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Chapter 8
Design of Columns
2
Columns
Pier
Column
3
Axially Loaded Columns
4
Eccentically Loaded Columns
Columns are subjected to some bending moment
which may be caused by unbalanced floor loads on
both exterior and interior columns.
5
Giesel Library Building, UC San Diego
Eccentically Loaded Columns
Eccentric loads such as crane loads in industrial
buildings also cause moment.
Crane
RC corbel
Industrial Building
6
Eccentically Loaded Columns
Lateral loading due to earthquake
http://www.smate.wwu.edu/teched
/geology/eq-CA-SanFernd.html
Collapsed parking structure,
California State University,
1994 Northridge EQ pubs.usgs.gov 7
Eccentically Loaded Columns
Lateral loading due to wind
http://www.wbdg.org/resources/env_wind.php
structural
steel
shape
ties spirals
(c) composite column
steel
pipe
pitch
9
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Tied Columns
1. Min. dimension = 200 mm
2. Min. gross area, Ag = 200 mm x 300 mm col.
= 60, 000 mm2
3. Min. main bars = 4 pcs 16 mm
4. Min. clear bar cover = 40 mm (same as beams)
5. Lateral tie diameter = same method of
determining stirrup diameter
6. Gross steel ratio: g = 1% min. to 8% max.
(use only up to 4% when designing) 10
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Tied Columns (Cont.)
7. Main bar spacing, sm
ties
s > 1.5 main bar
st
s > 40 mm
s > 1.5 max size of sm main bar
coarse aggregate
8. Lateral tie spacing, st
s = 16 main bar
s = 48 lateral tie Smallest value
12
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Spiral Columns (Cont.)
7. Min. spiral steel percentage
Ag fc'
Minimum s = 0.45 1 (1)
Ac fy
where:
Ag = gross cross-sectional area
= D 2 ; D = column diameter
4
Ac = core-concrete cross-sectional area Gross area
spiral pitch
40mm CC "s"
Core concrete 2
as = (pi/4)ds
Cover concrete
14
Rebar cage
ACI/NSCP Code Requirements
for Spiral Columns (Cont.)
16
Axially Loaded Short Columns
where: Ast = g Ag
[ ]
Po = Ag 0.85fc' + g (fy 0.85fc ) (for design) (4)
17
Axially Loaded Short Columns
where:
= strength reduction factor
Ag = gross area of section
18
Example 1
19
Example 2
20
Example 3
Design a short axially loaded square tied
column for a service dead load of 1080 KN
and a service live load of 990 KN. The
unsupported length is 2.60 m. Use fc = 34.5
MPa, fy = 414 MPa, g = 2 %, 25 mm main
bars, 10 mm ties, and 40 mm concrete
cover.
21
Example 4
Design a round spiral column to support an
axial dead load of 800kN and an axial live
load of 1350kN. Assume that 2%
longitudinal steel is desired. Diameter of
main bars is 25mm and the diameter of
spiral ties is 10mm. Use fc=27.6 MPa and
fy=414 MPa.
22
Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment
a = 1c
Columns under Combined Axial
Load and Moment (Cont.)
If we know Neutral axis
(c, a)
Strain condition
(s, s)
Stress condition
(fs, fs)
Jiravacharadet (2013)
External
Force on
Column
Stress
Diagram C
T
28
Interaction Diagram for Combined
Bending and Axial Load
Pn For any eccentricity
emin Mn
Po e= e, there is a unique
Pn
pair of Pn and Mn .
Direct axial
failure
(Mn, Pn) Plotting a series of
e=0
Compression
However, any
failure range eb combination falling
outside the curve
Tension failure range represents failure.
e= Mo Mn
Column Interaction Diagram
30
Balanced Failure, eb
Concrete reaches the strain limit cu at the same
time that the tensile steel reaches the yield strain y
Dividing point between compression failure (small
eccentricities) and tension failure (large
eccentricities)
Strain Diagram cu
c = cb = d (11)
cu + y
where: cu = 0.003
a = ab = 1 cb (12)
31
Balanced Failure, eb
Strain Diagram
Mb = eb Pb (15)
fs = s Es fy
cb d
where: s = cu
cb
h ab ' 'h h
Mb = '
0.85 fc ab b + As fs d + As fy d (14)
2 2 2 2 32
Short Columns Under Combined
Axial Load and Moment
A. Minimum Eccentricity Pn
e=0
e
B. Actual Eccentricity
Mu Mn e=
Mn
e= or Mo
Pu Pn
Column Interaction Diagram
33
Behavior at Failure:
Columns under Combined P and M
(Region I)
Capacity: See axially
loaded column
eb
Mn
e= Mo
Column Interaction Diagram 34
Behavior at Failure:
Columns under Combined P and M
Compression
failure range
Capacity: Pn > Pb
(Region II)
eb
Mn
e= Mo
Column Interaction Diagram 35
Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region II)
Po Mn
Pn = = Po (Po Pb ) (16)
Po e M
1+ 1 b
Pb eb
36
Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region II)
2. Whitneys Formula
Ag fc ' As fy
Pn = + (18) Spiral
9 .6 D e 3e
+ 1.18 +1 Column
(0.8D + 0.67D s )2 Ds
37
Behavior at Failure:
Columns under Combined P and M
Capacity: Pn < Pb
eb
Tension failure range
(Region III)
e= Mo Mn
Column Interaction Diagram 38
Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region III)
Approximate Whitneys Capacity Formulas (Tied Columns)
e' e'
2
d ' e'
Pn = 0.85fc ' bd 1 + 1 + 2 (m 1)(1 ) +
d d d d
As (19)
where: = ; As = bars in tension
bd
fy
m= '
0.85fc
h
e = e + d'
'
2 39
Approximate Capacity Formulas
(Region III)
0.85e
2 mDs
g 0 . 85e
Pn = 0.85fc ' D 2 0.38 + 0.38
D 2.5D D
(20)
40
Example 3 y
e
For the column shown As As
3-28mm
3-28mm
with fc = 28 MPa and fy =
300 mm
Pn
414 MPa, determine:
x
ultimate axial capacity
at balanced condition; 62.5 187.5 187.5 62.5
load eccentricity at 500 mm
balanced condition; Top View
ultimate axial capacity if e
e = 200 mm. Pn
Uniaxial bending
about Y axis
Uniaxial bending
about X axis
Biaxial bending
43
Column Interaction Diagram
Reciprocal Load Method
44
Reciprocal Load Method
Breslers reciprocal load equation is given by
1 1 1 1
= + (21)
Pn Pnx 0 Pny 0 P0
where:
Pn = approximate value of nominal load in biaxial
bending with eccentricities ex and ey
Pny 0 = nominal load when only eccentricity ex is
present (ey = 0)
Pnx 0 = nominal load when only eccentricity ey is
present (ex = 0)
Po = load for concentrically loaded column 45
Example 4
300 mm
the biaxial capacities Pnx =
8-20mm x
1880 KN, Pny = 1000 KN,
fc = 21 MPa, fy = 414
MPa. 200 mm 200 mm
46
Use of Column Interaction
Diagram for Design
The preceding lectures have clearly shown that
the analysis and design of columns with
eccentricities, using static equations, is very
tedious and complicated.
Consequently, designers resort almost
completely to tables, computers, or diagrams
(e. g. column interaction diagram) for their
column calculations.
Interaction diagrams are useful for studying
strength of columns with varying proportions of
loads and moment. 47
Use of Column Interaction
Diagram for Design
engmechanics.blogspot.com
g e/h
Pn
Ag
(ksi)
Pn e Mn
= (ksi)
48
Ag h Ag h
How to Use Column Interaction
Diagram for Design
In order to correctly use the
column interaction diagram, it
is necessary to compute the
h
value of
h
h
=
h
b
where:
h = center to center distance
of bars on each side of
the column
h = column depth 49
Use of Column Interaction
Diagram
Note:
Both h and h should be taken in the direction of
bending.
In using the column interaction diagram, be sure
that the column picture at the upper right of the
diagram being used agrees with the column
being considered.
For example, are there bars on two faces of the
column or on all four faces?
50
Example 5
4-25mm
4-25mm
the column shown if the
400 mm
eccentricity of the load Pn
is 200 mm. Use fc = 21
MPa and fy = 414 MPa.
Use the interaction
75 450 75
diagram.
600 mm
51
Column Interaction Diagram
(Rectangular Section)
1.2 ksi
52
Example 6
Calculate the nominal
axial load (in kN) that
62.5
e
can be applied in the
column at an
eccentricity of 200
500 mm
375
mm. Use fc = 28 MPa Pn 8-22mm
and fy = 414 MPa.
Use the interaction
diagram.
62.5
53
Column Interaction Diagram
(Circular Section)
1.0 ksi
54
Example 7
Calculate the nominal e
axial load (in kN) that can
be applied in the column
500 mm
at an eccentricity of 400 16-28mm Pn
mm. Use fc = 21 MPa and
fy = 414 MPa. Use the
interaction diagram.
70 360 70
500 mm
55
Column Interaction Diagram
(Rectangular Section)
0.65 ksi
56
Column Interaction Diagram
(Rectangular Section)
0.82 ksi
57
References
Jiravacharadet, M. Lecture Notes in Reinforced
Concrete Columns. School of Civil Engineering,
Suranaree University of Technology, Thailand.
Accessed June 10, 2013.
Nilson, A. H. 1997. Design of Concrete
Structures. 12th Edition. McGraw-Hill: Singapore.
McCormac, J. C. and Nelson, J.K. 2005. Design
of Reinforced Concrete. 6th Edition. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc: New Jersey.
58