Solutions to 2004 CAP High School Exam

Part A drag force. By Newton’s second law, F = M a, where a

is the acceleration of the ball..
1 (c) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (b) 5 (a) Initially, v is small enough that the drag force can be ig-
6 (b) 7 (b) 8 (d) 9 10 (d) nored, and we can write
11 (a) 12 (d) 13 (a) 14 (b) 15 (d)
16 (b) 17 (a) 18 (b) 19 (b) 20 (c) F = ρball V g − ρw V g = ρball V a0
21 (c) 22 (a) 23 (c) 24 (d) 25 (c)
with ρball the density of the ball. Thus,
Note: Question 9 was dropped because of a flaw in its formu-
ρw
lation which made its answer, intended to be (d), non-unique. ρball =
1 − a0 /g
1000 kg/m3
Part B =
1 − 9.10/9.80
Problem 1 = 1.4 × 104 kg/m3

α αh On the other hand, when the speed has reached its final
x
value vf , the acceleration vanishes and eq. (1) becomes
d surface
y
β
 
ρw
0 = M g − ρw V g − bvf = 1 − M g − bvf
ball ρball

(a) Solving for b yields

Let x be the horizontal distance from the point where Mg

ρw

the ball was released, to the point where a ray originat- b = 1−
vf ρball
ing from the instantaneous position of the ball at depth y
(1.00 kg)(9.80 m/s2 ) 1.00 × 103 kg/m3
 
crosses the surface to reach the observer. = 1−
From Snell’s law we have sin α = nw sin β, where
0.916 m/s 1.4 × 104 kg/m3
nw = 1.33 is the index of refraction of water. = 9.9 kg/s
From geometry, we can also write:

x = d − h tan α
Problem 2
tan β = x/y
(a) Since the generator shaft contacts the tire very close to
Then its edge, we can take its tangential speed v to be that of
s the bicycle wheel, and therefore the linear speed of the
x cos β 1 − sin2 β bicycle itself. This is related to its rotational speed ω by
y = = x = x
tan β sin β sin2 β v = ω r, where r is the radius of the shaft.
r
n w 2 As is readily derived from Faraday’s law applied to the
= (d − h tan α) −1 rotating coil with N turns and area A, immersed in a uni-
sin α
form magnetic field with magnitude B, the voltage output
(b) The initial acceleration a0 can be calculated from the first of the generator as a function of time is:
velocity point in the data table. Velocity changed from 0
to 0.091 m/s in 0.01 s, which gives a0 = 9.10 m/s2 . E = ωN BA sin ωt
The terminal speed can be read off the table as approxi- and its amplitude is therefore Emax = ωN BA. Combin-
mately vf = 0.916 m/s2 . ing these expressions leads to
The total instantaneous downward force F acting on the
rE
ball when it has speed v is v =
N BA
F = M g − ρw V g − bv (1) (1.25 × 10−2 m)(4.0 V)
=
(125)(0.080 T)(1.0 × 10−3 m2 )
where M g is the gravitational force, ρw V g is the upward
buoyancy force if the ball has volume V, and bv is the = 5.0 m/s
Canadian Association of Physicists Prize Exam
(a) The average torque supplied by the tire’s rotation is given
by τ = P/ω, with P the average mechanical power. If
we ignore any loss due to (1) friction and (2) the resis-
tance of the coil, P is also the average electrical power
produced by the generator. Then
τ = rP/v
(1.25 × 10−2 m)(5.0 W)
=
5.0 m/s
= 1.25 × 10−2 N · m
(b) The power amplitude Pmax is twice the average power,
and the maximum current is therefore:
Imax = Pmax /Emax = (10 W)/(4.0 V) = 2.5 A
(c) Assuming that the lightbulb obeys Ohm’s Law, the power
it consumes goes like the square of the voltage supplied
at constant resistance. Since that voltage goes like the
linear speed of the bicycle, power is proportional to v 2 .
If that speed triples (to 15 m/s, or 54 km/hr), the power
supplied is multiplied by 9. The bulb may well burn out!
Problem 3
(a) The centre of mass of the body of the athlete loaded with
the weights follows a parabolic trajectory. Then, if the
jumper thrusts the weights forward at arm’s length as he
jumps, the centre of mass lies a bit forward and higher
from its position than if there were no weights. In mid-
flight, the athlete then swings the weights down and back-
ward before landing, which puts the point of contact of
his feet at a position slightly further ahead with respect to
the centre of mass then if no weights were carried. There
is also an extra enhancement coming from the upward
vertical motion of the body with respect to the centre of
mass as the weights are swung down before landing, in
effect extending its trajectory a bit further forward.
(a) Let M be the mass of the body and m the total mass of
the weights. The position of the centre of mass is given
by R = (X, Y ):
m dependent on the assumptions we made, but gives a rea-
M r 1 + mr 2 r1 + M r2
R = = sonable estimate.
M +m 1 + m/M
where r 1 and r 2 are the positions of the centre of mass
of the body and the centre of mass of the weights, respec-
tively. The initial shift in the position of the centre of
mass of the body due to the weights is then
2004
M r 1 + mr 2
∆R = − r1
M +m
∆r
=
1 + M/m
where ∆r = (∆x, ∆y) = r 2 − r 1 . With M = 65 kg and
m = 6 kg, this gives ∆R = 0.085 ∆r.
Let us break down the effect into three parts, two hori-
zontal ones and one vertical.
• At take-off, the weights are held at arm’s length
(arms horizontal). Assuming 65 cm as the length
of the arms, plus another 15 cm for the horizontal
position of the shoulders relative to the centre of
mass of the body leaning forward, we have ∆x =
x2 − x1 = 80 cm, which gives ∆X = 6.8 cm.
• At landing, the arms are swung backwards. We as-
sume that then arms make an angle of 40◦ with the
vertical. Then the centre of mass of the body is
0.0845 sin 40◦ (60 cm) = 3.3 cm ahead of the cen-
tre of mass of the system.
• If the athlete always lands in a crouching posi-
tion, whether or not he carries weights, it is rea-
sonable to assume that the vertical position of the
weights has shifted by up to one metre between
take-off and landing. Therefore, when the trajec-
tory of the system’s centre of mass is at the verical
position it would have at landing withtout weights,
the centre of mass of the body is higher by about
∆Y = 0.085 × 1 m = 8.5 cm. The angle of
the trajectory being about 50◦ , the corresponding
horizontal extension of the length of the jump is
∆X = ∆Y / tan 50◦ = 7.1 cm.
Totalling these three contributions gives an extension of
the jump’s length of about 17 cm. This is of course quite
Note: Athletes were not allowed to throw the weights
while in flight, which makes sense as the long jump was
not meant as a weight-throwing contest on top of the
jump itself.