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EMM 3514

Numerical Methods

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering


Faculty of Engineering
EMM 3514 (2+1)
Numerical Methods
Lectures
G2 : Tuesday 0800 1000 (BK13)

Laboratory
G2 : Monday 1400 1700

CAD/CAM Lab (ANSYS)


Computer Lab (MATLAB)
Course Outcomes

1. Distinguish concepts in numerical methods,

2. Identify suitable approximation methods for engineering


problems using computer software,

3. Reproduce approximation methods to solve function


problems.
Lecture 1

Introduction to Numerical Methods


What are NUMERICAL METHODS?
Why do we need them?
Topics covered in EMM3514.
Numerical Methods

Numerical Methods:
Algorithm that are used to obtain numerical solutions of a
mathematical problem.

Why Do We Need Them?:


No analytical solution exists.
An analytical solution is difficult to obtain or not practical.
What Do We Need?

Basic Needs in the Numerical Methods:

Practical:
Can be computed in a reasonable amount of time.

Accurate:
Good approximate to the true value.
Information about the approximation error.
Basic Concepts in Numerical Methods

All numerical methods involve approximations due to either limits in the algorithm
or physical limits in the computer hardware.
Errors associated with measurements or calculations can be characterized with
reference to Accuracy and Precision.

Accuracy refers to how closely a computed or measured value agree with the true value.
Precision refers to how close computed or measured values agree with each other after
repeated sampling.

Precise but
NOT Accurate Precise AND Accurate

Neither Precise Accurate but


NOR Accurate NOT Precise
Basic Concepts in Numerical Methods
(Contd.)

References

Numerical Methods For Engineers


Chapra, S.C. (2015)
7th Edition, McGraw-Hill
Topics to be covered
Introduction to EMM3514 W1
Linear Algebraic Equations W2
Non-linear Algebraic Equations W3
Curve Fitting W4
Numerical Differentiation W5
Numerical Integration W6
Case Study / Project (Proposal) W7
Ordinary Differential Equations W8 W9
Partial Differential Equations W10 W11
Case Study / Project (Presentation & Report) W14
Contents Review
1. Linear Algebraic Equations
x1 + x2 = 3
x1 + 2 x2 = 5
We can solve it as:
x1 = 3 x2 , 3 x2 + 2x2 = 5
x2 = 2 , x1 = 3 2 = 1
What to do if we have 1000 equations in 1000 unknowns?
Contents Review
(Contd.)

1. Linear Algebraic Equations

Methods for Solving Systems of Linear Equations

Naive Gaussian Elimination


Gaussian Elimination with Scaled Partial Pivoting
Algorithm for Tri-diagonal Equations
Contents Review
(Contd.)

2. Non-linear Algebraic Equations


Some simple equations can be solved analytically:
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
4 42 4(1)(3)
Analytic solution roots =
2(1)
x = 1 and x = 3

Many other equations have no analytical solution:


9 2 "$
x 2x + 5 = 0 # No analytic solution
x = e x $%
Contents Review
(Contd.)

2. Non-linear Algebraic Equations

Methods for Solving Non-linear Equations

Bisection Method
Newton-Raphson Method
Secant Method
Contents Review
(Contd.)

3. Curve Fitting
Given a set of data:

x 0 1 2
y 0.5 10.3 21.3

Select a curve that best fits the data.


One choice is to find the curve so that the sum of the square of
the error is minimized.
Contents Review
(Contd.)

3. Curve Fitting (Interpolation)


Given a set of data:

xi 0 1 2
yi 0.5 10.3 15.3

Find a polynomial P(x) whose graph passes through all


tabulated points.
yi = P( xi ) if xi is in the table.
Contents Review
(Contd.)

3. Curve Fitting

Methods for Curve Fitting

Linear Squares
Linear Regression
Non-linear Least Squares Problems
Interpolation
Newton Polynomial Interpolation
Lagrange Interpolation
Contents Review
(Contd.)

4. Numerical Integration

Some functions can be integrated analytically:


3 3
1 2 9 1
1 xdx = 2 x 1 = 2 2 = 4
But many functions have no analytical solutions:
a
x2
e
0
dx = ?
Contents Review
(Contd.)

4. Numerical Integration

Upper and Lower Sums


Trapezoid Method
Romberg Method
Gauss Quadrature
Contents Review
(Contd.)

6. Ordinary Differential Equations


A solution to the differential equation:

!x!(t ) + 3x! (t ) + 3x(t ) = 0


x! (0) = 1; x(0) = 0

is a function x(t) that satisfies the equations.

* Analytical solutions are available for special cases only.


Contents Review
(Contd.)

7. Partial Differential Equations

Partial Differential Equations (PDE) are more difficult to


solve than ordinary differential equations (ODE):

2u 2u
2
+ 2 +2=0
x t
u (0, t ) = u (1, t ) = 0, u ( x,0) = sin(x)
Ground Rules
1. Time lines
Class commence @ 8.00 am

2. Attendance
> 80% for lectures
Laboratory

3. Attire
Follow Universitys Rule
No round neck T-shirt
No slippers / sandals
No sexy / revealing clothes
Class Representative

Group 2 : ______________
Grading
Your final grade depends on the overall performance of the class.

Continuous Assessment 60%


Laboratory (ANSYS) 35%
- Task 1 (Structural Analysis) (5%)
- Task 2 (Thermal Analysis) (5%)
- Task 3 (Fluid Dynamics) (5%)
- Project Proposal (3%)
- Project Presentation (7%)
- Project Report (10%)
Assignments (MATLAB) / Quiz 25%
Final Exam 40%
TOTAL 100%
PutraBLAST

Announcement
Lecture Notes
Assignments
Lab Manual
Teaching Assessment
Group Work

Make a group of ?.
Try to sit next to your group members during lectures.
First assignment for today is..
Familiarize software MATLAB about the basic definition of
variables, arrays, function definition, subroutine definition,
basic linear algebra operations and graphical operations.
Laboratory
Laboratory Work

The objectives are to:


1. Equip the students with the Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
fundamentals.
2. Enable the students to formulate the design problems into
FEA.
3. Enable the students to perform engineering simulations using
Finite Element Analysis software (ANSYS).
4. Enable the students to understand the ethical issues related
to the utilization of FEA in the industry.
Timetable (Laboratory)

Activity Week
Introduction 1
Solid Modeling, Elements, Meshing 2
Structural Analysis (Task 1: W5) 3,4,5
Thermal Analysis (Task 2: W8) 6,7,8
Fluid Dynamics (Task 3: W11) 9,10,11
Project 12,13,14
ANSYS
ANSYS is a general purpose finite element
modeling package for numerically solving
a wide range of mechanical problems.

These problems include:


Structuralanalysis
Thermal analysis
Fluid analysis
Acoustic analysis
Electromagnetic analysis
Case Study / Project
Project Proposal (W7)
Your project proposal should include the following information:
Project title
Project background
Does it relate to your work in another field?
If yes, briefly outline the questions and goals of your work in the other field.
Questions and Goals
Briefly describe the questions you wish to investigate in your project.
What are your expectations?
Plan
Which language/software do you plan to use?
Does your project work relate to the work of other people at Dept. of MME?
Case Study / Project
(Contd.)

Project Report & Presentation / Poster (W14)


The submission of the project report by groups, shall include, but NOT LIMITED to
the list below:
Introduction
Theoretical Analysis / Experimental Procedure
Numerical Modeling
Results and Discussion
Conclusion

Project Presentation:
Each group given 10 minutes to present and 5 minutes for Q&A.
EMM 3514

Having fun for the semester!

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