115189.402 ~252308.393 —552653.478 ~1210528.97 ~2651539.05 8807927. 12721679 Mod Euler ~2 —4,42751728 ~9.7827436 =21.5995178 —47.7064763 —105.456667 —283,240743 —816.203306 ~1142.89167 -2581.02339 —5605.98257 —12417.8046 —27508.0038 ~60937.5537 ~134994.877 —299056.285 —662506.83 1467671 —3251878.59 ~ 7202887 23 15956800.4 RKA 2 ~4ANTISBTA 987011722 21. 8900872 —48.5658508 107830182 ~239.588317 ~592.640112 —1184.88908 —2635.15604 —5862,83785 —18048.0528 ~29027.1398 = 064594.2795 = 148730717 —319836.86 —TH719.918 ~1583764.49 —3524297.25 —7842502.92 —17451688.8 RKA 2 444774355 ~9.87235457 218975357 —48.5879127 —107.891478 ~239.751863 —533.064451 ~1185.66777 —2637.85558 —5869.51081 130613833 = 29066.7775 ~64986.8228 —143959.659 = 320882.665 ~713015.372 = 1586827.25 —3531513.36 —7R59452.38 -17491370.3 Ad-Bash-Moult ~2 —4.ad725874 —9,86993287 ~21.8887964 —48.561028 =107.815098 ~239,545087 ~582.522265 184.2788 —264,35871 ~BR60,82572 ~18040.0457 290148203 ~64561.245 ~143658.051 ~+319662.181 —711302.336 —158271.01 —3521943.51 ~7836947.07 ~17438597.6 Ad-Moult ~2 —AAd775754 -9.87252343 218081722 —48.5800582 —107.897429 = 239768221 —533.107782 —1188.77962 —2638,18881 58702175 =13063.126 ~29071.084 —64697.1377 =143984,488 = 320442,091 ~T13156.908 —1587162.88 3532306. 28 ~7861319.3 —17495652.8 Section 5.3Section 5.3 h=02 my 3.0 32 34 3.6 a8 4.0 42 44 46 48 5.0 52 54 56 58 6.0 62 64 66 68 70 Dayton 6 8.34619425 10.4599268 13.1173498 16.2266922 19.9311894 28,123893 26.8451661 310952036 36.2798394 40.8218613 45, 7997401 51.9436528 58.6878124 65.776231 "72.9320889 80.0887389 87 446352 98.4509271 105.175898 114,225625 h=ol Be 3a 32 34 36 38 4.0 42 44 46 48 5. BQ 5A 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 ‘Taylor 6 8.2507291 14394927 13.1465841 16.1094296 19, 2594085, 22.800562 26.765283 308817221 35.6745326 40.6633235 45.9602607 51.7482391 57.99959 4.703494 71. 9102868 ‘79.67 70173 87. 8862486 96.3404078 105.686747 115.355925 = 0.05 Mod Buler 6 8.20588014 10.4365989 13.1391115 18.0893271 192354373 22,8608203 26.7472694 S0.8517175 35.6694703 40.0916977 45,9216311 1.560188 57-7252026, 64.3618911 71.3938815 78,836022 86,8968556 95,7397258 304.777041 114.609065 ‘Mod Buler 6 8.23860295 10.4418832 13.148787 16.0956396 19.2745034 22.8738044 26.7715934 90.9418549 35.6360817 40,6487982 45,9912774 51.729066 58,0162529 64.7227709 719134198 79,5971862 877848415 962771643 105.580538 115.164505 RA 6 8.23062065 10.4451202 13.1512808 16.0987876 19.2842974 22.8820435 26.7814803 30.9532362 36.658142 40.6704424 46.0038564 BL.7583377 57.96652387 64.6276263 71.7326167 79,3045364 87.448371 96.1982746 105.268807 145.120266 RA 6 8.22067509 10.4457615 13.1528387 16.0992489 192872731 22.8818386 26.7818089 30.0643702 35,6479526 40.6571216 46.0185911 51.8119687 58.055699 64.757674 TLOS7E17L "78,0047034 S7.7O8747L 96,3344072 195.568534 115.2962 Ad-Moult 6 8.28082005 10.4451202 13.1512808 16.2044495 19.2561985 22,9719003 26.7193294 3122957 35.7645874 40.6628742 46.2362496 52.2404167 58,686008 65.8774007 72.9080071 80.5735335 8B.5427238 97 4417678 106.4176 115.987763 AdeMoutt 6 8.22967509 10.4446675 13.1464095 16.1048833 19.2709514 22,8918358 26.7612537 80.9560772 35.6457561, 40.5886006 45.9445744 51.7383767 57.9703634 64.6495991 ‘717884816 79.4434984 876500081 96.8072427 105.441081 145.307915 101102 By 3 ao a 36 38 40 42 44 4.6 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 5. Approximate solution of if = 4 — ay + eoa(y),9(0) = 4 on [0,4] ‘Taylor 6 8.23419098 10.4431918 18.1518268 16.1002677 19.2809396 22.8817309 26.7798173 30,9535325 35,6409651 40.6586698 46.0073894 51.7985503 58.0344809 64.7345646 TL 9ve3tat ‘79,6008015 87.724633, 96.3088406 105, 561564 135,209011 A=02 a, 0.0 a2 04 06 as 1.0 12 la 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 Taylor 4 3.7793r769 3.89585336 2.95844536 2.63644019 2.57410268 2.86123301 3.97876742 4.90071754 7.04694486 939038697 12.1092386 15.8058673 19.3018856 23.4820072 28.4971000 33.1969888 37.8589178 43.6740568 49.9799643 56.4028404 Mod Buler RA 6 6 8.23056606 8.22061436 104447587 10.4458133 13.1817996 18.1529273 16.0982334 16,0993195 19.2841627 19.2875476 22.8796025 22.8820311 26.780918 26.7821396 30,9587501 30,9051235 35.644397 —35.6183098 40.6535337 40.6573965, 46.01.2061 46.0198728 51.8029304 51.8137989 58.045062 58.0576058 G4.7487112 64.7591988 71,9252788 71.9576167 ‘T9.S937715 79.6024046 87.7117002 87.7287714 96.3203455 96,3404767 105.550152 105.56088 115216756 115.2895 Mod Buler RA 4 4 3.781712 3.78003807 3.40892579 3.41113608 2.08911514 2.00815198 2.68362434 2.6939363 263198688 2.63406773 292765631 2.9104424 3.60L18048 3.64788255 5.00831485 4.99580309 730490142 7.05772847 9.40450229 938041487 12.2787898 12.2407327 15.6440836 158093858 19,4924985 194082914 23.4805212 28.5000254 28.2409130 28.1248054 A3,3039045 | 33,0682128 38,3976867 38.2778064 43.7081616 43.8121637 49.464154 49.7032917 55.6739098 55.9382614 Ad-Moult 6 8 22960882 10445672 13.1825766 16,0996007 19.2870428 22.8828946 26. 7821471 309658788 38.6530244 40.6596025 46.0198916 518141422 5B.0581417 64.7582084 71.9331926 79.5981186 87.7 284662 96.3297379 105.83758 115.220034, Ad-Moult 4 3-78003807 3A1L13608 2.99815198 2.68963401 2.62865502 2.91676056 3.649 74904 4.99442617 6.99742803 941845601 12,2562091 155628496 19,4603801 123.6030269 28,2039881 52.9708377 38.1869018 44.0155361 50.0324907 562119126 Section 5.3ha Be 0.0 02 oa 0.6 08 10 12 1a 16 18 20 22 2 26 28 30 32 34 a6 38 40 ha be oo 02 o4 06 08 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2 26 28 3.0 32 34 36 38 49 Section 5.3 on Taylor 4 3.794333 3.4068012 2.98742511 2.67888513 2.61904369 2.90467175 3.62976051 497054479 "7.06207082 9.a7312564 12.2268713 15.6095086 19.4141045 28.4681005 28.1280137 33.10814 38.2819467 43.7987621 49.6967946 55.936434 0.08, “Taylor 4 3.7980105 3.40977 125 2.99628031 2,6895847 2,63006493 291538281 3.64287275 4.98054170 7.05886786 9.37696907 12.2453842 35.6043401 19.4126103 23.4978433 28.1085153 83.0629406 38.2929232 43.8436 49.7387829 56.9732413 Mod Euler 4 3.78043259 31050545 2.99596852 2.6911 3585 2.63885977 2.92L1945 a.65076771 4.99920765 707183105 9.38527061 12.2600988 15.6111703 19.4310567 23.5044464 28.1104867 33.0802212 38.3144903 43.8854581 49.740849 55.9835947 Mod Buler 4 3.78010467 341090778. 2.975229. 269270074 2.63369368 2.91949818 3.64816427 4.99653975 "7.08073696 9.38079089 12.2517694 15.9065622 19.4135268 23.5078993 8.108165 33.0507381 38,2033477 43.8518368 9.750584 55, 9860986 RK4 4 8.77099805 3.41104815 2,99802794 2.69319067 2.63372362 91898169 3.64782119 4.99555968, 705743353 9.37941313 122487484 15.605291 19408775 28,5079285 281077469 33,052868 38. 2882438 438484638. 49.7487578 55.9845424 RKA 4 3.77999556 341104294 2.99802027 2.69317759 2.63370176 2.91892039 36472847 4,904555048 708740858 9.37936789 12.248905, 15,6052289 19.4088447 23.5083899 28,2075024 838.0522514 8.288321 43.8491852 49.7497394 55, 9856852 ‘Ad-Bash-Moult 4 5.77999805 34110204 2.99786651 2.69290979 2.63382302 2.928045 26 B.6E7B6467 4.goara7al 7.OBBRPES6 9.386339 12.2388627 15.6243401 19.7544 93.8176327 2S.L1S7805, 32,9831436 38,2409524 43,8459053 49.7574115, 55.9910857 Ad-Moult 4 8.77999594 3.41104123, 2.99800967 2.09316373 2.63469387 29189283 364729887 4.99545014 705754168 9.37955808 12,2481896 15,6061482 19.4084339 23.5079779 28.1110261 33.0552004 38.2859525 43.8497606 49.7451907 5h.9804182, 103 In problems 6, 7 and 8, approximations are generated using the Adams-Bashforth-Moultonloa Section $3 method, first with A= 0.2, then with A= 0.1 6. Approximate solution of y’ = y — a%,y(—2) = —4 on { 2082 4 oF 4 30? + be +6 , 2]. The exact solution is y = m hed heOd Bact 2 -4 -4 -4 -18 -3.384774 —3.a5480347 —3,35480852 1.6 ~2.99958216 —2.99964026 —2.99964939 14 ~2,90812926 —2.9082347 —2.9082376 1.2 ~3.05895311 -3.05907945 ~3.05908186 1.0 343641228 —3.4365621 —3.49650366 0.8 —4.03205546 —4.03223963 —4.03223385 0.6 48461901 ~4.84640173 —4.84630993 0.4 —5.88981841 —5.80008957 —5. 89006485 0.2 —7,18700596 ~7.18730377 —T.18720408 0.0 877777395 877812676 | —8.7781122 0.2 —10,7216318 ~10.7220404 —10,722027 0.4 -13.101892 —13.1023857 ~13.1023528 0.6 —16.0309401 —16.0315232 ~16.0314761 0.8 -19.6566716 —19.6573604 ~19.68/72036, LO 241703541 —24.1711645 —14.1720730 1.2 —29,8162301 -29.8171836 -29.817004 14 —36,9082455 —36.9043659 —26.9042001 1.6 —45.8193758 —45.82069 ~45.8204089 1.8 7.049127 —87.0506618 —57.050369 2.0 —71.1948864 —71.1906855 —71.1963002 7. Approximate solution of y! = 2ey — 92;4(0) = 2 on [0,4] a h=02 h=01 0.0 2 2 0.2 1.22921715 1.27928486 0.4 107091936 1.08638842 0.6 1.04836859 1.05688972 OS 101157152 1,10836346 LO 114419902 1.21475378 1.2 1.31901324 1,35628443 1a 1ago26217 LoLi7a278 1.6 165349071 1.66272411 1.8 17992081 172992887Section 5.3 20 22 24 26 28 3.0 32 a4 36 38 40 8. Approximate solution of y’ = In(x) + 2?y;y(2) = J on (2,6). oe 2.0 22 24 26 28 3.0 32 ad 38 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 5A 56 58 6.0 192265942 2.02954279 21312142 2.23463857 2.23692569 2ADSOBSTE 2.80245762 2.5810845% 2.55304614 2.38180227 2.10320808 h=02 1 2.65026902 7. 89892485 27.6949689 111.8000128 835.770648 3084.87485 21286,8706 175576.11 1724629.75 20087193.5 192272504 2.03410264 219707792 2.98874303 2.32542008 241296935 249698181 2.87793593 2.05615241 2.7R19243 2.80548524 hel 1 2,85509503 794440496 278, 0075572 119.953799 636.471761 4242.03453 35888.2231 388524.253 5414260.61 97497139.9 276121968 _-2.27812799E +09 44S5801515E +09 6863714412 +10 8.4129934LE +10 2,08108863E + 12 1846950662 +12 1.35177074E + 4 4.095792648 +13 8.76906228 +15 LS7S97864E +15 7.29302779E +17 4.28878858 +16 7.742017318 + 19 LTROLTME +18 1044371248 + 22 Z.7OOTIMASH + 19 1.7B1829132 +24 B.STAIBUTBE +21 3.826510950 +28 105106 Section 6.1 Chapter Six - Vectors and Vector Spaces Section 6.1 The Algebra and Geometry of Vectors 1 F+G=(24 V2i4 35F—G = (2- Y2)i - 9) + 10k; [FI = 38; ]G] = Y03; 20 = 4i — 6 + 10k) 3G = 3V2i + 18) ~ 15k 2, P+ G@=144§- SF -G =i-4j— ak [FP = VIG, |G] = 4,2 = 2 — 6k; 3G = 19) 3. P+ G = 3i-kjF-G =1~ 16) +: [| = 98, 1G] = 35.20 = i — 105; 3G = Bi + 15) 3k 4 PLG=(V248)1+j—4ig FP -G = (V2—8)i+j—8k; [FP] = V1 |G] = Vea, 2B = 2Vi +2) — 10k 3G = ai + Ok 5. B+ G =3i-J+ GF - G =i 4 3j— ky IP = V3 IGE = 23; 28 25 + 2) 4 2k; 3G = 6 6j + 6le 6 F+G=i+0;F-G en 7 P+G=3i-3,F-Gat Fat-j r+eSection 6.1 07 8. 4G = 3 +5, F-G=—31- 3] pee 10, F¥Ga-34jF- Cnty108 Feith oP oF, 15. oF = -914 6 Section 6.1 12, oF = 124~ 4) 14, oF = 31-3) oF Pati -gSection 6.1 109 16, A vector from (1,9,4) to (2,1,1) is M = 1+5—3k. A vector from (1,0,4) on Z to (@y.2) on L is (2 — Dit (y ~ Oj + (z— Ak, which must be parallel to M. Thus 2-1 = ty —O= tz 4 = —3t, for some scalar t, Parametric equations of the line are wa Lb hy = t2 = 4 3t for —o0 ug m9 v5 OF us o> Uy FB wy. Thus (A) = twice the number of triangles in @ containing 2 as a point. Section 7.2 Elementary Row Operations and Elementary Matrices In Problems 1 through 8, the first matrix given below is the result of performing the listed row operations directly on A. The second matrix isa matrix @ which will produce the same modified matrix as the matrix product QA. Where several row operations are listed, the matrix Q ean be computed as a product of elementary matrices, 0 = Bi Ei. 1....EyIn, where Bj is the metrix which corresponds ta operation Ey -2 1 4 2 10 0 1. | 0 vB 16V3 av3 J; M=] 0 VEO 1-2 4 8 oo 1 3-6 1000 2 tot o14a0 44 {'t ao616 o 5 ooo1Section 7.2 12 0 5 -15, 3a. | -2+2vi8 wove 64 5y13 2 5 500 ° 10 ot 30 120 (a wea sa =(05 (3 1 a 0 4 5 24 av 1-4v8 3+5y3 — 184+3V3 37-4V8 314+5V3 54 10 0\f/100\/1 0 o10 o190 vail orifloo4s/\oo “19 8 0 10 36 28-20 28 || 7) 3 3 a 9 Pe (3: 0 4 o 28 50 2 iae\foor 9 4 &} 9 6b Of M=}o1e |fore 1f=[oo 9 -45 70 oos/\igoa o 50 9, Let A = (ay) be any mx n matrix, Since # and W are obtained, respectively, by interchanging tows s and t of A and In, we have, for if s and @ # tb = as,0iy = biy5 for = 5,bej = 43,033 = days and for d= thy = aaj,ey = by for f= 1,2,...,m. Now consider the ij" element of BA. For i ¢ s and i # t,(HA)y = Deinagy = ai = bys for fei ote ote 3 1 6 4 = UPA) = Vestas = Yidintay = ayy = bys and fori = 4, (BA)y = Venaas = n co cat STB amey = ag; bys for 7 = 1,2)... Thus BA = B. si 10. Let A = (ey) be any m xm matrix, Since Band E are obtained, respectively, by multiplying row s of -A and Zp by a, we haw for? # sbi = 0y,c%s = diy, whereas for 4 = 81boj = Bn) 85 = adj. Now consider the i! element of BA. For § 4 5,(BAy — Sean = Sadinass « 4g = bij, whereas (EA)ap Leas = & in. Thus BA = B 11, Let A = (ay) be any m xn mmatrix, Since JF and B are obtained, respectively, From A und In, by adding a times row s to row 4, we have fort £, bi = 0%, 64) = diyy whereas Madavaig = a9; = bas Bi