NUMERICAL MATHEMATICS

NUMERICAL ANDAND SCIENTIFIC

MATHEMATICS SCIENTIFIC
The Lattice Boltzmann Equation
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CLARENDON PRESS ' OXFORD

2001
To Claudia, Cate and to my parents
VIII
X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX

other characteristic
Even short booksproperties are not necessarily of classical many-body
bug-free. This issystems
a long one that. .are. categorized
R. Benzi, M. Bernaschi, J. Bernsdorf, M. Bertsch, B. Boghosian, J. P. Boon,
by chaotz`c
My advance behavior. '
gratitude to compassionate readers willing to draw attention
13.
No words
Brandt, G. Brenner, H. Cabannes, N. Cabibbo, P. Carnevali, F. Castiglione,
couldand better
to bugs, mistakes anyexpress
other sort the Beyond' part ofusing
of infelicities this the
book.following
Given alle-mail this,
it is 14.
address:natural Cercignani,
to ask whatH.real
succi@iac.rm.cnr.it. Chen, S. Chen,
advantages PREFACEisY. LBE
Chen,supposed
M. L. Chiofalo,
to bring B.about Chopard,as G.
Ciccotti,
compared withS.existing
Ciliberto,numerical E Cohen, techniques.
P. Coveney, This J. Dongarra,
questionG.spawnsDoolen,aM. tiny Droz,chap-
ter
Rome 15. d'Humires, T. Dupont, M. Ernst,
on its own: Who needs LBE?. There (very arbitrarily) I divide applications B. Favini, O. Filippova, P. Franchi,
S. S. D.
into This
Frenkel,
four classes: book
U. is
Frisch, aboutR. the
Gatignol, LatticeI. Boltzmann
Ginzbourg,
DU, CU, BU, MU, standing for Don't Use, Can Use, Should D. Equation
Gosman, (LBE)
P. a
Grosfils, hyper-stylized
J. Jimenez,
September 2000
version
F. Hayot,
Use and Must Use, of X. theHe,Boltzmann
M. Kenon,equation
respectively. F.TheHiguera,
DUexplicitly designed
A. Hoekstra,
class contains to
W.problems solve which
Hoover, L.fluid-dynamics
Kadanoff,
(in R.
problems,
Kapral, I. and
Karlin, beyond. E. Kaxiras, W. Kohn,
this authors opinion) are better handled by other existing techniques (every re- M. Krafczyk, A. Ladd, P. Lallemand, J.
Initially
Lebowitz, L.developed
S. Luo, as
M. a spin-off
Mareschal,
spectable numerical scheme must have its own DU class!). The MU class, on theof
N. Lattice
Margolus, Gas ECellular
Marinari, Automata
F. (LGCA),
Massaioli, W.
LBE
contrary, israpidly
Miller, P. Moin,
the cradleevolvedK.
of Molvig,into a B.
breakthroughs, self-standing
Nadiga, R. research
problems which subject
Natalini, H.
could within
C. Oettinger,
not be solved theI. theoretical
Ohashi,
by S.
framework
Orszag,
any other method.G. of statistical
Parisi,
As weL.speak, mechanics,
Pietronero,
I believe R.mostPiva,
the notably
SUY.class (discrete)
Pomeau, E. kinetic
is decently Presutti, theory.
populated M. Pulvirenti,
and
Y. About
H Qian, ten A.years ago,
Quarteroni, mainlyC. under
Rebbi,
the much coveted MU class is very dilute but perhaps not empty either. the
S. impact
Remondi, of lattice
D. gas
Rothman, cellular automata,
D. Ruelle,
The P.
it was
Santangelo, realized G. that
Smith, phase-space
J. Somers, lends
D. itself
Stauffer,
subject is mature enough to deserve a book, but still in flux as far as advanced to C. very drastic,
Teixeira, T. and
Toffoli, yet physically
F. Toschi,
faithful,
M. Tosi,discretizations
developments R. concerned.
are Tripiccione, ofItC.
momentum
Tsallis, M.
is therefore space such
that,that
Vergassola,
hoped upon a handful
A. Vulpiani,of
reading theV.appropriately
Yakhot, J.
book,
readers will feel bold enough to take the challenge of making their own entry inin the
chosen
Yeomans, discrete
J. Yepez, momenta
S. Zaleski, proveP. able
Zanella to
and recover
G. hydrodynamic
Zanetti. equations
the MUcontinuum
Special limit.
class. thanks to Dr Piero Sguazzero, for starting off my LBE adventure by
BesidesIits
suggesting useintrinsic
the HPPintellectual
automaton charm, this discovery
as a testbed for learning dissolved
IBM.-37O the Assembler
computa-
This
tionalbook
language relies
barrier
(funnier more
associated on physical
beyond with the intuition
expectations) andandto heuristic
true' Boltzmann Prof,equationarguments
Roberto andBenzi than
paved foronthe way
sharing
detailed
to mathematical
theafun
seriesand of fairly
excitement analysis,of thethe
efficient ideadays'
numerical
happy being to provide
schemes
of early an easy-going(and
for hydrodynamics
LBE research. warm- beyond)
up' tobased
the
I'mon subject
discrete
deeply for a broad
kinetic
indebted theory.
to Dr audience
Hudongrather Chenthan for an exhaustive
countless inspiring treatment
discussions
for those
andThe aspiring
to to in-depth
mathematical
numerous specialization
other stream-and-collide'
friends at EXA in the field.1 of
structure
Corporation, Thethelatter
Boston categoryand
Boltzmann
University is Har-
equation
consistently
proves addressed
instrumental
vard University, in the
who tomade current
the success
Bostonliterature,
of LBE,
a second for both
which this analytical
from
home-town book
to me. is not Inand meantcomputa-I
particular,
to be tional
a substitute.
wish points
to thankofProf. view.E. Kaxiras for arranging a very enriching visiting scholarship
The targeted
Computational
at Harvard audience aspects
University. of this book areis graduated
by no andmeans advanced a undergradu-
minor point.
ate studentsMy in
Most ofphysics,
most LBEmathematics,
thesincere gratitude toengineering
computational work
Profs comes
Steven and
from computer andscience.
the collision
Orszag Piva,More
R. operator. for their
generally,
Owing
friendly it to
isand hoped
thecontinued that researchers
point-like ofoutside
naturethroughout
support the
the lattice
the interparticle community
years, collisions,
and Prof. Carlo willoperator
this find
Cercignani is
enough for material
completely
his crucial tohelp
local judge for themselves
inin configuration
making this book whether
space, which
possible or all.
at notI am
means the that
method
very is worth
different
grateful toportions
Profs a of
try onphysical
16.their own space research
Boghosian, canJ.be projects.
P. advanced
Boon, ToCercignani,
C. bias their mind
concurrently: towards
that
P. Coveney, spells U.theidealyes'amenability
Frisch sideL.ofS. Luo
and to
the medal,
parallel
for theirancomputing,
on-going
critical elementary
reading a key of asset warm-up
this bookof LBE. computer program is provided.
in manuscript.
SomeThis
1foreknowledge
cannotcomputational
close this of list
basic statistical
connotation
without mechanics
sets LBE my
mentioning and
verykinetic
somehow aparttheory
earliest from makes
teachers itsinforerun-
kinetic
Chapter
ners 1inunnecessary.
theory, discrete
Profs V.kinetic Boffi,A similar
theory,
V. statement
namely
Molinari applies
anddiscrete
G. Spiga, toforChapter
velocity themodels
basic 2 for readers
la' Broadwell.
facts 1 learned fa- from
miliarthem
with
The lattice
many mainyears gas
focus cellular
agoofhave LBE automata.
is insight
been These
useful two the
(mostly
along chapters
viaway haveare
numerical
and beenstillincluded
simulation)useful today.rather
for the
thansole
In theexactpurpose
sameanalytic of self-consistency.
vein, I wish solutions to thank of simplified
Drs K. Appert modelandequations.
J. Vaclavik Its for targets,
teaching conse-
me
quently,
bow beautiful are thetheories most pressing can beproblems turned into in fluid
equally dynamics
beautiful (andnumerical
beyond), methods such as
turbulence,
to solve them.
Acknowledgements multiphase flows in disordered media, and flows with suspensions.
This tiestointhank
1 wish nicelyDott. with M. a recent
Adamo revival of kineticthe
for managing theory, as beautifully
the graphics content ex-of.
This pressed
book collects
this project,by M. ten
andErnst, years of
to myE.colleaguesjoyful research
van Beijeren on the sub
and F.Y.Rochelle:
G. Amati, ject of lattice
Chen, O.(Dynamics: Boltzmann.
Filippova, O. modelsInamuro,and
Ten years
kinetic
I. Karna, that A.gave
methods Ladd, me theS. privilege
forL.non-equilibrium of many-body
Luo, A. Masselot, getting J.inYeomans,
personal
systems,for touch
STATPHYS with many
graciously 20 Satel-
providing
distinguished
lite Meeting,
original colleagues,
postscript Leiden, whoJuly,
files oftaught 1998)
their me more
Modern
pictures. thankinetic
Gm I cangrateful
also express.
theory toWith
ors apologies
a unifying
Dr Soenke the-
Adlung,
for inadvertent
oretical omissions:
framework R.
Anja Tschoertner, F. Abraham,
within
Lawrencewhich andB. Alder,
a great G. Amati, M.
varietyofof Oxford
J. Harris Anne,
seemingly G. Bella,
unrelatedPress,
University physicalfor
systems
invaluable that help exhibit
all alongcomplex
the dynamical
project. behavior
1 Right in the final process of proof-reading this manuscript, I became aware of the very
can be exFlared in a coherent
manner.
nice book Deep
by D. For A.eample,
gratitude to these
Wolf-"Gladrow, my wife methodsClaudia
Lattice GasareCellular
being
and appliedCaterina
daughter
Automata in
andsuch isdiverse
Lattice perhaps
Boltzmannareas as
a stan-
the
Models,dard,dynamics
but is
Lecture of
in colloidal
nonetheless
Notes a truly
Mathematics, suspensions,
meant one. flows
Springer-Verlag, of 2000,
Berlin, granular
which material,
represents atransportuseful of
complement to the in
electrons present book for a systems
mesoscopic more mathematically-inclined
and the calculation readership.
of Lyapunov exponents and

VII